See also:

• YAZDEGERD (" made by God," Izdegerdes)

YAZDEGERD (" made by See also:

• GOD

God," Izdegerdes)  , the name of three See also:

• SASSANID, or SASSANIAN DYNASTY (Or SASANIAN)

Sassanid See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . (I) See also:

• YAZDEGERD (" made by God," Izdegerdes)

YAZDEGERD I., son of See also:

• SHAPUR (Pahlavi, Shahpuhre, " son of the king "; Greek Sapores, commonly Sapor)

Shapur III., 399-420, called "the sinner" by the Persians, was a highly intelligent ruler, who tried to emancipate himself from the dominion of the magnates and the Magian priests . He punished the nobles severely when they attempted oppression; he stopped the persecution of the Christians and granted them their own organization . With the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire he lived in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and friendship, and is therefore as much praised by the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine authors (Procop . Pers. i . 2; Agath. iv . 26) as he is blamed by the Persians . After a reign of twenty years he appears to have been murdered in See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan . (2) YAZDEGERD II., was the son of Bahram V . Gor, 438-457 . He persecuted the Christians and See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, and had a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome in 441 . He tried to extend his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and fought against the Kushans and Kidarites (or See also:

• HUNS

Huns) .

(3) YAZDEGERD III., a See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of See also:

• CHOSROES

Chosroes II., who had been murdered by his son See also:

• KAVADH (KABADES, KAUADES)

Kavadh II. in 628, was raised to the See also:

• THRONE

throne in 632 after a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• INTERNAL

internal conflicts . He was a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child and never really ruled; in his first See also:

• YEAR

year the Arabic invasion began, and in 637 the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Kadisiya decided the See also:

• FATE

fate of the empire . See also:

• CTESIPHON

Ctesiphon was occupied by the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, and the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king fled into See also:

• MEDIA

Media . Yazdegerd fled from one See also:

• DISTRICT

district to another, till at last he was murdered at Mery in 651 (see See also:

• CALIPHATE

CALIPHATE, See also:

• SECT

sect . A . 1) . The See also:

• PARSEES, or PARSIS

Parsees, who use the old See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar, continue to See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count the years from his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession (era of Yazdegerd, beginning See also:

• JUNE

June 16th, A.D . 632) . - (ED . M.) YEAST (O.E. giest or gyst; the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root yes-, to See also:

• BOIL

boil, ferment, is seen in Sansk. nir-ydsa, exudations from trees, and Gr . Ntv, to boil), a cellular organism produced in the alcoholic fernnentat1on of saccharine liquids (see See also:

• FUNGI (p1. of Lat. fungus, a mushroom)

FUNGI, See also:

• FERMENTATION

FERMENTATION, See also:

• BREWING

BREWING) . YEATS, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

BUTLER (1865– ), Irish author, son of J .

B . Yeats (b . 1839), a distinguished Irish artist and member of the Royal Hibernian See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Sandymount, See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, on the 13th of June 1865 . At nine years old he went to live with his parents in See also:

• LONDON

London, and was sent to the See also:

• GODOLPHIN, SIDNEY GODOLPHIN, EARL

Godolphin School, See also:

• HAMMERSMITH

Hammersmith . At fifteen he went to the See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith School in Dublin . Later he studied See also:

• PAINTING

painting for a short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at the Royal Dublin Society, but soon turned to 9I0 literature, contributing poems and articles to the Dublin University See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review and other Irish See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals . In 1888 he was encouraged by Oscar See also:

• WILDE, OSCAR

Wilde to try his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune in London, where he published in 1889 his first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, The Wanderings of Oisin; its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and romantic See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch impressed discerning critics, and started a new See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the " See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic " See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . The same year and the next he contributed to Mr See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott's " Camelot Series," edited by Ernest Rhys, See also:

• FAIRY (Fr. fee, faerie; Prov. facia; Sp. hada; Ital. fata; med. Lat. fatare, to enchant, from Lat. fatum, fate, destiny)

Fairy and Folk Tales, a collection of Irish See also:

• FOLKLORE

folklore, and Tales from See also:

• CARLETON, WILLIAM (1794-1869)

Carleton, with original introductions . In 1891 he wrote anonymously two Irish stories, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• SHERMAN
• SHERMAN, JOHN (x823-1900)
• SHERMAN, ROGER (1721–1793)

Sherman and Dhoya, for Mr See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

Fisher Unwin's " See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

Pseudonym Library." In 1892 he published another volume of verse, including The Countess Kathleen (a romantic See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama), which gave the See also:

• BOOK

book its See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, and in 1893 The Celtic See also:

• TWILIGHT

Twilight, a volume of essays and sketches in See also:

• PROSE

prose . He now submitted his earlier poetical See also:

• WORK

work to careful revision, and it was in the revised versions of The Wanderings of Usheen and The Countess Kathleen, and the lyrics given in his collected Poems of 1895 that his See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic poetical See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note found adequate expression and was recognized as marking the rise of a new Irish school . In the meantime he had followed The Countess Kathleen with another poetical drama, The See also:

• LAND

Land of See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

Heart's See also:

• DESIRE

Desire, acted at the See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

Avenue See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

Theatre for six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1894, published in May of that year . He contributed to various periodicals, notably to the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Observer and the Bookman, and also to the Book of the Rhymers' See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club—the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Parnasse Contemporain of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 'nineties .

With See also:

• EDWIN, AEDUINI
• EDWIN, JOHN (1749–1790)

Edwin J . See also:

• ELLIS (originally SHARPE), ALEXANDER JOHN (1814-189o)
• ELLIS, GEORGE (1753-1815)
• ELLIS, ROBINSON (1834- )
• ELLIS, SIR HENRY (1777-1869)
• ELLIS, WILLIAM (1794 – 1872)

Ellis he edited the See also:

• WORKS

Works of William See also:

• BLAKE, EDWARD (1833– )
• BLAKE, ROBERT (1599-1657)
• BLAKE, WILLIAM (1757-1827)

Blake (1893), and also edited A Book of Irish Verse (1895) . In 1897 appeared The See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

Secret See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose, a collection of Irish Iegends and tales in prose, with See also:

• POETRY

poetry interspersed, containing the stories of Hanrahan the Red . The same year he printed privately The Tables of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law and the See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

Adoration of the Magi, afterwards published in a volume of Mr Elkin See also:

• MATHEWS, CHARLES (1776-1835)
• MATHEWS, THOMAS (1676-1751)

Mathews's " See also:

• VIGO

Vigo See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street See also:

• CABINET

Cabinet " in 1904 . In 1889 he published The See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

Wind among the Reeds, containing some of his best lyrics, and in 190o another poetical drama, The Shadowy See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

Waters . He now became specially interested in the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of an Irish See also:

• LITERARY

literary theatre; and he founded and conducted an occasional periodical (appearing fitfully at irregular intervals), called first Beltain and later Samhain, to expound its aims and preach his own views, the first number appearing in May 1899 . In the autumn of 1901 Mr F . R . See also:

• BENSON, EDWARD WHITE (182g—1896)
• BENSON, FRANCIS ROBERT (1858— )
• BENSON, FRANK WESTON (1862— )
• BENSON, GEORGE (1699–1762)

Benson's See also:

• COMPANY

company produced in London the See also:

• PLAY

play Diarmuid and Grania, written in collaboration by him and See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore . In 1902 he published his own first original play in prose, Cathleen ni Houlihan, which was printed in Samhain in See also:

• OCTOBER

October that year . In 1903 he collected and published a volume of literary and See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical essays, to which he gave the title, Ideas of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good and Evil . In the same and the following years he published a collected edition of his Plays for an Irish Theatre, comprising Where There is Nothing, The See also:

• HOUR

Hour-See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

Glass, Cathleen ni Houlihan, The Pot of Broth, The King's See also:

• THRESHOLD

Threshold and On Baffle's Strand .

In 1904 he also edited two volumes of Irish Representative Tales . Whether or not " Celtic " is the right word for it, Mr Yeats's See also:

• ART

art was quickly identified by enthusiasts with the literary See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the new Irish national movement . His See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration may he traced in some measure to the Pre-Raphaelites and also to Blake, See also:

• SHELLEY, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1797-1851)
• SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792-1822)

Shelley and See also:

• MAETERLINCK, MAURICE (1862— )

Maeterlinck; but he found in his native Irish See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend and See also:

• LIFE

life See also:

• MATTER

matter See also:

• APT

apt for his romantic and often elfin See also:

• MUSIC

music, with its artful simplicities and unhackneyed cadences, and its elusive, inconclusive See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm . Seethe See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section on W . B . Yeats in Poets of the Younger See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

Generation by William See also:

• ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856— )

Archer (1902), and for bibliography up to June 1903, English Illustrated See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine, vol. See also:

• XXIX

xxix . (N.S.) p . 288 . A library edition of his collected works in prose and verse was issued by Mr Bullen from the See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head Works, See also:

• STRATFORD
• STRATFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1348)

Stratford-on-See also:

• AVON

Avon, in 8 vols., 1go8 .