XXX  . 387 378 38o Orhus 350 342 342 taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at particular seasons of the See also:

• YEAR

year so that they can be roughly calculated on the Sothic basis, others on See also:

• MANETHO (Mav40cov in an inscription of Carthage; MaveBees in a papyrus)

Manetho's figures, See also:

• AVERAGE

average lengths of reigns, See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the See also:

• TURIN

Turin See also:

• PAPYRUS

Papyrus, &c . Table I. See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page 79 shows the See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology of the first nineteen dynasties, according to See also:

• RECENT

recent authorities, before and after the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the Kahun Sothic date . The See also:

• DATES

dates of the earlier dynasties in this table are always intended to be only approximate; for instance, See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer in 1904 allowed an See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error of See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo years either of excess or deficiency in the dates he assigned to the dynasties from the Xth upwards . The other dynasties are dated as in Table II. by different authorities . See Ed . Meyer, Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Altertums, Bd. i . (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1884), Geschichte des See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien Agyptens (1887), Agyptische Chronologie (Abhandl. of Prussian See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy) (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1904, with the supplement Nachtrdge zur agypt . Chronologie, ib . 19o7); K . Sethe, " Beitrage zur altesten Geschichte Agyptens " (in his Untersuchungen, Bd. iii.) (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1905) ; J . H .

Breasted, See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Records of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, " See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Documents," vol. i . (See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, 1906); W . M . F . See also:

• PETRIE, GEORGE (179o-1866)
• PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS (1853– )

Petrie, A See also:

• HISTORY

History of Egypt, vol. i . (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1884), vol. iii . (1905), Researches in See also:

• SINAI

Sinai (London, 1906); G . See also:

• MASPERO, GASTON CAMILLE CHARLES (1846– )

Maspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'orient (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 19o4); A . See also:

• WIEDEMANN, GUSTAV HEINRICH (1826-1899)

Wiedemann, Agyptische Geschichte (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1884) ; articles by Mahler and others in the Zeitschrift See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur agyptische Sprache and Orientalistische Literaturzeitung (recent years) . (F . LI .. G.) r .

From the Earliest Times to the Moslem See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest . In the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of a strict chronology, the epochs of Pharaonic history are conveniently reckoned in dynasties according to Manetho's See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, and these dynasties are grouped into longer periods: the Old See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom (Dynasties I. to VIII.), including the Earliest Dynasties (I. to III.) and the See also:

• PYRAMID

Pyramid See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

Period (Dynasties IV. to VI.); the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Kingdom (Dynasties IX. to XVII.), including the Heracleopolite Dynasties (IX. to X.) and the See also:

• HYKSOS

Hyksos Period (Dynasties XV. to XVII.); the New See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire (Dynasties XVIII. to XX.); the Deltaic Dynasties (Dynasties XXI. to XXXI.), including the Saite and See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Periods (Dynasties See also:

• XXVI

XXVI. to XXXI.) . The conquest by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander ushers in the Hellenistic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, comprising the periods of Ptolemaic and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• RULE

rule . The Prehistoric Age.—One of the most striking features of recent Egyptology is the way in which the earliest ages of the See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, before the conventional See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style was formed, have been illustrated by the results of excavation . Until 1895 there seemed little See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of reaching the records of those remote times, although it was See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain that the civilization had See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile valley for many centuries before the IVth See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

Dynasty, beyond which the earliest known monuments scarcely reached . Since that year, however, there has been a steady flow of discoveries in prehistoric and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early historic cemeteries, and, partly in consequence of this, monuments already known, such as the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of the See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, have been made articulate for the beginnings of history in Egypt . It is probable that certain rudely chipped flints, so-called eoliths, in the alluvial gravels (formed generally at the mouth of wadis opening on to the Nile) at See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes and elsewhere, are the See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man; but it has been shown that such are produced also by natural forces in the See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush of torrents . On the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• DESERT

desert, at the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the valley, See also:

• PALAEOLITHIC (Gr. iraXates, old, and )tWBor, stone)

palaeolithic implements of well-defined See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form are not uncommon, and See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the marks of a remote antiquity . In some cases they appear to See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie where they were chipped on the sites of See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint factories . Geologists and anthropologists are not yet agreed on the question whether the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate and See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country have under-gone large changes since these implements were deposited . As yet none have been found in such association with See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal remains as would help in deciding their age, nor have any implements been discovered in See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-shelters or in caves . Of See also:

• NEOLITHIC, or LATER STONE AGE (Gr. vEOr, new, and XLOos, stone)

neolithic remains, arrowheads and other implements are found in some See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers in the deserts .

In the See also:

• FAYUM

Fayum region, about the borders of the ancient See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake of See also:

• MOERIS, AELIUS
• MOERIS, LAKE OF

Moeris and beyond, theyare particularly abundant and interesting in their forms . But their age is uncertain; some may be contemporary with the advanced culture of the XIIth Dynasty in the Nile valley . Definite history on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand has been gained from the wonderful See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of " prehistoric " cemeteries excavated by J. de See also:

• MORGAN
• MORGAN, DANIEL (1736-1802)
• MORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON (1811-1883)
• MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825-1864)
• MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913)
• MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818-1881)
• MORGAN, SYDNEY, LADY (c. 1783-1859)
• MORGAN, THOMAS (d. 1743)

Morgan, Petrie, Reisner and others on the desert edgings of the cultivated See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium . The See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of archaeological types revealed in them has been tabulated by Petrie in his Diospolis Parva; and the detailed publication of Reisner's unusually careful researches is bringing much new See also:

• LIGHT

light on the questions involved, amongst other things showing the exact point at which the " prehistoric " series merges into the Ist Dynasty, for, as might be surmised, in many cases the prehistoric cemeteries continued in use under the earliest dynasties . The finest pottery, often painted but all hand-made without the See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel, belongs to the prehistoric period; so also do the finest flint implements, which, in the delicacy and exactitude of their form and flaking, surpass all that is known from other countries . See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

Metal seems to be entirely absent from the earliest type of See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves, but immediately thereafter See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper begins to appear (See also:

• BRONZE

bronze is hardly to be found before the Xllth Dynasty) . The paintings on the vases show boats driven by oars and sails rudely figured, and the boats bear emblematic See also:

• STANDARDS

standards or ensigns . The cemeteries are found throughout Upper and Middle Egypt, but as yet have not been met with in the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

Delta or on its borders . This might be accounted for by the inhabitants of See also:

• LOWER

Lower Egypt having practised a different mode of disposing of the dead, or by their cemeteries being differently placed . Tradition, See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology and later customs make it possible to recover a scrap of the See also:

• POLITICAL

political history of that far-off See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . See also:

• MENES

Menes, the founder of the Ist Dynasty, See also:

• UNITED

united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt . In the prehistoric period, therefore, these two realms were See also:

• SEPARATE

separate .

The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of Upper Egypt was Nekheb, now represented by the ruins of El Kab, with the royal See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence across the See also:

• RIVER

river at Nekhen (Hieraconpolis) ; that of Lower Egypt was at See also:

• BUTO

Buto (PutO or Dep) in the marshes, with the royal residence in the See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter called Pe . Nekhebi, goddess of El Kab, represented the Upper or' See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern Kingdom, which was also under the tutelage of the See also:

• GOD

god See also:

• SETH
• SETH (Egyptian Set, Sth~~~{{{or Sts)
• SETH (I* according to Dillmann, " setting " or " slip "; Septuagint, Philo and New Testament, fie, but r Chron. i. 1 Ells in A ; Josephus, EfjOor, Vulg. Seth)

Seth, the goddess Buto and the god See also:

• HORUS (Egyptian Hor)

Horus similarly presiding over the Lower Kingdom . The royal god in the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of each was a See also:

• HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

hawk or Horus . The See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of the deceased See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings were honoured respectively as the See also:

• JACKAL
• JACKAL (Turk. chakal)

jackal-headed spirits of Nekhen and the hawk-headed spirits of Pe . As we hear also of the " spirits of On " it is probable that See also:

• HELIOPOLIS

Heliopolis was at one time capital of a kingdom . ,In after days the prehistoric kings were known as " Worshippers of Horus " and in Manetho's See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list they are the vfxves " Dead," and ijpwes " Heroes," being looked upon as intermediate between the divine dynasties and those of human kings . It is impossible to estimate the duration of the period represented by the pre-historic cemeteries; that the two kingdoms existed throughout unchanged is hardly probable . According to the somatologist See also:

• ELLIOTT, EBENEZER (1781–1849)

Elliott See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, the most important See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of Upper Egypt, in the entire range of Egyptian See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology, took place at the beginning of the dynastic period; and he accounts for this by the mingling of the Lower with the Upper Egyptian See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, consequent on the uniting of the two countries under one rule . From remains of the age of the IVth Dynasty he is able to define to some extent the type of the population of Lower Egypt as having a better See also:

• CRANIAL

cranial and See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular development than that of Upper Egypt, probably through See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration from See also:

• SYRIA

Syria . The See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the dynasties, however, produced a quickening rather than a dislocation in the development of civilization . It is doubtful whether we possess any See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing of the prehistoric age . A few names of the kings of Lower Egypt are preserved in the first See also:

• LINE

line of the Palermo stone, but no annals are attached to them .

Petrie considers that one of the kings buried at See also:

• ABYDOS

Abydos, provisionally called Nar-mer and whose real name may be Mer or See also:

• BEZA (DE BESZE), THEODORE (1519—1605)

Beza, preceded Menes; of him there are several inscribed records, notably a magnificent carved and inscribed See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate See also:

• PALETTE (the Fr. diminutive of pale, spade, blade of an oar, from Lat. Pala, spade, baker's shovel or peel; cf. pandere, to spread)

palette found at Hieraconpolis, with figures of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and his See also:

• VIZIER

vizier, See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war-standards and prisoners . To identify him with Bezau (Boethos) of the IInd Dynasty runs See also:

• COUNTER

counter to much archaeological evidence . Sethe places him next after Menes and some would identify him with that king . Another inscribed palette may be pre-dynastic; it perhaps mentions a king named " See also:

• SCORPION (Lat. Scorpio)

Scorpion." The Old Kingdom.—The names of a number of kings attribut- able to the Ist Dynasty are known from their tombs at Abydos . Unfortunately, they are almost exclusively Horus The earliest titles ER B in place of the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal names by dynasties . which they were recorded in the lists of Abydos and Manetho; some, however, of the latter are found, and prove that the See also:

• SCRIBES

scribes of the New Kingdom were unable to read them correctly . Important changes and improvements took place in the writing even during the Ist Dynasty . The personal name of Menes Et= is given by one only of many See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of a king whose Horus-name was Aha, " the Fighter." Doubts have been expressed about the See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification with Menes, but it is strongly corroborated by the very archaic style of the remains . The name of Aha (Menes) was found in two tombs, one at Nagada See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Thebes and nearly opposite the road to the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, the other at Abydos . Manetho makes the Ist Dynasty Thinite, this being the capital of the See also:

• NOME

nome in which Abydos See also:

• LAY

lay . Upper Egypt always had See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence over Lower Egypt, and it seems clear that Menes came from the former and conquered the latter . According to tradition he founded See also:

• MEMPHIS

Memphis which lay on the frontier of his conquest; probably he resided there as well as at Abydos; at any See also:

• RATE

rate relics of one of the later kings of the Ist Dynasty have already been recognized in its vast See also:

• NECROPOLIS

necropolis .

Of the eight kings of the Ist Dynasty, three—the fifth, See also:

• SIXTH

sixth and seventh in the Ramesside list of Abydos —are positively identified by See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb-remains from Abydos, and others are scarcely less certain . Two of the kings have also See also:

• LEFT

left tablets at the copper and See also:

• TURQUOISE

turquoise mines of See also:

• WADI

Wadi Maghara in Sinai . The royal tombs are built of See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick, but one of them, that of Usaphais, had its See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite from Elephantine . They must have been filled with magnificent See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture and provisions of every See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, including See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record-tablets of the reigns, carved in See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory and See also:

• EBONY (Gr. E(3evos)

ebony . From a fragment on the Palermo stone it is clear that material-existed as See also:

• LATE

late as the Vth Dynasty for a brief See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note of the height of the Nile and other particulars in each year of the reign of these kings . The IInd Dynasty of Manetho appears to have been separated from the Ist even on the Palermo stone; it also was Thinite, and the tombs of several of its nine (?) kings were found at Abydos . The IIIrd Dynasty is given as Memphite by Manetho . Two of the kings built huge See also:

• MASTABA (Arab. for " bench ")

mastaba-tombs at See also:

• BET

Bet Khallaf near Abydos, but the architect and learned See also:

• SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN EUGENE (1791-1860, French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 24th of December 1791. His father was a silk merchant, and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre, a gift which unfortunately

scribe Imhotp designed for one of these two kings, named Zoser, a second and mightier See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument at Memphis, the See also:

• GREAT

great step-pyramid of Sakkara . In Ptolemaic times Imhotp was deified, and the traditional importance of Zoser is shown by a forged See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of the Dodecaschoenus to the See also:

• CATARACT (from the Lat. form cataracta of the Gr. Karapplucrgss, a floodgate, or waterfall, properly something which rushes down)

cataract god Khncim, purporting to be from his reign, but in reality dating from the Ptolemaic age . With Snefru, at the end of this dynasty, we reach the beginning of Egyptian history as it was known before the recent discoveries . Monuments and written records are henceforth more numerous and important, and the Palermo annals show a See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of record . The events in the three years that are preserved include a successful See also:

• RAID

raid upon the negroes, and the construction of See also:

• SHIPS

ships and See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood which must have been brought from the forests of the See also:

• LEBANON
• LEBANON (from Semitic laban, " to be white," or " whitish," probably referring not to snow, but to the bare white walls ofchalk or limestone which form the characteristic feature of the whole range)

Lebanon .

Snefru also set up a tablet at Wadi Maghara in Sinai . He built two pyramids, one of them at Medum in steps, the other, probably in the perfected form, at Dahshur, both lying between Memphis and the Fayum . Pyramids did not cease to be built in Egypt till the New Kingdom; but from the end of the IIIrd to the Vlth Dynasty is pre-eminently the time when the royal pyramid in stone was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief monument left by each successive king . Zoser and Snefru have been already noticed . The personal name enclosedin a See also:

• CARTOUCHE (a French word adapted from the Ital. cartoccio, a roll of paper, Med Lat. carta, for charta, paper)

cartouche CSI is henceforth the commonest See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the king . We now reach the IVth Dynasty containing the famous names of See also:

• CHEOPS

Cheops (q.v.), Chephren (Khafre) and Mycerinus (Menkeure), builders respectively of the Great, the Second and the Third Pyramids of Giza . In the best See also:

• ART

art of this time there was a grandeur which was never again attained: Perhaps the noblest example of Egyptian See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture in the See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round is a See also:

• DIORITE (from the Gr. S&oi4eiv to distinguish, from hA through, Epos, a boundary)

diorite statue of Chephren, one of several found by See also:

• MARIETTE, AUGUSTE FERDINAND FRANCOIS (1821-1881)

Mariette in the so-called See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple of the See also:

• SPHINX (Gr. Q¢lyyea', to draw tight, squeeze)

Sphinx . This " temple " proves to be a monumental See also:

• GATE

gate at the lower end of the great See also:

• CAUSEWAY

causeway leading to the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau on which the pyramids were built . A king Dedefre, between Cheops and Chephren, built a pyramid at See also:

• ABU

Abu-Roash . Shepseskaf is one of the last in the dynasty . Tablets of most of these kings have been found at the mines of Wadi Maghara . In the neighbourhood of the pyramids there are numerous mastabas of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court officials with See also:

• FINE

fine sculpture in the chapels, and a few decorated tombs from the end of this centralized dynasty of See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute monarchs are known in Upper Egypt .

A tablet which describes Cheops as the builder of various shrines about the Great Sphinx has been shown to be a priestly See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery, but the Sphinx itself may have been carved out of the rock under the splendid rule of the IVth Dynasty . The Vth Dynasty is said to be of Elephantine, but this must be a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake . Its kings worshipped Re, the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, rather than Horus, as their ancestor, and the title 0 " son of the Sun " began to be written by them before the cartouche containing the personal name, while another " See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar " cartouche, containing a name compounded with Re, followed the title . " king 0 0 of Upper and Lower Egypt." Sahure and the other kings of the dynasty built magnificent temples with obelisks dedicated to Re, one of which, that of Neuserre at Abusir, has been thoroughly explored . The marvellous tales of the Westcar Papyrus, dating from the Middle Kingdom, narrate how three of the kings were See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of a priestess of Re . The pyramids of several of the kings are known . The early ones are at Abusir, and the best preserved of the pyramid temples, that of Sahure, excavated by the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Orient-Gesellschaft, in its See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture and sculptured scenes has revealed an astonishingly See also:

• COMPLETE

complete development of art and architecture as well as of warlike enterprise by sea and See also:

• LAND

land at this remote period; the latest pyramid belonging to the Vth Dynasty, that of Unas at Sakkara, is inscribed with See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual and magical texts . Exquisitely sculptured tombs of this time are very numerous at Memphis and are found throughout Upper Egypt . Of work in the traditional temples of the country no trace remains, probably because, being in See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, it has all perished . The annals of the Palermo stone were engraved and added to during this dynasty; the chief events recorded for the time are gifts and endowments for the temples: Evidently priestly See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence was strong at the court . Expeditions to Sinai and Puoni (See also:

• PUNT (from Lat. ponto, pontoon; connected with pons, bridge)

Punt) are commemorated on tablets . The Vlth Dynasty if not more vigorous was more articulate; inscribed tombs are spread throughout the country .

The most active of its kings was the third, named Pepi or Phiops, from whose pyramid at Sakkara the capital, hitherto known as " See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Walls," derived its later name of Memphis (MN-NFR, Mempi); a tombstone from Abydos celebrates the activity of a certain Una during the reigns of Pepi and his successor in organizing expeditions to the Sinai See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, and in transporting granite from Elephantine and other quarries . Herkhuf, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Elephantine and an enterprising See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of caravans to the south countries both in See also:

• NUBIA

Nubia and the Libyan oases, flourished under Merenre and Pepi II. called Neferkere . On one occasion he brought See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home a See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf dancer from the See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan, described as being like one brought from Puoni in the time of the fifth-dynasty king Assa; this See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew from the youthful Pepi II. an enthusiastic See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter which was engraved in full upon the See also:

• FACADE

facade of Herkhuf's tomb . The reign of the last-named king, begun early, lasted over ninety years, a fact so long The pyramid period . remembered that even Manetho attributes to him ninety-four years; its length probably caused the ruin of the dynasty . The See also:

• LOCAL

local princelings and monarchs had been growing in culture, See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and after Pepi II. an ominous See also:

• GAP

gap in the monuments, pointing to See also:

• CIVIL

civil war, marks the end of the Old Kingdom . The VIIth and VIIIth Dynasties are said to have been Memphite, but of them no record survives beyond some names of kings in the lists . The Middle Kingdom.—The long Memphite rule was broken by the IXth and Xth Dynasties, of Heracleopolis Magna (Hnes) in Middle Egypt . Kheti or Achthoes was apparently Heracieo- a favourite name with the kings, but they are very polite period. obscure . They may have spread their rule by conquest over Upper Egypt and then overthrown the Memphite dynasty . The chief monuments of the period -are certain inscribed tombs at See also:

• ASSIUT, or SLUT

Assiut; it appears that one of the kings, whose praenomen was Mikere, supported by a See also:

• FLEET

fleet and See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army from Upper Egypt, and especially by the prince of Assiut, was restored to his paternal See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Heracleopolis, from which he had probably been driven out; his pyramid, however, was built in the old royal necropolis at Memphis . Later the princes of Thebes asserted their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence and founded the Xlth Dynasty, which pushed its frontiers northwards until finally it occupied the whole country .

Its kings were named Menthotp, from Mont, one of the gods of Thebes; others, perhaps sub-kings, were named Enyotf (Antef) . They were buried at Thebes, whence the coffins of several were obtained by the early collectors of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Nibadtp Menthotp I. probably established his rule over all Egypt . The funerary temple of Nebhepre Menthotp III., the last but one of these kings, has been excavated by the Egypt Exploration Fund at See also:

• DEIR, or DEIR

Deir el Bahri, and must have been a magnificent monument . His successor Sankhkere Menthotp IV. is known to have sent an expedition by the Red Sea to Puoni . The XIIth Dynasty is the central point of the Middle Kingdom, to which the decline of the Memphite and the rise of the Heracleopolite dynasty See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the transition, while the growth of Thebes under the Xlth Dynasty is its true starting-point . Monuments of the XIIth Dynasty are abundant and often of splendid See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design and workmanship, whereas previously there had been little produced since the Vlth Dynasty that was not See also:

• HALF

half barbarous . Although not much of the history of the Xllth Dynasty is ascertained, the Turin Papyrus and many dated See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the succession and length of reign of the eight kings very accurately; The troubled times that the kingdom had passed through taught the long-lived monarchs the pre-caution of associating a competent successor on the See also:

• THRONE

throne . The nomarchs and the other feudal chiefs were inclined to strengthen themselves at the expense of their neighbours; a See also:

• FIRM

firm hand was required to hold them in check and distribute the honours as they were earned by faithful service .. The tombs of the most favoured and wealthy princes are magnificent, particularly those of certain families in Middle Egypt at Beni See also:

• HASAN

Hasan, El Bersha, Assiut and Deir Rifa, and it is probable that each had a court and organization within his nome like that of the royal palace in See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature . Eventually, in the reigns of Senwosri III. and Amenemhe III., the succession of strong kings appears to have centralized all authority very completely . The names in the dynasty are Amenemhe (Ammenemes) and Senwosri (formerly read Usertesen or Senusert) .

The latter seems to be the origin of the See also:

• SESOSTRIS

Sesostris (q.v.) and Sesoosis of the legends . Amenemhe I., the first king, whose connexion with the previous dynasty is not known, reigned for See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years, ten of them being in See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

partnership with his son Senwosri I . He had to fight for his throne and then reorganize the country, removing his capital or residence from Thebes to a central situation near Lisht about 25 M. south of Memphis . His monuments are widespread in Egypt, the quarries and mines in the desert as far as Sinai bear See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness to his great activity, and we know of an expedition which he made against the Nubians . The " Instructions of Amenemhe to his son Senwosri," whether really his own or a later See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, refer to these things, to his care for his subjects, and to theingratitude with which he was rewarded, an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt on his See also:

• LIFE

life having been made by the trusted servants in his own palace . The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of Sinai is the true or realistic history of a soldier who. having overheard the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret intelligence of Amenemhe's See also:

• DEATH

death, fled in fear to Palestine or Syria and there became See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in the favour of the prince of the land; growing old, however, he successfully sued for See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon from Senwosri and permission to return and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die in Egypt . Senwosri I. was already the executive partner in the time of the co-regency, warring with the Libyans and probably in the Sudan . After Amenemhe's death he fully upheld the greatness of the dynasty in his long reign of See also:

• FORTY

forty-five years . The See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

obelisk of Heliopolis is amongst his best-known monuments, and the damming of the Lake of Moeris (q.v.) must have been in progress in his reign . He built a temple far up the Nile at Wadi See also:

• HAIFA

Haifa and there set up a stela commemorating his victories over the tribes of Nubia . The fine tombs of Ameni at Beni Hasan and of Hepzefa at Assiut belong to his reign . The pyramids of both See also:

• FATHER

father and son are at Lisht .

Amenemhe II. was buried at Dahshur; he was followed by Senwosri II., whose pyramid is at Illahun at the mouth of the . Fayum . In his reign were executed the fine paintings in the tomb of Khnemhotp at Beni Hasan, which include a remarkable See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of Semitic See also:

• BEDOUINS (Ahl Bedu, " dwellers in the open land," or Ahl el beit, " people of the tent," as they call themselves)

Bedouins bringing See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye-paint to Egypt from the eastern deserts . In Manetho he is identified with Sesostris (see. above), but Senwosri I., and still more Senwosri III., have a better claim to this distinction . The latter warred in Palestine and in Nubia, and marked the south frontier of his kingdom by a statue and stelae at Semna beyond the Second Cataract . Near his pyramid was discovered the splendid See also:

• JEWELRY (O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, perhaps from joie, joy; Lat. gaudium; retranslated into Low Lat. jocale, a toy, from jocus, by misapprehension of the origin of the word)

jewelry of some princesses of his See also:

• FAMILY

family (see JEWELRY ad init.) . The tomb of, Thethotp at El Bersha, celebrated for the scene of the transport of a See also:

• COLOSSUS

colossus amongst its paintings, was finished in this reign . Amenemhe III. completed the work of Lake Moeris and began a series of observations of the height of the inundation at Semna which was continued by his successors . In his long reign of forty-six years he built a pyramid at Dahshur, and at Hawara near the Lake of Moeris another pyramid together with the See also:

• LABYRINTH (Gr. Xa(3vpcvOos, Lat. labyrinthus)

Labyrinth which seems to have been an enormous funerary temple attached to the pyramid . His name was remembered in the Fayum during the Graeco-Roman period and his effigy worshipped there as Pera-marres, i.e . See also:

• PHARAOH (Par'oh)

Pharaoh Marres (Marres being his praenomen graecized) . Amenemhe IV.'s reign was See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, and the dynasty ended with a See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen Sebeknefru (Scemiophris), whose name is found in the scanty remains of the Labyrinth .

The XIIth Dynasty numbered eight rulers and lasted for 213 years . Great as it was, it created no empire outside the Nile valley, and its most imposing monument, which according to the testimony of the ancients rivalled the pyramids, is now represented by a vast stratum of chips . The history of the following period down to the rise of the New Empire is very obscure . Manetho gives us the XIIIth (Dios-polite) Dynasty, the XIVth (Xoite from Xois in Lower Egypt), the XVth and XVIth (Hyksos) and the XVIIth (Diospolite), but his names are lost except for the Hyksos kings . The Abydos tablet ignores all between the XIIth and XVIIIth Dynasties . The Turin Papyrus preserves many names on its shattered fragments, and the monuments are for ever adding to the list, but it is difficult to assign them accurately to their places . The Hyksos names can in some cases be recognized by their See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign aspect, the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar style of the scarabs on which they are en-graved or by resemblances to those recorded in Manetho . The kings of the XVIIth Dynasty too are generally recognizable by the form of their name and other circumstances . Manetho indicates marvellous crowding for the XIIIth and XIVth Dynasties, but it seems better to suggest a See also:

• TOTAL

total duration of 300 or 400 years for the whole period than to adopt Meyer's estimate of about 210 years (see above, Chronology) . Amongst the kings of the XIIIth Dynasty (including perhaps the XIVth), not a few are represented by granite statues of See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal See also:

• SIZE

size and fine workmanship, especially at Thebes and Tanis, some by architectural fragments, some by graffiti on the rocks about the First Cataract . Some few certainly reigned over all Egypt . Sebkhotp (Sekhotp, Eoxwmis) is a favourite name, no doubt to be connected with the god of the Fayum .

Several of the Theban kings named Antef (Enyotf) must be placed here rather than in the Xlth Dynasty . A See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of one of them degrading a monarch who had sided with his enemies was found at See also:

• COPTOS (Egyptian Keft, Kebto)

Coptos engraved on a See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway of Senwosri I . In its divided See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state Egypt would fall an easy See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey to the foreigner . Manetho says that the Hyksos (q.v.) gained Egypt without a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow . Their domination must have lasted The a considerable time, the Rhind mathematical papyrus periods period. having been cin the thirty-third year of a king copied Apophis . The monuments and scarabs of the Hyksos kings are found throughout Upper and Lower Egypt; those of Khian somehow spread as far as See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete and See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad . The Hyksos, in whom See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus recognized the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel, worshipped their own Syrian deity, identifying him with the Egyptian god Seth, and endeavoured to establish his cult throughout Egypt to the detriment of the native gods . It is to be hoped that definite light may one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day be forthcoming on the whole of this See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• EPISODE

episode which had such a profound effect on the character and history of the Egyptian people . The spirited overthrow of the Hyksos ushered in the glories in arms and arts which marked the New Empire . The XVIIth Dynasty probably began the struggle, at first as semi-See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent kinglets at Thebes . Segenenre is here a leading name; the See also:

• MUMMY (from the Persian mumiai, pitch or asphalt)

mummy of the third Segenenre, the earliest in the great find of royal mummies at Deir el Bahri, shows the See also: