X2X2  . See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

Guest-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house for the poor . Y . Guest-chamber for See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange monks . I4 readiness . A passage at the other end leads to the " necessarium" (I) , a portion of the monastic buildings always planned with extreme care . The See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side is occupied by the " See also:

• REFECTORY (med. Lat. refectorium, from reficere, to refresh)

refectory " (K), from the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west end of which by a See also:

• VESTIBULE (from Lat. vestibulum)

vestibule the See also:

• KITCHEN (O.E. cycene; this and other cognate forms, such as Dutch keuken, Ger. Kiuche, Dan. kokken, Fr. cuisine, are formed from the Low Lat. cucina, Lat. coquina, coquere, to cook)

kitchen (L) is reached . This is separated from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main buildings of the monastery, and is connected by a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long passage with a See also:

• BUILDING

building containing the bakehouse and brewhouse (M), and the sleeping-rooms of the servants . The upper See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the refectory is the " vestiarium," where the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary clothes of the brethren were kept . On the western side of the See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister is an-other two-story building (N) . The cellar is below, and the larder and See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store-See also:

• ROOM

room above . Between this building and the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, opening by one See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door into the cloisters, and by another to the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• PART

part of the monastery See also:

• AREA

area, is the " parlour ' for interviews with visitors from the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• WORLD

world (0) .

On the eastern side of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept is the " scriptorium " or See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing-room (P,), with the library above . To the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the church stands a See also:

• GROUP

group of buildings comprising two See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature conventual establishments, each See also:

• COMPLETE

complete in itself . Each has a covered cloister surrounded by the usual buildings, i.e. refectory, See also:

• DORMITORY (Lat. dormitorium, a sleeping place)

dormitory, &c., and a church or See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel on one side, placed back to back . A detached building belonging to each contains a See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath and a kitchen . One of these diminutive convents is appropriated to the " oblati " or novices (Q), the other' to the sick monks as an " infirmary (R) . The " See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the physicians " (S) stands contiguous to the infirmary, and the physic See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden (T) at the north-east corner of the monastery . Besides other rooms, it contains a See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug store, and a chamber for those who are dangerously See also:

• ILL

ill . The " house for See also:

• BLOOD

blood-letting and purging " adjoins it on the west (U) . The " outer school," to the north of the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent area, contains a large schoolroom divided across the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle by a See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen or See also:

• PARTITION

partition, and surrounded by fourteen little rooms, termed the dwellings of the scholars . The See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's house (W) is opposite, built against the side See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the church . The two " hospi tia " or " guest-houses " for the entertainment of strangers of different degrees (X, X2) comprise a large See also:

• COMMON

common chamber or refectory in the centre, surrounded by sleeping-apartments . Each is provided with its own brewhouse and bakehouse, and that for travellers of a See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order has a kitchen and See also:

• STOREROOM

storeroom, with bedrooms for their servants and stables for their horses .

There is also an " See also:

• HOSPITIUM (Gr. evia, IrpoEevia)

hospitium " for strange monks, abutting on the north wall of the church (Y) . Beyond the cloister, at the extreme See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of the convent area to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, stands the " factory " (Z), containing workshops for See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe-makers, saddlers (or shoemakers, sellarii), cutlers and grinders, See also:

• TRENCHER (M. Eng. trenchour, trenchere, &c.,O. Fr. trencheoir trenchoier, a place on which to cut up food, from trencher, mod. 'rancher, to cut, probably from Lat. truncare, lop, cut off, or from transecare, to cut across)

trencher-makers, tanners, curriers, fullers, smiths and goldsmiths, with their dwellings in the See also:

• REAR

rear . On this side we also find the See also:

• FARM

farm-buildings, the large granary and threshing-See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor (a), See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills (c), See also:

• MALT (O. Eng., mealt; O. Sax., malt; O. Tent., maltos; Mod. Ger., Malz; Scand., malt; probably derived from the Sanskrit mrdu, soft, thus having reference to the fact that malt is raw grain rendered soft or tender)

malt-house (d) . Facing the west are the stables (e), ox-sheds (f), See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat-stables (g), piggeries (h), See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep-folds (i), together with the servants' and labourers' quarters (k) . At the south-east corner we find the See also:

• HEN

hen and See also:

• DUCK

duck house, and poultry-yard (in), and the dwelling of the keeper (n) . Hard by is the kitchen garden (o), the beds bearing the names of the vegetables growing in them, onions, See also:

• GARLIC (O. Eng. gdrledc, i.e. " spear-leek "; Gr. oKbpolov; Lat. allium; Ital. aglio; Fr. ail; Ger. Knoblauch)

garlic, See also:

• CELERY (Apium graveolens)

celery, lettuces, See also:

• POPPY

poppy, carrots, cabbages, &c., eighteen in all . In the same way the physic garden presents the names of the medicinal herbs, and the See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery (p) those of the trees, See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple, See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear, See also:

• PLUM

plum, See also:

• QUINCE (Lat. Cydonia or Colonea, Ital. Cotogna, Fr. coing, Mid. Eng. coin, quiet, whence a collective plural " quins," corrupted to singular " quince ")

quince, &c., planted there . A curious See also:

• BIRD

bird's-See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye view of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral and its an- nexed conventual buildings, taken about 1165, is preserved in the See also:

• GREAT

Great Psalter in the library of Trinity See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam- Canter- See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge . As elucidated by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• WILLIS, NATHANIEL PARKER (1806-1867)
• WILLIS, THOMAS (1621-1675)

Willis,' it exhibits See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury cathedral, the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of a great See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine monastery in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and enables us to compare it with that of the 9th as seen at St See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall . We see in both the same See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general principles of arrangement, which indeed belong to all Benedictine monasteries, enabling us to determine with precision the disposition of the various buildings, when little more than fragments of the walls exist . From some See also:

• LOCAL

local reasons, however, the cloister and monastic buildings are placed on the north, instead, as is far more commonly the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, on the south of the church . There is also a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter-house, which is wanting at St Gall .

The buildings at Canterbury, as at St Gall, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form separate See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups . The church forms the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus . In immediate contact with this, on the north side, See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the cloister and the group of buildings devoted to the monastic See also:

• LIFE

life . Outside of these, to the west and east, are the " halls and See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers devoted to the exercise of hospitality, with which every monastery was provided, for the purpose of receiving as guests persons who visited it, whether See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy or laity, travellers, pilgrims or paupers." To the north a large open See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court divides the monastic from the See also:

• MENIAL

menial buildings, intentionally placed as remote as possible from the ' The Architectural See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Conventual Buildings of the Monastery of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ Church in Canterbury . By the Rev . See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Willis . Printed for the See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent Archaeological Society, 1869.conventual buildings proper, the stables, See also:

• GRANARIES

granaries, See also:

• BARN

barn, See also:

• BAKE, JAN (1787-1864)

bake-house, brewhouse, laundries, &c., inhabited by the See also:

• LAY

lay servants of the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment . At the greatest possible distance from the church, beyond the See also:

• PRECINCT (from Lat. praecingere, to encircle, enclose, surround, prae and cingere, to gird)

precinct of the convent, is the eleemosynary See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department . The See also:

• ALMONRY (Lat. eleemosynarium, Fr. aumonerie, Ger. Almosenhaus)

almonry for the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of the poor, with a great See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall annexed, forms the paupers' hospitium . The most important group of buildings is naturally that de-voted to monastic life . This includes two cloisters, the great cloister surrounded by the buildings essentially connected with the daily life of the monks,—the church to the south, the refectory or See also:

• FRATER, FRATER HOUSE

frater-house here as always on the side opposite to the church, and farthest removed from it, that no See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound or See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell of eating might penetrate its sacred precincts, to the east the dormitory, raised on a vaulted undercroft, and the chapter-house adjacent, and the lodgings of the cellarer to the west . To this officer was committed the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of the monks' daily See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, as well as that of the guests .

He was, therefore, appropriately lodged in the immediate vicinity of the refectory and kitchen, and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the guest-hall . A passage under the dormitory leads eastwards to the smaller or infirmary cloister, appropriated to the sick and infirm monks . Eastward of this cloister extend the hall and chapel of the infirmary, resembling in form and arrangement the See also:

• NAVE

nave and See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel of an aisled church . Beneath the dormitory, looking out into the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green court or See also:

• HERBARIUM, or HORTUS

herbarium, lies the " pisalis " or " calefactory," the common room of the monks . At its north-east corner See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access was given from the dormitory to the necessarium, a portentous edifice in the form of a See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman hall, 145 ft. long by 25 broad, containing fifty-five seats . It was, in common with all such offices in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient monasteries, constructed with the most careful regard to cleanliness and See also:

• HEALTH

health, a stream of See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• RUNNING

running through it from end to end . A second smaller dormitory runs from east to west for the See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation of the conventual See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, who were See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep in the dormitory . Close to the refectory, but outside the cloisters, are the domestic offices connected with it: to the north, the kitchen, 47 ft. square, surmounted by a lofty pyramidal roof, and the kitchen court; to the west, the butteries, pantries, &c . The infirmary had a small kitchen of its own . Opposite the refectory door in the cloister are two lavatories, an invariable' See also:

• ADJUNCT (from Lat. ad, to, and jungere, to join)

adjunct to a monastic dining-hall, at which the monks washed before and after taking food . The buildings devoted to hospitality were divided into three groups . The See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior's group " entered at the south-east See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the green court, placed near the most sacred part of the cathedral, as befitting the distinguished ecclesiastics or See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility who were assigned to him." The cellarer's buildings were near the west end of the nave, in which ordinary visitors of the middle class were hospitably entertained .

The inferior pilgrims and paupers were relegated to the north hall or almonry, just within the See also:

• GATE

gate, as far as possible from the other two . See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey is another example of a great Benedictine abbey, identical in its general arrangements, so far as they can be traced, with those described above . The cloister and monastic buildings lie to the south side of the church. westminste, Parallel to the nave, on the south side of the cloister, Abbey. was the refectory, with its lavatory at the door . On the eastern side we find the remains of the dormitory, raised on a vaulted substructure and communicating with the south transept . The chapter-house opens out of the same See also:

• ALLEY (from the Fr. allee, a walk)

alley of the cloister . The small cloister lies to the south-east of the larger cloister, and still farther to the east we have the remains of the infirmary with the table hall, the refectory of those who were able to leave their chambers . The See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot's house formed a small courtyard at the west entrance, close to the inner gateway . Considerable portions of this remain, including the abbot's parlour. celebrated as the See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem Chamber," his hall, now used for the Westminster See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's Scholars, and the kitchen and butteries beyond . St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's Abbey, See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, of which the ground-plan is annexed, exhibits the usual Benedictine arrangements . The precincts are surrounded by a strong fortified wall on three York sides, the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• OUSE

Ouse being sufficient See also:

• PROTECTION

protection on the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth side . The entrance was by a strong gateway (U) to the north . Close to the entrance was a chapel, where is now he church of St See also:

• OLAF
• OLAF (II.)
• OLAF, or ANLAF (d. 981)

Olaf (W), in which the new-corners paid their devotions immediately on their arrival .

Near the gate to the south was the guest-hall or hospitium (T) . The buildings are completely ruined, but enough remains to enable us to identify the See also:

• GRAND

grand cruciform church (A), the cloister-court with the chapter-house (B), the refectory (I), the kitchen-court with its offices (K, 0, 0) and the other See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal apartments . The infirmary has perished completely . Some Benedictine houses display exceptional arrangements, dependent upon local circumstances, e.g. the dormitory of See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester runs from east to west, from the west walk of the cloister, and that of See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham is built over the west, instead of St Mary's Abbey, York (Benedictine).—Churton's Monastic Ruins . A . Church . O . Offices . B . Chapter-house . • P . Cellars .

C . Vestibule to See also:

• DITTO (from the Lat. dictum, something said, Ital. detto, aforesaid)

ditto . Q . Uncertain . E . Library or scriptorium . R . Passage to abbot's house . F . Calefactory . S . Passage to common house .

G . Necessary . T . Hospitium . H . Parlour . U . Great gate . I . Refectory . V . See also:

• PORTER
• PORTER, BENJAMIN CURTIS (1843– )
• PORTER, DAVID (1780-1843)
• PORTER, DAVID DIXON (1813-1891)
• PORTER, ENDYMION (1587–1649)
• PORTER, HENRY (ft. 1596-1599)
• PORTER, HORACE (1837– )
• PORTER, JANE (1776–1850)
• PORTER, MARY (d. 1765)
• PORTER, NOAH (1811–1892)

Porter's See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

lodge .

K . Great kitchen and court . W . Church of St Olaf . L . Cellarer's See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . X . See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower . M . Cellars . Y . Entrance from Bootham .

N . Passage to cloister . as usual, over the east walk; but, as a general See also:

• RULE

rule, the arrangements deduced from the examples described may be regarded as invariable . The history of See also:

• MONASTICISM (Gr. p.ovacrnabs, living alone, µ6vos)

monasticism is one of alternate periods of decay and revival . With growth in popular esteem came increase in material See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, leading to luxury and worldliness . The first religious ardour cooled, the strictness of the rule was relaxed, until by the loth century the decay of discipline was so complete in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France that the monks are said to have been frequently unacquainted with the rule of St See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict, and even ignorant that they were bound by any rule at all . The See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation of abuses generally took the form of the establishment of new monastic orders, with new and more stringent rules, requiring a modification of the architectural arrangements . One of the earliest ofthese reformed orders was the Cluniac . This order took its name from the little See also:

• VILLAGE

village of See also:

• CLUNY, or CLUGNY

Cluny, 12 See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles N.W. of See also:

• MACON
• MACON, NATHANIEL (1758-1837)

Macon, near which, about A.D . 909, a reformed Benedictine cmay. abbey was founded by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William," See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine and See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• AUVERGNE

Auvergne, under Berno, abbot of Beaume . He was succeeded by See also:

• ODO

Odo, who is often regarded as the founder of the order . The fame of Cluny spread far and wide .

Its rigid rule was adopted by a vast number of the old Benedictine abbeys, who placed themselves in See also:

• AFFILIATION (from Lat. ad filiare, to adopt as a son)

affiliation to the See also:

• MOTHER

mother society, while new See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations sprang up in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, all owing See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the " archabbot," established at Cluny . By the end of the 12th century the number of monasteries affiliated to Cluny in the various countries of western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe amounted to 2000 . The monastic establishment of Cluny was one of the most extensive and magnificent in France . We may form some See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of its enormous dimensions from the fact recorded, that when, A.D . I245, See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent IV., accompanied by twelve cardinals, A . A . Gateway . F . See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

Tomb of St See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh . M . Bakehouse . B .

See also:

• NARTHEX (Gr. vapOr7E, the name of the plant giant=fennel, in Lat. ferula)

Narthex . G . Nave . N . Abbey buildings . C . See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

Choir . H . Cloister . O . Garden . D .

High-See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar . K . Abbot's house . P . Refectory . E . Retro-altar . L . Guest-house . a See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch, three archbishops, the two generals of the See also:

• CARTHUSIANS

Carthusians and See also:

• CISTERCIANS

Cistercians, the king (St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis), and three of his sons, the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen mother, See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin, count of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders and See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, the duke of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, and six lords, visited the abbey, the whole party, with their attendants, were lodged within the monastery without disarranging the monks, 400 in number . Nearly the whole of the abbey buildings, including the magnificent church, were swept away at the close of the 18th century . When the annexed ground-plan was taken, shortly before its destruction, nearly all the monastery, with the exception of the church, had been rebuilt .

The church, the ground-plan of which bears a remarkable resemblance to that of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln Cathedral, was of vast dimensions . It was 656 ft. by 130 ft. wide . The nave was 102 ft. and the aisles 6o ft. high . The nave (G) had See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double vaulted aisles on either side . Like Lincoln, it had an eastern as well as a western transept, each furnished with apsidal chapels to the east . The western transept was 213 ft. long, and the eastern 123 ft . The choir terminated in a semicircular See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse (F), surrounded by five chapels, also semi-circular . The western entrance was approached by an ante-church, or narthex (B), itself an aisled church of no mean dimensions, flanked by two towers, rising from a stately See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of steps bearing a large See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• CROSS

cross . To the south of the church lay the cloister-court (H), of immense See also:

• SIZE

size, placed much farther to the west than is usually the caw . On the south side of the cloister stood the refectory (P), an immense building, 'Do ft. long and 6o ft. wide, accommodating six See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal and three transverse rows of tables . It was adorned with the portraits of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief benefactors of the abbey, and with Scriptural subjects . The end wall displayed the Last See also:

• JUDGMENT

Judgment .

We are unhappily unable to identify any other of the principal buildings (N) . The abbot's residence (K), still partly See also:

• STANDING

standing, adjoined the entrance-gate . The guest-house (L) was close by . The bakehouse (M), also remaining, is a detached building of immense size . The first See also:

• ENGLISH

English house of the Cluniac order was that of See also:

• LEWES
• LEWES, CHARLES LEE (1740–1803)

Lewes, founded by the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• WARREN
• WARREN, GOUVERNEUR KEMBLE (183o-1882)
• WARREN, JOSEPH (1741—1775)
• WARREN, MERCY (1728—1814)
• WARREN, MINTON (1850-1907)
• WARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877)
• WARREN, SIR JOHN BORLASE, BART
• WARREN, WILLIAM (1812-1888)

Warren, c . A.D . See also:

• ION

Ion . Of this only a few fragments of the domestic buildings exist . The best preserved Cluniac houses in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England are See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre, See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, and See also:

• WENLOCK

Wenlock, See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire . Ground-plans of both are given in See also:

• BRITTON
• BRITTON, JOHN (1771–1857)

Britton's Architectural Antiquities . They show several departures from the Benedictine arrangement . In each.the prior's house is remarkably perfect .

All Cluniac houses in England were See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French colonies, governed by priors of that nation . They did not secure their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence nor become " abbeys " till the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VI . The Cluniac revival, with all its brilliancy, was but See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-lived . The celebrity of this, as of other orders, worked its moral ruin . With their growth in wealth and dignity the Cluniac foundations became as worldly in life and as relaxed in discipline as their predecessors, and a fresh reform was needed . The next great monastic revival, the Cistercian, arising in the last years of the rith century, had a wider See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

diffusion, and a Cistercian. longer and more See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable existence . Owing its real ' origin, as a distinct See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of reformed See also:

• BENEDICTINES, or BLACK MONKS

Benedictines, in the See also:

• YEAR

year rog8, to See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• HARDING, CHESTER (1792-1866)
• HARDING, JAMES DUFFIELD (1798-1863)

Harding (a native of See also:

• DORSET, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Dorset-See also:

• SHIRE

shire, educated in the monastery of See also:

• SHERBORNE

Sherborne), and deriving its name from Citeaux (Cisterciuin), a desolate and almost inaccessible See also:

• FOREST

forest solitude, on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne and Burgundy, the rapid growth and wide celebrity of the order are undoubtedly to be. attributed to the enthusiastic piety of St See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard, abbot of the first of the monastic colonies, subsequently sent forth in such See also:

• QUICK

quick See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession by the first Cistercian houses, the far-famed abbey of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux (de See also:

• CLARA, SAINT (1194-1253)

Clara See also:

• VALLE, PIETRO DELLA (1586–1652)

Valle), A.D . 1116 . The rigid self-abnegation, which was the ruling principle of this reformed See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation of the Benedictine order, extended itself to the churches and other buildings erected by them . The characteristic of the Cistercian abbeys was the extremest simplicity and a studied plainness . Only one tower—a central one —was permitted, and that was to be very See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low . Unnecessary pinnacles and turrets were prohibited .

The See also:

• TRIFORIUM

triforium was omitted . The windows were to be See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain and undivided, and it was forbidden to decorate them with stained See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass . All needless See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament was proscribed . The crosses must be of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood; the candlesticks of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron . The renunciation of the world was to be evidenced in all that met the eye . The same spirit manifested itself in the choice of the sites of their monasteries . The more See also:

• DISMAL

dismal, the more See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage, the more hopeless a spot appeared, the more did it please their rigid See also:

• MOOD

mood . But they came not merely as ascetics, but as improvers . The Cistercian monasteries are, as a rule, found placed in deep well-watered valleys . They always stand on the border of a stream; not rarely, as at Fountains, the buildings extend over it . These valleys, now so See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and productive, wore a very different aspect when the brethren first See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose them as the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of their retirement . Wide swamps, deep morasses, tangled thickets, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild impassable forests, were their prevailing features .

The " See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright valley," Clara Dallis of St Bernard, was known as the " valley of See also:

• WORM

Worm-wood," infamous as a den of robbers . " It was a savage dreary solitude, so utterly barren that at first Bernard and his companions were reduced to live on See also:

• BEECH

beech leaves."—(See also:

• MILMAN, HENRY HART (1791–1868)

Milman's See also:

• LAT

Lat . Christ. vol. iii. p . 335.) All Cistercian monasteries, unless the circumstances of the locality forbade it, were arranged according to one plan . The Clairvaux. general arrangement and See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of the various buildings, which went to make up one of these vast establishments, may be gathered from that of St Bernard's own abbey of Clairvaux, which is here given . It will.be observed that the abbey precincts are surrounded by a strong wall, See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur- nished at intervals with See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch-towers and other defensive See also:

• WORKS

works . The wall is nearly encircled by a stream of water, artificially diverted from the small rivulets which flow through the precincts, furnishing the establishment with an abundant See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply in every part, for the See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation of the gardens and orchards, the sanitary requirements of the brotherhood and for the use of the offices and workshops . The precincts are divided across the centre by a wall, running from N. to S., into an outer and inner See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward,—the former containing the menial, the latter the monastic buildings . The precincts are entered by a gateway (P), at the extreme western extremity, giving See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the See also:

• LOWER

lower ward . Here the barns, granaries, stables, See also:

• SHAMBLES

shambles, workshops and workmen's lodgings were placed, without any regard to symmetry, convenience being the only See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . Advancing eastwards, we have before us the wall separating the A . Cloisters .

I . See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

Wine-See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press and O . Public presse . B . Ovens, and See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay-chamber . P . Gateway . and oil mills . K . Parlour . R . Remains of old C .

St Bernard's See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell . L . Workshops and monastery . D . Chief entrance. workmen's lodg- S . See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

Oratory . E . Tanks for See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish. ings . V . See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

Tile-works . F . Guest-house .

M . Slaughter-house . X . Tile-See also:

• KILN (0. E. cylene, from the Lat. culina, a kitchen, cooking-stove)

kiln . G . Abbot's house . N . Barnsandstables . Y . Water-courses . H . Stables .

outer and inner ward, and the See also:

• GATEHOUSE

gatehouse (D) affording communication between the two . On passing through the gateway, the outer court of the inner ward was entered, with the western See also:

• FACADE

facade of the monastic church in front . Immediately on the right of entrance was the abbot's house (G), in close proximity to the guest-house (F) . On the other side of the court were the stables, for the accommodation of the horses of the guests and their attendants (H) . The church occupied a central position . To the south was the great cloister (A), surrounded by the chief monastic buildings, and farther to the east the smaller cloister, opening out of which were the infirmary, novices' lodgings and quarters for the aged monks . Still farther to the east, divided from the monastic buildings by a wall, were the See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable gardens and orchards, and tank for fish . The large fish-ponds, an indispensable adjunct to any ecclesiastical foundation, on the formation of which the monks lavished extreme care and pains, and which often remain as almost the only visible traces of these vast establishments, were placed outside the abbey walls . Plan No . 2 furnishes the See also:

• ICHNOGRAPHY (Gr. 'lxvos, a trace, and rypacn, description)

ichnography of the distinctly monastic buildings on a larger See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . The usually unvarying arrangement of the Cistercian houses allows us to accept this as a type of the monasteries of this order . The church (A) is the chief feature .

It consists English Clentac of a vast nave of eleven bays, entered by a narthex, with a transept and short apsidal choir . (It may be remarked that the eastern See also:

• LIMB

limb in all unaltered Cistercian churches is remarkably short, and usually square.) To the east of each limb of the transept are two square chapels, divided according to Cistercian rule by solid walls . Nine radiating chapels, similarly divided, surround the apse . The stalls of the monks, forming the See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual choir, occupy the four eastern bays of the nave . There was a second range of stalls in the extreme western bays of the nave for the fratres conversi, or lay See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers . To the south of the church, so as to secure as much See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun as possible, the cloi