See also:

• Y4RKAND (Chinese name Soche Fu)

Y4RKAND (See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese name Soche Fu)  , the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis of See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• TURKESTAN
• TURKESTAN, or HAZRET

Turkestan, on the Yarkand-Darya, in 38° 25' N., 77° 16' E., and 3900 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . The settlements of the Yarkand oasis occupy the S.W. corner of E . Turkestan, and are scattered along the numerous See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers which issue from the steep slopes of the Pamir in the W., and the Karakoram and Kuen-Lun Mountains in the S . The oasis of See also:

• KASHGAR

Kashgar limits it in the N., and a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• DESERT

desert separates it from the oasis of See also:

• KHOTAN (locally ILcm)

Khotan in the S.E . The Yarkand-Darya and its numerous tributaries, which are fed by the glaciers of the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain regions, as also many rivers which are now lost in the See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

steppe or amidst the irrigated See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, bring abundance of See also:

• WATER

water to the desert; one of them is called Zarafshan (" See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold-strewing "), as much on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the fertility it brings as of its auriferous sands . Numberless See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation canals carry the water to the fields, which occupy a broad See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of See also:

• LOESS (Ger. Loss)

loess skirting the See also:

• BASE

base of the mountains . In the spurs of the mountains there are See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich pasturages, where goats, yaks, camels, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle are reared . The oasis of Yarkand is regarded as the richest of E . Turkestan, and its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population probably See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers about 200,000 inhabitants . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, beans and various oil-yielding See also:

• PLANTS

plants are grown, and melons, grapes, apples and other fruits . The See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree and the mulberry are cultivated in the warmer parts of the oasis . Gold, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones are found in the mountains, though only the first-named is worked .

Yarkand is renowned for its See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather-See also:

• WARE

ware and See also:

• SADDLERY

saddlery . Carpets and See also:

• SILK

silk fabrics, cotton and woollen goods are manufactured . The population consists of Persians, who now speak See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish, and of Turkish Sarts . The town of Yarkand, which has a population of about roo,000 (5000 houses in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and as many in Yanghishar and the suburbs), is situated on the See also:

• RIVER

river of the same name, five days' See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey S.E. from Kashgar . It is surrounded by a thick earthen See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, nearly 4 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, with towers in the Chinese See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, and is well watered by canals . The square fortress of Yanghishar, which was built by the Chinese, stands within 400 yds. of the walls of the town . This is one of the three strong places in Chinese Turkestan . The ten mosques and madrasas of Yarkandl although poorer than those of See also:

• BOKHARA (Bokhara-i-Sherif)
• BOKHARA, or BUKHARA (the common central Asian pronunciation is Bukhara)

Bokhara or See also:

• SAMARKAND

Samarkand, enjoy wide renown in the Moslem See also:

• WORLD

world . There is a brisk See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, especially in horses, cotton, leather-ware and all kinds of imported manufactured goods . Yarkand is surrounded by a number of smaller towns, the chief of which are—Yanghi-See also:

• HISSAR

hissar, which has about 600 houses, Tashkurgan on the See also:

• PAMIRS

Pamirs, Posgam (1600 houses), Kargalyk, at the junction of the routes leading to Ladakh and Khotan (2000 houses), Sanju (2000), Tagarchi, Kartchum, Besh-taryk (1800) and Guma (3000) . Yarkand was very imperfectly known until the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Marco See also:

• POLO (Tibetan pulu, ball)
• POLO, GASPAR GIL (?153o-1591)
• POLO, MARCO (c. 1254-1324)

Polo visited it between 1271 and 1275, and Goes in 1603; but the continuous See also:

• WARS

wars (see TURKESTAN) prevented Europeans from frequenting it, so that until 1863 the See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information borrowed from See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval travellers and from Chinese See also:

• SOURCES

sources, with that supplied by the See also:

• PUNDIT (Hindi pandit; Skr. pandita)

pundit Mir Isset Ullah in 1812, was all that was known about the Yarkand region .

The first See also:

• EUROPEAN

European who reached it in the 19th century was Adolph See also:

• SCHLAGINTWEIT

Schlagintweit, who passed by Yarkand in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1857, but was killed a few days later at Kashgar . The pundit Mohammed Hamid vi, iced it in 1863 and determined its See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical position and See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude . Later information is due to See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• SHAW, GEORGE BERNARD (1856– )
• SHAW, HENRY WHEELER (1818–1885)
• SHAW, LEMUEL (1781–1861)
• SHAW, RICHARD NORMAN (1831– )

Shaw and G . W . See also:

• HAYWARD, ABRAHAM (1801-1884)
• HAYWARD, SIR JOHN (c. 1560-1627)

Hayward, who stayed at Yarkand in 1869, and to See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas Forsyth, who first visited it in 187o . Three years later he visited it again with an expedition which had See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon, Bellew, See also:

• CHAPMAN (from O. Eng. ceap, and Mid. Eng. ,heap, to barter, cf. " Cheapside " in London, and Ger. Kaufmann)
• CHAPMAN, GEORGE (? 1559–1634)

Chapman, Trotter, Biddulph and See also:

• STOLICZKA, FERDINAND (1838-1874)

Stoliczka as members, and afterwards published a detailed See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report upon the scientific results of the See also:

• MISSION

mission . In 1886, after a remarkable journey through E . Turkestan, A . D . See also:

• CAREY, HENRY (d. 1743)
• CAREY, HENRY CHARLES (1793-1879)
• CAREY, WILLIAM (1761-1834)

Carey reached Yarkand and spent the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter there . It was again visited by Dr Lansdell in 1888, and by Dr Aurel See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein in 1906 . The See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant missionaries whose headquarters are at Kashgar maintain a medical mission at Yarkand .