WYOMING  , one of the Central Western states of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, situated between the See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels of See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude 41° and 45° N., and the meridians of See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude 27° and 340 W. of See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington . It is bounded on the N. by See also:

• MONTANA

Montana, on the E. by S . Dakota and See also:

• NEBRASKA

Nebraska, on the S. by See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado and See also:

• UTAH

Utah, and on the W. by Utah, See also:

• IDAHO

Idaho, and a small southward See also:

• PROJECTION

projection of Montana . The See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state has a length of about 375 M . E. and W. along its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern border and a breadth of 276 1n . N. and S . It has an See also:

• AREA

area of 97,914 sq. m., of which 320 sq. m. are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The greater portion of the state belongs to the See also:

• GREAT

Great Plains See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

Province, which extends from N. to S. across the United States between the tooth See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian and the Rocky Mountains . Within this province are found the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Hills of S . Dakota, and their W. slopes extend across the boundary into N.E . Wyoming . The N.W. portion of the state is occupied by the S. end of the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Rocky See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain Province; and the N. end of the Southern Rockies extends across the Colorado See also:

• LINE

line into southern Wyoming . The Great Plains in Wyoming have an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of from 5000 to 7000 ft. over much of the state, and consist of See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat or gently See also:

• ROLLING

rolling See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, barren of See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree growth, but often covered with nutritious See also:

• GRASSES

grasses, and affording pasturage for vast See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of live stock .

Erosion buttes and mesas occasionally rise as picturesque monuments above the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general level of the plains, and in the vicinity of the mountains the plains strata, elsewhere nearly See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal, are See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent sharply upward and carved by erosion into " hogback " ridges . These features are well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed about the Bighorn Mountains, an outlying member of the Rockies which boldly interrupts the continuity of the plains in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-central Wyoming . The plains sediments contain important See also:

• COAL

coal beds, which are worked in nearly every See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county in the state . In the region between the Northern and Southern Rockies, the plains are interrupted by See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor Mountain See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, volcanic buttes and See also:

• LAVA

lava flows, among which the See also:

• LEUCITE

Leucite Hills and See also:

• PILOT

Pilot See also:

• BUTTE
• BUTTE (O. Fr. butte, a hillock or rising ground)

Butte are prominent examples . Notwithstanding these elevations, this portion of the state makes a distinct break in the continuity of the Northern and Southern Rockies, giving a broad, relatively See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low pass utilized by the See also:

• OREGON

Oregon Trail in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days, and by the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union Pacific railway at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The Black Hills See also:

• DISTRICT

District in the N.E. contains the Little See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri Buttes and the Mato Tepee (or See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

Devil's See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower), prominent erosion remnants of volcanic intrusions . See also:

• LOCAL

Local glaciation has modified the higher levels of the Bighorn Mountains, giving glacial cirques, alpine peaks and many mountain lakes' and waterfalls . Several small glaciers still remain about the See also:

• BASE

base of See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

Cloud See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak, the highest See also:

• SUMMIT

summit in the range (13,165 ft.) . The Southern Rockies end in broken ranges with elevations of 9000 ft. and over . That portion of the Northern Rockies extending into the N.W. of the state affords the most magnificent scenery . Here is the Yellowstone See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park (q.v.) . Just S. of the Park the Teton Mountains, rising abruptly from the low See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson's Hole to elevations of 1o,00o and 11,000 ft., See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a striking feature .

In the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

Wind See also:

• RIVER

River Range, farther S.E., are Gannett Peak (13,775 ft.), the highest point in the state, and See also:

• FREMONT
• FREMONT, JOHN CHARLES (1813-1890)

Fremont Peak (13,720 ft.) . In addition to the hot springs of the Yellowstone region, mention should be made of large hot springs at Thermopolis and See also:

• SARATOGA, BATTLES OF

Saratoga, where the water has a temperature of about 135° F . Much of the state is drained by branches of the Missouri river, the most important being the Yellowstone, Bighorn and See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

Powder See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers flowing N., and the See also:

• CHEYENNE
• CHEYENNE (Sioux for " of alien speech ")

Cheyenne and North See also:

• PLATTE (so named, from the• French, because of its shallowness), or NEBRASKA

Platte flowing E . The See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green river, a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Colorado, flouts S. from the S.W. of the state, while the Snake river rises farther N. and flows W. to the Pacific drainage . S.W. of the centre of the state is an area with no outward drainage, the streams emptying into See also:

• DESERT

desert lakes . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Great herds of bison formerly ranged the plains and a few are still preserved in the National Park . The See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white-tailed See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer inhabits the bottom lands and the See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule deer the more open country . See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis's See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

prairie See also:

• DOG

dog, the cottontail See also:

• RABBIT

rabbit, the See also:

• COYOTE

coyote, the See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf and the See also:

• KIT (1) (probably an adaptation of the Middle Dutch kitie, a wooden tub, usually with a lid and handles; in modern Dutch kit means a tankard)

kit See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox are all animals of the plains . In the mountains are See also:

• ELK

elk, See also:

• PUMA

puma, See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx, the varying See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare and snowshoe rabbit, the yellow-haired See also:

• PORCUPINE (Fr., pore-epic, " spiny pig ")

porcupine, Fremont's and See also:

• BAILEY (said to be a corruption of Ballium by some, and derived by others from the Fr. baille, a corruption of bataille, because there the soldiers were drilled in battle array)
• BAILEY, NATHAN
• BAILEY, PHILIP JAMES (1816-1902)
• BAILEY, SAMUEL (1791-1870)

Bailey's squirrels, the mountain See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, the four-striped chipmunk, Townsend's spermoprile, the prong-horned See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope, the See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

pack-See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat, grizzly, See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, silvertip and black bears and the See also:

• WOLVERINE

wolverine . Other animals, more or less See also:

• COMMON

common, are the black-tailed deer, the jackrabbit, the See also:

• BADGER

badger, the See also:

• SKUNK
• SKUNK (probably derived from " Seecawk," the Cree name for the skunk; another form given is " seganku ")

skunk, the See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

beaver, the See also:

• MOOSE

moose and the See also:

• WEASEL (Putorius nivalis)

weasel . The prairie See also:

• RATTLESNAKE

rattlesnake is common in the dry plains country . The streams are well stocked with See also:

• RAINBOW

rainbow and See also:

• BROOK

brook See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout .

The former See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish were introduced from See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California in 1885 . They thrive in the Wyoming streams and rivers and are See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• GAME

game fish . Specimens of eight and ten pounds See also:

• WEIGHT

weight have been taken by See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod and See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly fishermen from the Big See also:

• LARAMIE

Laramie river . Other fish native to the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the state are the See also:

• STURGEON (Acipenser)

sturgeon, catfish, See also:

• PERCH (through Fr. from Lat. perca, Gr. 7rEpKo; the last word is connected with 2repev6r, dark-coloured, spotted)
• PERCH (through Fr. perche from Lat. pertica, a pole or rod used for measurement)

perch (locally called See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

pike), See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo fish, flathead and sucker . There is a great variety of birds . Eared grebes and See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring-billed gulls breed on the sloughs of the plains, and rarely the white See also:

• PELICAN (Fr. Pelican; Lat. Pelecanus or Pelicanus)

pelican nests about the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake shores . Here, too, breed many See also:

• SPECIES

species of ducks, the mallard, See also:

• GADWALL

gadwall, baldpate, three species of See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

teal, See also:

• SHOVELER

shoveler, See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin-tail, hooded mergansers, and See also:

• CANADA

Canada geese; other ducks and geese are migrants only . Formerly the See also:

• TRUMPETER

trumpeter See also:

• SWAN (A. S. swan and swan, Icel. svanr, Du. zwaart, Ger. Schwan)
• SWAN, J
• SWAN, JOHN MACALLAN (1847-1910)
• SWAN, SIR JOSEPH WILSON (1828– )

swan nested here . On the plains a few waders breed, as the avocet, western willet and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-billed See also:

• CURLEW (Fr. Courlis or Corlieu)

curlew; but most are birds of passage . At high altitudes the mountain See also:

• PLOVER

plover is found; the dusky See also:

• GROUSE

grouse haunts the forests above 8000 ft.; the white-tailed See also:

• PTARMIGAN (Lagopus mutus or alpinus)

ptarmigan is See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in the alpine regions; and on the plains are found the prairie See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-tailed grouse and the See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage-See also:

• HEN

hen . The See also:

• TURKEY

turkey-See also:

• BUZZARD

buzzard is found mainly in the plains country . Various See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks and owls are common; the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle nests on the mountain crags and the burrowing See also:

• OWL (O. Eng. Ule, Swed. Uggla, Ger. Eule—all allied to Lat. Ulula, and evidently of imitative origin)

owl on the plains .

The red-naped sapsucker and Lewis's See also:

• WOODPECKER

woodpecker are conspicuous in wooded lands; See also:

• NUTTALL, THOMAS (1786-1859)

Nuttall's poor-will, Say's See also:

• PHOEBE

phoebe, the desert horned See also:

• LARK (0. Eng. ldwerce, Ger. Lerche, Dan. Laerke, Dutch Leeuwerik)

lark, See also:

• BULLOCK, WILLIAM (c. 1657-c. 1740)

Bullock's See also:

• ORIOLE (O. Fr. Oriol, Lat. aureolus)

oriole, the yellow-headed See also:

• BLACKBIRD (Turdus merula)

blackbird and McCown's longspur are characteristic of the open lowlands . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—See also:

• FOREST

Forest growth in Wyoming is limited to the highest mountain ranges, the most important forests being in the Black Hills region in the N.E., on the See also:

• LOWER

lower slopes of the Bighorn Mountains, and in the Rocky Mountain ranges of the N.W. of the state, including Yellowstone National Park . The yellow See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine is the most important tree in the Bighorns, and small See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

lodge-See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole pine makes up the greater See also:

• PART

part of the N.W. forests . White See also:

• FIR

fir is found above the foothill See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, and heavy growths of cottonwood along the streams in the Bighorn region . The See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas spruce and Rocky Mountain white pine are common in the forests of the See also:

• MEDICINE

Medicine See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

Bow Mountains, from which much of the native See also:

• LUMBER

lumber used in the S. of the state is secured . Other trees are the See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper, See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow, green ash, See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder, scrub See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• PLUM

plum and wild See also:

• CHERRY

cherry . Occasional cottonwoods along streams are the only trees on the plains . The common sage See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush, See also:

• ARTEMISIA
• ARTEMISIA (159o-1642)

artemisia, is the characteristic See also:

• SHRUB

shrub of the plains where the See also:

• SOIL

soil is comparatively See also:

• FREE

free from See also:

• ALKALI

alkali, and is abundant in the valleys of the arid foothills . Where alkali is See also:

• PRESENT

present, the plains may be nearly barren, or covered with grease See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and species of atriplex, including the so-called white sage . Grease wood is likewise abundant in the foothills wherever the soil contains alkali . Various species of nutritious grasses See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover much of the plains and foothills, and even clothe the apparently barren mountain peaks . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—In the lower Bighorn Valley, summer temperatures rise to 95° or 100°, but at heights of 600o to 7000 ft. on neighbouring ranges, summer temperatures seldom rise above 90°, and frosts may occur at any See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Elevations under 6000 ft. have a mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature of from 40° to 47°, but high mountain areas and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold valleys may have mean temperatures as low as 34° The See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air is clear and dry, and although temperatures of Too° are recorded, See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-strokes are practically unknown .

See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

Winter temperatures as low as -51 ° have been recorded, but these very low temperatures occur in the valleys rather than on the higher elevations . The cold is sharp and bracing rather than disagreeable, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the dryness of the air; and the periods of cold See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather are generally of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short duration . The winter climate is remarkably pleasant as a See also:

• RULE

rule, and outdoor See also:

• WORK

work may usually be carried on without discomfort . The following figures give some.See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations . At Basin, in the Bighorn Valley, the mean winter temperature is 16°, the summer mean 72° . Thayne, on the mountainous W. border of the state, nas a winter mean of 19°, and a summer mean of but 59°; Cheyenne in the S.E., has a winter mean of 27°, and a summer mean of 65° . The percentage of See also:

• SUNSHINE

sunshine in the state is high . Precipitation varies in different areas from 8 to 20 in., the See also:

• AVERAGE

average for the state being 12.5 in . Wyoming thus belongs with the arid states, and See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation is necessary for See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture . A greater precipitation doubtless prevails on the higher mountains, but See also:

• TRUST

trust-worthy records are not available . See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

Spring is the wettest See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . The prevailing winds are W. and reach a high velocity on the level plains .

Soil.—While some of the more arid districts have soils so strongly alkaline as to be practically unreclaimable, there are extensive areas of fertile lands which only require irrigation to make them highly productive . Alluvial deposits brought down by mountain streams, and strips of floodplam along larger streams on the plains are very fertile and well repay irrigation . Lack of water rather than poverty of soil renders most of the plains region See also:

• FIT

fit for grazing only . In the mountains, ruggedness combines with thin and scattered soil to make these districts of small agricultural value . Agriculture.—The See also:

• TOTAL

total area in farms in 188o was 124,433 acres, of which 83,122 acres (66.8 %) were improved; in 1900 it was 8,124,536 acres, of which 792,332 acres (9.8 %) were improved . The large increase in unimproved acreage in farms was principally due to the increased importance in sheep-raising . In 1909 Wyoming ranked first among the states in the number of sheep and the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool . The number of sheep in 1909 was 7,316,000, valued at $32,190,000, being more than one-eighth in numbers and nearly one-seventh in value of all sheep in the United States . The production of wool in 1909 was 38,400,000 lb of washed and unwashed wool and 12,288,000 lb of scoured wool . The average weight per fleece was 8 lb . The See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

Animal See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

Industry of the U.S . See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Agri-culture has made experiments in breeding range sheep in Wyoming .

The total number of neat See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle on farms and ranges in 1910 was 986,000 (including 27,000 milch cows) valued at $26,277,000; horses, 148,000, valued at $12,284,0oo;i mules, 2000, valued at $212,000; and See also:

• SWINE

swine, 21,000, valued at $178,000 . In 1909 the See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop (See also:

• ALFALFA

alfalfa, native hay, See also:

• TIMOTHY
• TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO
• TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO

timothy hay, &c.) was 665,000 tons, valued at $5,918,000 and raised on 277,000 acres . The cereal crops increased enormously in the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade 1899-1909 . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal cereal crop in 1909 was oats, the product of which was 3,500,000 bushels, grown on See also:

• IOO

Ioo,000 acres and valued at $1,750,000 . The See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat crop increased from 4674 bushels in 1879 to 2,297,000 bushels in 1909, grown on 80,000 acres and valued at $2,274,000 . The product of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn in 1909 was 140,000 bushels, grown on 5000 acres and valued at $109,000 . See also:

• MINING

Mining.—The development of Wyoming's naturally See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• MINERAL

mineral resources has been retarded by inadequate transport and by in-sufficient See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . The value of the state's mineral product was $5,684,286 in 1902 and $9,453.341 in 1908 . In 1908 Wyoming ranked twelfth among the states of the Union in the value of its output of bituminous coal . Other mineral products of the state are The breed of horses in Wyoming has improved rapidly; in 1904, when the U.S . Department of Agriculture See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased eighteen mares and a stallion in See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of improving the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, six of the mares were from Wyoming and were principally of See also:

• MORGAN
• MORGAN, DANIEL (1736-1802)
• MORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON (1811-1883)
• MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825-1864)
• MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913)
• MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818-1881)
• MORGAN, SYDNEY, LADY (c. 1783-1859)
• MORGAN, THOMAS (d. 1743)

Morgan See also:

• STOCKS

stocks.See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum, See also:

• ASBESTOS

asbestos, soda, See also:

• SILVER

silver and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay products . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original coal See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of the present state has been estimated (by the United States See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological Survey) at 424,085,000,000 short tons of the bituminous or sub-bituminous variety, this amount being second only to that for North Dakota, 500,000,000,000 short tons; which, however, is entirely See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite .

Coal was first See also:

• MINED

mined. in what is now Wyoming in 1865, probably in connexion with the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the Union Pacific railway, and the See also:

• PRO

pro-duct in that See also:

• YEAR

year was 800 short tons . Thereafter the industry developed steadily and the product in 1908 was 5,489,902 tons, valued at $8,868,157 . In 1908 (and for several years before) the largest product of coal (2,180,933 tons) came from Sweetwater county, in the S.W. of the state, and Uinta county (adjoining Sweet-water county on the W.) had the next largest product, 1,380,488 tons . See also:

• SHERIDAN
• SHERIDAN, PHILIP HENRY (1831-1888)

Sheridan county, in the north-central part of the state, See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

Carbon county, in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-central part and See also:

• WESTON, THOMAS (1737-1776)

Weston county in the N.E. were the next largest producers . The product of coal to the end of 1908 was 125,000,000 short tons, or 0.029 % of the estimated supply . The mining product next in value to coal in 1908 was copper, taken chiefly in Carbon county in a zone of brecciated See also:

• QUARTZITE

quartzite underlying schist, the original ore being chalcopyrite, with possibly some pyrite, a secondary enrichment, which has produced important bodies of chalcocite in the upper workings, but these are replaced by chalcopyrite at greater See also:

• DEPTH

depth . The production in 1908 was 2,416,197 lb, valued at $318,938 . The gypsum product (from the Laramie plains) in 1908 was 31,188 tons, valued at $94,935 . There are extensive deposits of petroleum and natural See also:

• GAS

gas, which have become of commercial importance . Oil has been found in eighteen different districts, the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields elds being known as follows:—The See also:

• CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806)

Carter, See also:

• HILLIARD, LAWRENCE (d. 1640)
• HILLIARD, NICHOLAS (c. 1537–1619)

Hilliard, Spring Valley and Twin See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek in Uinta county; the Popo Agie, See also:

• LANDER, RICHARD LEMON (1804–1834)

Lander, Shoshone, Beaver and a part of Dutton in Fremont county; the Rattlesnake, Arrago, Oil Mountain and a part of Dutton, Powder river and See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt Creek in Natrona county; part of Powder river and Salt Creek in See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson county; See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle in Weston county; Belle Fourche in Crook county; Douglas in Converse county and Bonanza in Bighorn county . The Popo Agie and Lander fields produce the largest quantities of oil, the See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells being partly gushers from which a heavy See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel oil is obtained . This is now being used by the See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago & North Western Railroad See also:

• COMPANY

Company on its locomotives, and it is also used in See also:

• OMAHA

Omaha (Nebraska) by manufacturing establishments .

There is a great variety in the grades of See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils produced in the state, ranging from the heavy asphaltic oils of the Popo Agie and Lander fields to the high-grade See also:

• LUBRICANTS

lubricants and superior See also:

• LIGHT

light products obtained from the wells in the Douglas, Salt Creek and Uinta county fields . Natural gas in quantity has been found in the Douglas See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field and in Bighorn county . The iron deposits are very extensive, and the ores consist of red haematites, magnetites, titanic, chrome and See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese irons . In nearly every county there are See also:

• VEINS

veins of iron ore of varying extent and quality, the most important being at Hartville, Laramie county, Iron Mountain, See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany county, the See also:

• SEMINOLE
• SEMINOLE (properly Simanoli, " renegade," " runaway," in allusion to their secession from the Creek confederacy)

Seminole and Rawlins in Carbon county . The Hartville ores are remarkable for their high grade and purity, See also:

• RUNNING

running from 6o to 70 % metallic iron, with 2i to 5% See also:

• SILICA

silica, and only traces of See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur and See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus . The ore is a red See also:

• HAEMATITE, or HEMATITE

haematite occurring in See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate . The iron ore from this district obtained the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize at the See also:

• WORLD

World's See also:

• FAIR

Fair held in Chicago in 1893, in competition with iron ores from all parts of the world . The Hartville iron deposits are worked by the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company, which See also:

• SHIPS

ships large quantities of ore to its furnaces at See also:

• PUEBLO

Pueblo, Colorado . The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of natural gas in the Douglas oil field has opened up the possibility of working a smelting plant at the mines by means of this cheap and convenient, fuel . The distance to be covered by a See also:

• PIPE

pipe line is not prohibitive, and the See also:

• MATTER

matter has been under See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration by the owners and lessees of the iron mines . There are See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone deposits in Carbon county, which supplied the stone for the Capitol at Cheyenne and the state See also:

• PENITENTIARY (med. Lat. poenitentiarius, from poenitentia, penance, poena, punishment, a term used both as adjective and substantive, referring either to the means of repentance or that of punishment. In its ecclesiastical use the word is used as the equi

penitentiary; and from the Iron mountain quarries in Laramie county was taken the white variety used,in building the See also:

• CARNEGIE
• CARNEGIE, ANDREW (1837– )

Carnegie library and the Federal building in Cheyenne . Sandstones and quartzites were also quarried in 1902 in Albany, Crook and Uinta counties .

See also:

• LIMESTONE

Limestone occurs in thick formations near Lava Creek, and in the valley of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

Fork of the Yellowstone river; also near the summit of the Owl Creek range, and in the Wind River range . Gold was discovered on the Sweetwater river in 1867, and placer and See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz deposits have been found in almost every county in the state . Sulphur has been found near See also:

• CODY, WILLIAM FREDERICK (1846- )

Cody and Thermopolis . Irrigation.—The irrigable area of Wyoming is estimated at about 6,200,000 acres, lying chiefly in Bighorn, Sheridan and Johnson counties in the N.W. of the state, and in Laramie, Albany and Carbon counties in the S.E., though there are large tracts around the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-waters of the Bighorn river, in Fremont county in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west-central part, along the North Platte river and its tributaries in Converse county in the central part, and along the Green river and its tributaries in Sweetwater and Uinta counties in the S.W . Under the See also:

• CAREY, HENRY (d. 1743)
• CAREY, HENRY CHARLES (1793-1879)
• CAREY, WILLIAM (1761-1834)

Carey See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act and its amendments See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress had in 1909 given to the state about 2,000,000 acres of desert See also:

• LAND

land on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that it should be reclaimed, and in that year about 800,00o acres were in See also:

• PROCESS

process of reclamation, mostly by private companies . Settlers intending to occupy such lands must satisfy the state that they have entered into contracts with the irrigating company for a sufficient water-right and a perpetual See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the irrigation See also:

• WORKS

works . The principal undertaking of the Federal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government is the Shoshone project in Bighorn county . This provides for a storage See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir, controlled by Shoshone See also:

• DAM

dam on Shoshone river, about 8 m. above Cody; a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal diverting water from Shoshone reservoir See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the N. of Shoshone dam and covering lands in the vicinity of Cody, Corbett, Eagle See also:

• NEST

Nest and Ralston; a dam at Corbett about 16 m. below the reservoir diverting water to Ralston reservoir and thence to lands in the vicinity of Ralston, See also:

• POWELL, FREDERICK YORK (1850-1904)