WORCESTERSHIRE  , a midland See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, bounded N. by See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire, E. by See also:

• WARWICKSHIRE

Warwickshire, S. by See also:

• GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire, W. by See also:

• HEREFORDSHIRE

Herefordshire, and N.W. by See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire . The See also:

• AREA

area is 751 sq. m . It covers a portion of the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich valleys of the See also:

• SEVERN
• SEVERN, JOSEPH (1793-1879)

Severn and See also:

• AVON

Avon, with their tributary valleys and the hills separating them . The Severn runs through the county from N. at See also:

• BEWDLEY

Bewdley to S. near See also:

• TEWKESBURY

Tewkesbury, traversing the Vale of See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester . • Following this direction it receives from the E. the See also:

• STOUR

Stour at See also:

• STOURPORT

Stourport, the Salwarpe above Worcester, and the Avon, whose point of junction is just outside the county . The Avon See also:

• GALLEY (derived through the 0. Fr. galee, galie, from the Med. Lat. galea, Ital. galea, Port. gale, of uncertain origin; from the Med. Lat. variant form galera are derived the Mod. Fr. galere, Span. and Ital. galera)

galley is knownin this county as the Vale of See also:

• EVESHAM

Evesham, and is devoted to orchards and See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market gardening . The Cotteswold Hills rise sharply from it on the S.E., of which Bredon See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, within this county, is a conspicuous See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur . The Avon forms the county boundary with Gloucestershire for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance above its mouth . The Teme joins the Severn from the W. below Worcester, and forms short stretches of the W. boundary . See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

Salmon and lam-preys are taken in the Severn; See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout and See also:

• GRAYLING (Thymallus)

grayling abound in the Teme and its feeders . Besides the Cotteswolds, the most important hills are the See also:

• MALVERN

Malvern and the Lickey or . Hagley ranges .

The Malverns rise abruptly from the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat Vale of Worcester on the W. boundary, being partly in Herefordshire, and reach a height of 1395 ft. in the Worcester See also:

• BEACON (from the O. Eng. beacn, a sign, cf. " beckon," another form of the same word)

Beacon, and 1114 in the See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford Beacon . They are divided by the Teme from a See also:

• LOWER

lower N. continuation, the Abberley Hills . The Lickey Hills See also:

• CROSS

cross the N.E. corner of the county, rarely exceeding loon ft . Their N. See also:

• PART

part is called the Clent Hills . Partly within the county are the sites of two See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient forests . That of Wyre, bordering the Severn on the W. in the N. of Worcestershire and in Shropshire, retains to some extent its ancient See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; but Malvern See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

Chase, which clothed the slopes of the Malvern Hills, is hardly recognizable . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—Archean gneisses and See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists (Malvernian) and volcanic rocks (Uriconian) See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the core of the Malvern Hills; being the most durable rocks in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district, they form the highest ground . Similarly tuffs and volcanic grits (Barnt See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green rocks) See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop out in the Lickey Hills near See also:

• BROMSGROVE

Bromsgrove . They are succeeded by the See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian rocks (Hollybush See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone and Malvern Shales), which are well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed at the S. end of the Malvern Hills, where in places the Archean rocks have been thrust over them . The Lickey See also:

• QUARTZITE

Quartzite, probably of the same See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age as the Hollybush Sandstone, is extensively quarried for roadstone . Strata of Ordovician age being absent in Worcestershire, the See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian rocks See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest unconformably on the earlier formations; they include the Upper See also:

• LLANDOVERY (Llan-ym-ddyffri)

Llandovery, See also:

• WENLOCK

Wenlock and See also:

• LUDLOW
• LUDLOW, EDMUND (c. 1617-1692)

Ludlow See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series . These See also:

• DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip steeply W. from the Malvern and Abberley See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis and plunge under the Old Red Sandstone; some of the lower beds are represented at the Lickey, while the Wenlock See also:

• LIMESTONE

Limestone forms some See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-clines at See also:

• DUDLEY
• DUDLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• DUDLEY, EDMUND (c. 1462—1510)
• DUDLEY, SIR ROBERT (1573—1649)
• DUDLEY, THOMAS (1576-1653)

Dudley .

The Silurian strata are rich in marine fossils, and the included limestones (Woolhope, Wenlock and Aymestry) are all represented in the Malvern district . The Old Red Sandstone succeeds the Silurian on the W. See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the county . The Carboniferous Limestone and Millstone Grit were not deposited, so that the See also:

• COAL

Coal See also:

• MEASURES

Measures rest unconformably on the older rocks . These are represented in the Wyre See also:

• FOREST

Forest coalfield near Bewdley and in the S. end of the S . Staffordshire coalfield near See also:

• HALESOWEN

Halesowen; they contain rich seams of coal and ironstone and several intrusions of See also:

• BASALT

basalt (dhustone, See also:

• ROWLEY, WILLIAM (c. 1585-c. 1642)

Rowley-rag) . The so-called See also:

• PERMIAN

Permian red rocks are now grouped with the Coal Measures; some intercalated breccias cap the Clent Hills (1036 ft.) . The Triassic red rocks—unconformable to all below—See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the centre of the county, and on the W. are faulted against the older rocks of the Malverns; they include the See also:

• BUNTER

Bunter sandstones and pebble-beds, and the See also:

• KEUPER

Keuper sandstones and marls, the beds of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt in the latter yielding brine-springs (See also:

• DROITWICH

Droitwich, Stoke See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

Prior) . A narrow and seldom-exposed outcrop of See also:

• RHAETIC (Fr. Rhetien or Rhcetien; Ger. Rhdt or Rhktisch; It. Retico)

Rhaetic beds introduces the marine Liassic formation which occupies most of the S.E. of the county; the Lower See also:

• LIAS

Lias consists of See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays and limestones; the latter are burnt for See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime and yield abundant See also:

• AMMONITES

ammonites . The sands and limestones of the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Lias and the clays of the Upper Lias are See also:

• PRESENT

present in the lower slopes of Bredon Hill and of the Cotteswolds, and are succeeded by the sands and oolitic limestones of the Inferior Oolite . Glacial deposits—See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

boulder-See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, isolated boulders, See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel—are met with in many parts of the county, while later valley-gravels have yielded remains of See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

mammoth, See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros, &c . Coal, ironstone, salt, limestone and road-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• MINERAL

mineral products . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—The climate is generally equable and healthy, and is very favourable to the cultivation of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, vegetables and hops, for which Worcestershire has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long held a high reputation, the red marls and the rich loams being See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good both for market gardens and tillage .

About five-sixths of the area of the county is under cultivation, and of this about five-eighths is in permanent pasture . Orchards are extensive, and there are large tracts of woodland . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat and oats are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain crops . Turnips are grown on about one-third of the green crop acreage, and potatoes on about one-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth . There is a considerable acreage under beans . In the neighbourhood of Worcester there are large nurseries . See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—In the N . Worcester includes a portion of the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

Country, one of the most active See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial districts in England . Dudley, Netherton and See also:

• BRIERLEY, BENJAMIN (1825–1896)

Brierley Hill, See also:

• STOURBRIDGE

Stourbridge, Halesowen, See also:

• OLDBURY

Oldbury and the S. and W. suburbs of See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham, have a vast See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population engaged in See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-working in all its branches, from See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering See also:

• WORKS

works to See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail-making, in the See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding and See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion, galvanizing, See also:

• FINISHING

finishing and extracting of metals, in chemical and See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass works . Worcester is famous for See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain, See also:

• KIDDERMINSTER

Kidderminster for carpets and See also:

• REDDITCH

Redditch for needles, See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish-hooks, &c . Salt is produced from brine at Droitwich and Stoke . The See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-clays and limestone of the N. unite with the coal measures to form a basis of the industries in the Black Country .

See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

Furniture, clothing and See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-making and See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather-working are also important . Communications.—The See also:

• GREAT

Great Western railway serves Evesham, Worcester, Droitwich and Kidderminster, with branches from Worcester to Malvern and into Herefordshire, from Kidderminster to See also:

• TENBURY

Tenbury and the W., and from the same junction to Dudley and Birmingham . The See also:

• LONDON

London & See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-Western See also:

• SYSTEM

system touches Dudley . The Midland See also:

• COMPANY

company's See also:

• LINE

line between See also:

• DERBY
• DERBY, EARLS OF

Derby, Birmingham and See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol runs from N. to S. through the county, with a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch diverging through Droitwich and Worcester, another serving Malvern from Ashchurch, and an alternative route from Birmingham to Ashchurch by Redditch and Evesham . The Severn is an important See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway; the Avon, though locked up to Evesham, is little used See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save by See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure-boats . Canals follow the courses of the Stour and the Salwarpe, and serve the towns of the Black Country . See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration and Population.—The area of the ancient county is 480,560 acres, with a population in 19oI of 488,338 . The area of the administrative county is 480,059 acres . The county is of very irregular shape, and has detached portions enclaved in Herefordshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Gloucestershire . It comprises five hundreds . The municipal boroughs are Bewdley (2866), Droitwich (4201), Dudley (48,733), Evesham (7101), Kidderminster (24,681) and Worcester (46,624) . Dudley and the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and county See also:

• TOWN

town of Worcester are county boroughs .

The See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts are Bromsgrove (8418), See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• NORTON, CAROLINE ELIZABETH SARAH (18o8–1877)
• NORTON, CHARLES BOWYER ADDERLEY, 1ST BARON (1814–1905)
• NORTON, CHARLES ELIOT (1827-1908)
• NORTON, THOMAS (1532–1584)

Norton and See also:

• NORTHFIELD

Northfield (57,122; forming a S. suburb of Birmingham), See also:

• LYE (0. Eng. leag, cf. Dutch loog, Ger. Lauge, from the root meaning to wash, see in Lat. lavare, and Eng. " lather," froth of soap and water, and " laundry ")

Lye and Wollescote (10,976; adjacent to Stourbridge), Malvern (16,449), North Bromsgrove (5688), Oldbury (25,191), Redditch (13,493), Stourbridge (16,302) and Stourport (4529) . Halesowen (4057), See also:

• PERSHORE

Pershore (3348), Tenbury (2080) and Uptonupon-Severn (2225) may be mentioned among other towns . The county is in the See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and assizes are held at Worcester . It has one See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter-sessions, and is divided into 17 See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty sessional divisions . Worcester and Dudley have See also:

• SEPARATE

separate courts of quarter-sessions, and all the boroughs have commissions of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . The See also:

• TOTAL

total number of See also:

• CIVIL

civil parishes is 239 . The ancient county, which is mostly in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Worcester, with a few parishes in that of Hereford, contains 231 ecclesiastical parishes or districts wholly or in part . The county contains five See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary divisions—See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West or Bewdley, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South or Evesham, See also:

• MID

Mid or Droitwich, and North or Oldbury . The parliamentary boroughs of Kidderminster and Worcester return one member each, and parts of the boroughs of Dudley and Birmingham are included in the county . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The earliest See also:

• ENGLISH

English settlers in the district now known as Worcestershire were a tribe of the Hwiccas of Gloucestershire, who spread along the Severn and Avon valleys in the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . By 679 the Hwiccan See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom was formed into a separate diocese with its see at Worcester, and the Hwiccas had made themselves masters of the See also:

• MODERN

modern county, with the exception of the N.W. corner beyond the Abberley Hills . From this date the town of Worcester became not only the religious centre of the district, but the chief point of trading and military communication between England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales .

A See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of the reign of See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred alludes to the erection of a " burh " at Worcester by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward and YEthelf ead, and it was after the recovery of See also:

• MERCIA

Mercia from the Danes by Edward that the See also:

• SHIRE

shire originated as an administrative area . The first See also:

• POLITICAL

political event recorded by the Saxon See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle in Worcestershire is the destruction of Worcester by See also:

• HARDICANUTE [more correctly HARDACNUT] (c. 1019-1042)

Hardicanute in 1041 in revenge for the See also:

• MURDER

murder of two of his tax-gatherers by the citizens . In no county has the monastic See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement played a more important part than in Worcestershire . See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

Foundations existed at Worcester, Evesham, Pershore and Fladbury in the 8th century; at Great Malvern in the 11th century, and in the 12th and 13th centuries at Little Malvern, Westwood, Bordesley, Whistones, Cookhill, Dudley, Halesowen and See also:

• ASTLEY, JACOB ASTLEY, BARON (1579-1652)
• ASTLEY, SIR JOHN DIIGDALB

Astley . At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Domesday Survey more than See also:

• HALF

half Worcestershire was in the bands of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . The church of Worcester held the triple See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred of Oswaldslow, with such privileges as to exclude the See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff's See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction entirely, the profits of all the See also:

• LOCAL

local courts accruing to the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, whose bailiffs in 1276 claimedto hold his hundred outside Worcester, at Dryhurst, and at Wimborntree . The two hundreds owned by the church of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster, and that owned by Pershore, had in the 13th century been combined to form the hundred of Pershore, while the hundred of Evesham owned by Evesham See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey had been converted into Blakenhurst hundred; and the irregular boundaries and outlying portions of these hundreds are explained by their having been formed out of the scattered endowments of their ecclesiastical owners . Of the remaining Domesday hundreds, Came, Clent, Cresselaw and Esch had been combined to form the hundred of Halfshire by the 13th century, while Doddingtree remained unchanged . The shire-court was held at Worcester . The vast possessions of the church prevented the growth of a great territorial See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy in Worcestershire, and Dudley See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, which passed from See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Fitz-Ansculf to the families of Paynel and Someri, was the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of a feudal See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron . The Domesday See also:

• FIEF

fief of Urse d'Abitot the sheriff, founder of Worcester Castle, and of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert le See also:

• DESPENSER, HUGH LE (1262-1326)
• DESPENSER, HUGH LE (d. 1265)

Despenser passed in the 12th century to the Beauchamps, who owned Elmley and See also:

• HANLEY

Hanley Castles . The possessions of William Fitz Osbern in Doddingtree hundred and the Teme valley See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the See also:

• CROWN

crown after his See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion in 1074 and passed to the Mortimers .

Hanley Castle and Malvern Chase were granted by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III. to See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert de See also:

• CLARE
• CLARE, JOHN (1793-1864)
• CLARE, JOHN FITZGIBBON, 1ST EARL OF (1749-1802)

Clare, with exemption from the sheriff's jurisdiction . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early political history of Worcestershire centres See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the city of Worcester . In the Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of the 17th century Worcester-shire was conspicuously loyal . On the See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat of See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex from Worcester in 1642 the city was occupied by See also:

• SIR

Sir William See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

Russell for the king, and only surrendered in 1646 . In 1642 See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• RUPERT (1352—1410)
• RUPERT (HRODBERT), ST
• RUPERT, PRINCE, COUNT PALATINE OF THE RHINE AND DUKE OF BAVARIA (1619—1682)

Rupert defeated the parliamentary troops near Powick . Sudeley Castle surrendered in 1644, and Dudley and Hartlebury by command of the king in 1646 . The Droitwich salt-See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry was very important at the time of the Domesday Survey, Bromsgrove alone sending 300 cartloads of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood yearly to the salt-works . In the 13th and 14th centuries Bordesley monastery and the abbeys of Evesham and Pershore exported See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool to the Florentine and Flemish markets, and in the 16th century the Worcestershire clothing industry gave employment to 8000 See also:

• PEOPLE

people; fruit-culture with the manufacture of See also:

• CIDER (q.v.)
• CIDER, or CYDER (from the Fr. cidre, derived from the Lat. sicera or cisera, Gr. mucepa, Heb. shade, strong drink)

cider and See also:

• PERRY
• PERRY (from Fr. Moire, from poire, a pear)
• PERRY, MATTHEW CALBRAITH (1794–1858)
• PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD (1785-1819)

perry, nail-making and glass-making also flourished at this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The clothing industry declined in the 17th century, but the See also:

• SILK

silk-manufacture re-placed it at Kidderminster and Blockley . Coal and iron were See also:

• MINED

mined at Dudley in the 13th century . As early as 1295 Worcestershire was represented by sixteen members in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, returning two knights for the shire and two burgesses each for the city of Worcester and the boroughs of Bromsgrove, Droitwich, Dudley, Evesham, Kidderminster and Pershore . With the exception of Droitwich, however, which was represented until 1311 and again recovered See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation in 1554, the boroughs ceased to make returns .

Evesham was re-enfranchised in 1604, and in 16o6 Bewdley returned one member . Under the Reform See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1832 the county returned four members in two divisions; Droitwich lost one member; Dudley and Kidderminster were re-enfranchised, returning one member each . In 1867 Evesham lost one member . Antiquities.—Remains of early camps are scarce, but there are examples at Berrow Hill near the Teme, W. of Worcester, at Round Hill by Spetchley, 3 M . E. of Worcester, and on the Herefordshire Beacon . See also:

• ROMAN

Roman remains have been discovered on a few sites, as at Kempsey on the Severn, S. of Worcester, at Ripple, in the S. near Upton, and at Droitwich . There are remains of the great abbeys at Evesham and Pershore, and the See also:

• FINE

fine priory church at Malvern, besides the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral at Worcester . There are further monastic remains at Halesowen and atBordesley near Redditch, and there was a See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine priory at Astley, 3 m . S.W. of Stourport . There. are fine churches in several of the larger towns, as Bromsgrove . The See also:

• VILLAGE

village churches are generally of mixed styles . Good See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• WORK

work remains in those of Martley, 8 m .

N.W. of Worcester, Astley, See also:

• ROUS, FRANCIS (1579-1659)
• ROUS, HENRY JOHN (1795-1877)

Rous Lench in the Evesham district, Bredon near Pershore, and Bockleton in the N.W. of the county; while the Early English churches of Kempsey and Ripple are noteworthy . In domestic See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, the half-timbered See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style adds to the picturesqueness of many streets in the towns and villages; and among country houses this style is well exemplified in Birts See also:

• MORTON, JAMES DOUGLAS, 4TH EARL OF (c. 1525-1581)
• MORTON, JOHN (c. 1420-1500)
• MORTON, JOHN MADDISON (1811-1891)
• MORTON, LEVI PARSONS (1824- )
• MORTON, OLIVER PERRY (1823-1877)
• MORTON, THOMAS (1564-1659)
• MORTON, THOMAS (c. 1590-1646)

Morton Court and Eastington See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, in the district S. of Malvern, in Elmley Lovett See also:

• MANOR

Manor between Droitwich and Kidderminster, and in Pirton Court near Kempsey . Westwood See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park is a See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion of the 16th and 17th centuries. with a picturesque See also:

• GATEHOUSE

gatehouse of See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick; the site was formerly occupied by a Benedictine nunnery . Madresfield Court, between Worcester and Malvern, embodies remains of a fine Elizabethan moated mansion . See See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria County History, Worcestershire; T . R . See also:

• NASH, RICHARD (1674-1762)

Nash, Collections for the History of Worcestershire (2 vols., London, 1781–1799); Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings, Illustrations of the Natural History of Worcester-shire (London, 1834) ; W . D . Curzon, Manufacturing Industries of Worcestershire (Birmingham, 1883) ; W . S . Brassington, Historic Worcestershire (Birmingham, 1893) . See also publications of the Worcester See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Society .