See also:

• XERXES (the Greek form of the Pers. Khshayarsha; Old Testament Ahasverus, Akhashverosh—i.e. Ahasuerus (q.v.)—with wrong vocalization and substitution of y for v, instead of Akhshavarsh; in Aramaic inscriptions and papyri from Egypt the name is written Khs

XERXES (the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the Pers. Khshayarsha; Old Testament Ahasverus, Akhashverosh—i.e. See also:

• AHASUERUS (the Latinized form of the Hebrew siSi nte; in LXX. 'AQ rofrgpos, once in Tobit 'Ao o pos)

Ahasuerus (q.v.)—with wrong vocalization and substitution of y for v, instead of Akhshavarsh; in Aramaic See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions and papyri from See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt the name is written Khs  See also:

• HAI (939-1038)

hai'arsh), the name of two See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of the Achaemenid See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty . 1 . See also:

• XERXES (the Greek form of the Pers. Khshayarsha; Old Testament Ahasverus, Akhashverosh—i.e. Ahasuerus (q.v.)—with wrong vocalization and substitution of y for v, instead of Akhshavarsh; in Aramaic inscriptions and papyri from Egypt the name is written Khs

XERXES I., son of See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius I. and Atossa, the daughter of See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus the See also:

• GREAT

Great, and therefore appointed successor to his See also:

• FATHER

father in preference to his eldest See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, who were See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born before Darius had become See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king (See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. vii . 2 f.) . After his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 485 B.C. he suppressed the revolt in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt which had broken out in 486, appointed his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• ACHAEMENES (HAKHAMANI)

Achaemenes as See also:

• SATRAP [Pers. Khshatrapavan, i.e." protector (superintendent) of the country (or district)," Heb. sakhshadrapan, Gr. taerpan-ris (insc. of Miletus, Sitzungsber. Berl. Ak. 1900, 112), E% u3pa7eixav (insc. of Mylasa, Dittenberger, Sylloge, 95), ital. p6. rr

satrap and " brought Egypt under a much heavier yoke than it had been before " (Herod. vii . 7) . His predecessors, especially Darius, had not been successful in their attempts to conciliate the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient civilizations . This probably was the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason why Xerxes in 484 abolished the " See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• BABEL

Babel " and took away the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden statue of See also:

• BEL

Bel (See also:

• MARDUK (Bib'. MERODACH2)

Marduk, Merodach), the hands of which the legitimate king of Babel had to seize on the first See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of each See also:

• YEAR

year, and killed the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest who tried to hinder him.' Therefore Xerxes does not See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " King of Babel" in the Babylonian documents dated from his reign, but " King of Petsia and See also:

• MEDIA

Media," or simply " King of countries " (i.e. of the See also:

• WORLD

world) . This proceeding led to two rebellions, probably in 484 and 479; in the Babylonian documents occur the names of two ephemeral kings, See also:

• SHAMASH, or AMAS

Shamash-irba and Tarziya, who belong to this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . One of these rebellions was suppressed by Megabyzus, son of Zopyrus, the satrap whom the Babylonians had slain.2 Darius had See also:

• LEFT

left to his son the task of punishing the Greeks for their interference in the Ionian See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion and the victory of See also:

• MARATHON

Marathon . From 483 Xerxes prepared his expedition with great care: a channel was dug through the See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula of See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• ATHOS (Gr. "Aytov "Opos; Turk. Aineros; Ital. Monte Santo)

Athos; provisions were stored in the stations on the. road through See also:

• THRACE

Thrace; two See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges were thrown across the See also:

• HELLESPONT (i.e. " Sea of Helle "; variously named in classical literature `EXX oirov-ros, o "EXXns a6vros, Hellespontum Pelagus, and Rectum Hellesponticum)

Hellespont . Xerxes concluded an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage, and thus deprived See also:

• GREECE

Greece of the support of the powerful monarchs of See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse and See also:

• AGRIGENTUM (Gr. 'Arcpayas, mod. Girgenti (q.v.))

Agrigentum .

Many smaller See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek states, moreover, took the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Persians (" Medized "), especially See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly, See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes and See also:

• ARGOS

Argos . A large See also:

• FLEET

fleet and a numerous See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army were gathered . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 480 Xerxes set out from See also:

• SARDIS

Sardis . At first Xerxes was victorious everywhere . The Greek fleet was beaten at Artemisium, See also:

• THERMOPYLAE (Gr. OepµSs, hot, and 1rf)X,

Thermopylae stormed, See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens conquered, the Greeks driven back to their last See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence at the Isthmus of See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth and in the See also:

• BAY

Bay of See also:

• SALAMIS

Salamis . But Xerxes was induced by the astute See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message of See also:

• THEMISTOCLES (c. 514-449 B.C.)

Themistocles (against the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of See also:

• ARTEMISIA
• ARTEMISIA (159o-1642)

Artemisia of See also:

• HALICARNASSUS (mod. Budrum)

Halicarnassus) to attack the Greek fleet under unfavourable ' Herod. i . 183, by See also:

• CTESIAS

Ctesias changed into a plundering of the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of Belitanas or Belus: cf . See also:

• AELIAN (AELIANUS TACTICUS)
• AELIAN (CLAUDIUS AELIANUS)

Aelian, See also:

• VAR

Var . Hist . 13, 3; See also:

• ARISTOBULUS

Aristobulus ap . See also:

• ARRIAN (FLAvrus ARRIANUS)

Arrian vii . 17, 2, and See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo xvi. p .

2 Ctesias, Pers . 22: his legcndary .iistory is transferred by See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, iii . 15o if., to the former rebellion against Darius.conditions, instead of sending a See also:

• PART

part of his See also:

• SHIPS

ships to the See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus and awaiting the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the Greek armament .3 The See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Salamis (28th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 48o) decided the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war (see SALAMIS) . Having lost his communication by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea with See also:

• ASIA

Asia, Xerxes was forced to retire to Sardis; the army which he left in Greece under Mardonius was in 479 beaten at See also:

• PLATAEA, or PLATAEAE

Plataea (q.v.) . The defeat of the Persians at Mycale roused the Greek cities of Asia . Of the later years of Xerxes little is known . He sent out Sataspes to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt the circumnavigation of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa (Herod. iv . 143), but the victory of the Greeks threw the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire into a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of languid torpor, from which it could not rise again . The king himself became involved in intrigues of the See also:

• HAREM

harem (cf . Herod. ix. rob ff.—compare the See also:

• LATE

late Jewish novel of See also:

• ESTHER

Esther, in which a remembrance of the true See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the king is retained) and was much dependent upon courtiers and eunuchs . He left See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions at See also:

• PERSEPOLIS

Persepolis, where he added a new See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace to that of Darius, at See also:

• VAN

Van in See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia, and on Mount Elvend near See also:

• ECBATANA (Agbatana in Aeschylus, Hangmatana in Old Persian, written Agamtanu by Nabonidos, and Agamatanu at Behistun, mod. Hamadan)

Ecbatana; in these texts he merely copies the words of his father . In 465 he was murdered by his See also:

• VIZIER

vizier See also:

• ARTABANUS

Artabanus (q.v.), who raised See also:

• ARTAXERXES

Artaxerxes I. to the See also:

• THRONE

throne .

2 . Xerxes II., son and successor of Artaxerxes I., was assassinated in 424 after a reign of See also:

• FORTY

forty-five days by his brother Secydianus or Sogdianus, who in his turn was murdered by Darius II . (q.v.) . See Ctesias, Pers . 44; Diod. xii., 64, 71, and the chronographers; neither of the two ephemeral kings is mentioned in the See also:

• CANON

canon of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy nor in the See also:

• DATES

dates of Babylonian contracts cf this time . The name XERXES was also See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by a king of Armenia, killed about 212 B.C. by See also:

• ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus the Great (Polyb. viii . 25; Johannes Antiochenus, p . 53; his name occurs on See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper coins); and by a son of See also:

• MITHRADATES

Mithradates the Great of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus (See also:

• APPIAN (Gr. 'Aairtavbs)

Appian, Mithr . 1o8, 117) . (ED .