FRANCISCO DE See also:

• FRANCISCO DE XAVIER (1506-1552)

XAVIER (1506-1552)  , Jesuit missionary and See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, commonly known in See also:

• ENGLISH

English as St See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• XAVIER, FRANCISCO DE (1506-1552)

Xavier and also called the " Apostle of the Indies." He was the youngest son of Juan de Jasso, privy councillor to See also:

• JEAN

Jean d'See also:

• ALBRET

Albret, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre, and his wife, Maria de Azpilcueta y Xavier, See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole heiress of two See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble Navarrese families . He was See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn at his See also:

• MOTHER

mother's See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Xavier or Xavero, at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the little See also:

• TOWN

town of Sanguesa, on the 7th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1506, according to a See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• REGISTER

register, though his earlier biographers See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth in 1497 . Following a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, which See also:

• LEFT

left the surname of either See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent optional with See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, he was called after his mother; the best authorities write " Francisco de Xavier " (See also:

• LAT

Lat . X averius) rather than " Francisco Xavier," as Xavier is originally a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place-name . In 1524 he went ,to the university of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he entered the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of St See also:

• BARBARA, SAINT

Barbara, then the headquarters of the Spanish and Portuguese students, and in 1528 was appointed lecturer in Aristotelian See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy at the College de See also:

• BEAUVAIS

Beauvais . In 1530 he took his degree as See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of arts . He and the Savoyard See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Lefevre, who shared his lodging, had already, in 1529, made the acquaintance of See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius of See also:

• LOYOLA, ST IGNATIUS OF (1491–1556)

Loyola—like Xavier a native of the Spanish Basque See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Ignatius succeeded, though in Xavier's See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case after some opposition, in gaining their sympathy for his missionary schemes (see LOYOLA, IGNATIUS OF); and they were among the See also:

• COMPANY

company of seven persons, including Loyola himself, who took the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Jesuit vows on the 15th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1534 . They continued in Paris for two years longer; but on See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 15th, 1536, they started for See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, to See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with Ignatius plans for converting the Moslems of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1 537 they arrived in See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice . As some months must elapse before they could See also:

• SAIL

sail for Palestine, Ignatius determined that the time should be spent partly in See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital See also:

• WORK

work at Venice and later in the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . Accordingly, Xavier devoted himself for nine See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks to the hospital for incurables, and then set out with- eight companions for Rome, where See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul III. sanctioned their enterprise .

Returning to Venice, Xavier was ordained See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest on Midsummer See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day 1537; but the outbreak of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between Venice and See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey put an end to the Palestine expedition, and the companions dispersed for a twelvemonth's See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home See also:

• MISSION

mission work in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian cities . See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas Bobadilla and Xavier betook themselves first to Monselice and thence to See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, where they remained till summoned to Rome by Ignatius at the close of 1538 . Ignatius retained Xavier at Rome until 1541 as secretary to the Society of Jesus (see See also:

• JESUITS

JESUITS for the events of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period 1538-41) . Meanwhile See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John III., king of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, had re-solved on sending a mission to his See also:

• INDIAN

Indian dominions, and had applied through his See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy Pedro Mascarenhas to the pope for six Jesuits . Ignatius could spare but two, and See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose Bobadilla and a Portuguese named Simao Rodrigues for the purpose . Rodrigues set out at once for See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon to confer with the king, who ultimately decided to retain him in Portugal . Bobadilla, sent for to Rome, arrived there just before Mascarenhas was about to depart, but See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell too See also:

• ILL

ill to See also:

• RESPOND

respond to the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call made on him . Hereupon Ignatius, on See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 15th, 1540, told Xavier to leave Rome the next day with Mascarenhas, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to join Rodrigues in the Indian mission . Xavier complied, merely waiting See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long enough to obtain the pope's See also:

• BENEDICTION (Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, to bless)

benediction, and set out for Lisbon, where he was presented to the king, and soon won his entire confidence, attested notably by procuring for him from the pope four briefs, one of them appointing him papal See also:

• NUNCIO

nuncio in the Indies . On April 7th, 1541, he sailed from Lisbon with Martins Alfonso de See also:

• SOUSA, LUIZ DE

Sousa, See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor designate of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, and lived amongst the See also:

• COMMON

common sailors, ministering to their religious and temporal needs, especially during an outbreak of See also:

• SCURVY (Scorbutus)

scurvy, After five months' voyage the See also:

• SHIP

ship reached See also:

• MOZAMBIQUE [Sao Sebastiao de Mocambique]

Mozambique, where the See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain resolved to See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, and Xavier was prostrated with a severe attack of See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever . When the voyage was resumed, the ship touched at Malindi and See also:

• SOKOTRA (also spelt Socotra and formerly Socotora)

Sokotra, and reached See also:

• GOA

Goa on May 6th, 1542 . Exhibiting his brief to D .

Joao d'See also:

• ALBUQUERQUE
• ALBUQUERQUE, ALPHONSO

Albuquerque, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Goa, he asked his permission to officiate in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese, and at once began walking through the streets ringing a small See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell, and telling all to come, and send their children and servants, to the " See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine " or catechetical instruction in the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . He spent five months in Goa, and then turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the " See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

Fishery See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast," where he had heard that the Paravas, a tribe ,engaged in the See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl fishery, had relapsed into heathenism after having professed See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . He laboured assiduously amongst them for fifteen months, and at the end of 1543 returned to Goa . At See also:

• TRAVANCORE

Travancore he is said to have founded no fewer than See also:

• FORTY

forty-five Christian settlements . It is to be noted that his own letters contain, both at this time and later on, See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express disproof of that miraculous See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues with which he was credited even in his lifetime, and which is attributed to him in the See also:

• BREVIARY (Lat. breviarium, abridgment, epitome)

Breviary See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for his festival . Not only was he obliged to employ interpreters, but he relates that in their See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence he was compelled to use signs only . He sent a missionary to the isle of See also:

• MANAAR, GULF OF

Manaar, and himself visited See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon and Mailapur (Meliapur), the traditional See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas the apostle, which he reached in April 1544, remaining there four months . At Malacca, where he arrived on See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 25th, 1545, he remained another four nionths, but had comparatively little success . While in Malacca he urged King John III. of Portugal to set up the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition in Goa to repress Judaism, but the tribunal was not set up until 156o . After visiting See also:

• AMBOYNA (Dutch Ambon)

Amboyna, the See also:

• MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS

Moluccas and other isles of the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago, he returned to Malacca in See also:

• JULY

July 1547, and found three Jesuit recruits from See also:

• EUROPE

Europe awaiting him . About this time an attack upon the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city was made by the Achinese See also:

• FLEET

fleet, under the See also:

• RAJA

raja of Pedir in See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra; and Xavier's See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early biographers relate a dramatic See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of how he roused the governor to See also:

• ACTION

action . This story is open to See also:

• GRAVE

grave suspicion, as, apart from the miracles recorded, there are wide discrepancies between the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular Portuguese histories and the narratives written or inspired by Jesuit chroniclers of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century .

While in Malacca Xavier met one Yajiro, a See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile (known to the See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies as Anger, Angero or Anjiro), who fired him with zeal for the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of See also:

• JAPAN

Japan . But he first revisited India and then, returning to Malacca, took ship for Japan, accompanied by Yajiro, now known as Paul of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Faith . They reached Kagoshima on the 15th of August 1549, and remained in Japan until the loth of November 1551 . (See JAPAN, § viii.) On See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board the " See also:

• SANTA

Santa Cruz," the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel in which he returned from Japan to Malacca, Xavier discussed with Diogo Pereira, the captain, a project for a missionary journey to See also:

• CHINA

China . He devised the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of persuading the See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of Portuguese India to despatch an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to China, in whose See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train he might enter, despite the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law which then excluded foreigners from that See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . He reached Goa in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1552, and obtained from the viceroy consent to the plan of a See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese embassy and to the nomination of Pereira as envoy . Xavier left India on the 25th of April 1552 for Malacca, intending there to meet Pereira and to re-embark on the " Santa Cruz." The story of his detention by the governor (officially styled captain) of Malacca—a son of Vasco da Gama named Alvaro de Ataide or Athayde—is told with many picturesque details by F . M . See also:

• PINTO
• PINTO, ANIBAL (1825–1884)
• PINTO, FERNAO MENDES (1509–1583)

Pinto and some of the Jesuit biographers, who have pilloried Ataide as actuated solely by malice and self-See also:

• INTEREST

interest . Ataide appears to have objected not so much to the mission as to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank assigned to Pereira, whom he regarded as unfit for the office of envoy . The right to send a ship to See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade with China was one for which large sums were paid, and Pereira, as See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the expedition, would enjoy commercial privileges which Ataide had, ex officio, the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant or withhold . It seems doubtful if the governor exceeded his legal right in re-fusing to allow Pereira to proceed;' in this attitude he remained See also:

• FIRM

firm even when Xavier, if the Jesuit biographers may be trusted, exhibited the brief by which he held the rank of papal nuncio, and threatened Ataide with See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication .

On Xavier's See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty no See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint was placed . He embarked without Pereira on July 16th, 1552 . After a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stay at See also:

• SINGAPORE (Malay, Singapiira, i.e. " The City of the Lion")

Singapore, whence he despatched several letters to India and Europe, the ship at the end of August 1552 reached Changchuen-shan (St John See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island) off the coast of Kwang-tung, which served as See also:

• PORT

port and See also:

• RENDEZVOUS

rendezvous for Europeans, not then admitted to visit the Chinese mainland . Xavier was seized with fever soon after his arrival, and was delayed by the failure of the interpreter he had engaged, as well as by the reluctance of the Portuguese to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt the voyage to See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

Canton for the purpose of landing him . He had arranged for his passage in a Chinese See also:

• JUNK

junk, when he was again attacked by fever, and died on See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 2nd, or, according to some authorities, November 27th, 1552 . He was buried close to the See also:

• CABIN

cabin in which he had died, but his See also:

• BODY

body was later transferred to Malacca, and thence to Goa, where it still lies in a magnificent See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine (see J . N. da See also:

• FONSECA, AMAPALA
• FONSECA, MANOEL DEODORO DA (1827-1892)

Fonseca, An See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical and Archaeological See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch of Goa, Bombay, 1878) . He was beatified by Paul V. in 1619 and canonized by See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XV. in 1621 . In See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance Xavier was neither Spanish nor Basque . He had See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue or See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey eyes, and See also:

• FAIR

fair See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair and See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard, which turned See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white through the hardships he endured in Japan . That he was of short stature is proved by the length of the See also:

• COFFIN (from Lat. cophinus, Gr. K64wos, a coffer, chest or basket, but never meaning " coffin " in its present sense)

coffin in which his body is still preserved, less than 5 ft. in . (Fonseca, op. cit. p .

296) . Many miracles have been ascribed to him; an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of these, said to have been attested by See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye-witnesses, was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up by the auditors of the See also:

• ROTA, COURT OF

Rota when the ptocesses for his See also:

• CANONIZATION

canonization were formed, and is preserved in See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript in the Vatican library . The contention that Xavier should be regarded as the greatest of Christian missionaries since the first century A.D. rests upon more tangible See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence . His Jesuit biographers attribute to him the See also:

• CON

con-version of more than 700,000 persons in less than ten years; and though these figures are absurd, the work which Xavier accomplished was enormous . He inaugurated new missionary enterprises from See also:

• HORMUZ (Hurmuz, Ormuz, Ormus)

Hormuz to Japan and the Malay Archipelago, leaving an organized Christian community wherever he preached; he directed by See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence the ecclesiastical policy of John III. and his viceroy in India; he established and con-trolled the Society of Jesus in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . Himself an ascetic and a mystic, to whom things spiritual were more real than the visible See also:

• WORLD

world, he had the strong common sense which ' See R . S . Whiteway, Rise of the Portuguese Power in India (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1898), appendix A . The question is complicated by the fact that the See also:

• SIXTH

Sixth See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

Decade of Diogo do Couto, the best contemporary historian of these events, was suppressed by the See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

censor in its original See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and the extant version was revised by an ecclesiastical editor.distinguished the other Spanish mystics, St See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa, Luis de See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon or Raimon See also:

• LULL (or LvLLY), RAIMON, or RAYMOND (c. 1235-1315)

Lull . This quality is nowhere better exemplified than in his letters to Gaspar Baertz (Barzaeus), the Flemish Jesuit whom he sent to Hormuz, or in his suggestions for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a Portuguese See also:

• STAPLE

staple in japan . Supreme as an organizer, he seems also to have had a singularly attractive See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality, which won him the friendship even of the pirates and bravos with whom he was forced to See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort on his voyages . See also:

• MODERN

Modern critics of his work See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note that he made no attempt to understand the See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental religions which he attacked, and censure him for invoking the aid of the Inquisition and sanctioning persecution of the See also:

• NESTORIANS

Nestorians in See also:

• MALABAR

Malabar .

He strove, with a success disastrous to the Portuguese empire, to convert the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in Goa into a proselytizing agency . Throughout his See also:

• LIFE

life he remained in close See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with Ignatius of Loyola, who is said to have selected Xavier as his own successor at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Society of Jesus . Within a few weeks of Xavier's See also:

• DEATH

death, indeed, Ignatius sent letters recalling him to Europe with that end in view . libri See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex, by O . Torsellino (Tursellinus) (See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp, 1596; English by T . F., The Admirable Life of St Francis Xavier, Paris, 1632); and Historia da See also:

• VIDA, MARCO GIROLAMO (c. 1489-1566)

Vida do Padre Francisco de Xavier, &c., by Joao See also:

• LUCENA

Lucena (Lisbon, 1600) . Later See also:

• WORKS

works by the Jesuits See also:

• BARTOLI, DANIELLO (16o8-1685)

Bartoli, See also:

• MAFFEI, FRANCESCO SCIPIONE, MARCHESE DI (1675-1755)

Maffei, de Sousa, Poussines, Menchacha, Leon Pages and others owe much to Torsellino and Lucena, but also incorporate many traditions which can no longer be verified . St See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois de Xavier, sa See also:

• VIE

vie et ses lettres, by J . M . Cros, S.J . (2 vols., See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse, 1900), embodies the results of long See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research . The Missionary Life of St Francis Xavier, by the Rev .

H . See also:

• VENN, HENRY (1725–1797)

Venn, See also:

• PREBENDARY (Lat. praebendo = give or grant, through Low Lat. praebenda)

prebendary of St Paul's See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, London (London, 1862), is polemical, but contains an interesting See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of Xavier's journeys . For a non-See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Xavier's work in the East, see K . G . Jayne, Vasco da Gama and his Successors, chapters 25-32 (London, 1910) ; and See also:

• OTIS, HARRISON GRAY (1765-1848)
• OTIS, JAMES (1725–1783)

Otis See also:

• CARY, ALICE (1820-1871)
• CARY, ANNIE LOUISE (1842- )
• CARY, HENRY FRANCIS (1772-1844)

Cary, A See also:

• HISTORY

History of Christianity in Japan (2 vols., London, 1909) . (K . G .