YONNE  , a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of central See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, formed partly from the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne proper (with its dependencies, Senonais and Tonnerrois), partly from See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy proper (with its dependencies, the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• AUXERRE

Auxerre and Avallonnais) and partly from Gatinais (See also:

• ORLEANAIS

Orleanais and Ile-de-France) . It is bounded by See also:

• AUBE

Aube on the N.E., Cote-d'Or on the S.E., See also:

• NIEVRE

Nievre on the S., Loiret on the W. and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine-et-See also:

• MARNE

Marne on the N.W . Pop . (1906) 315,199 . See also:

• AREA

Area, 288o sq. m . The highest See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation (moo ft.) is in the granitic See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands of See also:

• MORVAN

Morvan, in the S.E., where other peaks range from 1300 to 1600 ft . The department belongs to the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Seine, except a small See also:

• DISTRICT

district in the S.W . (Puisaye), which belongs to that of the See also:

• LOIRE

Loire . The See also:

• RIVER

river Yonne flows through it from S. to N.N.W., receiving on the right See also:

• BANK

bank the Cure, the Serein and the Armancon, which See also:

• WATER

water the S.E. of the department . Farther N. it is joined by the Vanne, between which and the Armancon lies the See also:

• FOREST

forest-clad See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of the Pays d'Othe . To the W. of the Yonne, in the Puisaye, are the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the Loing, another tributary of the Seine, and of its affluents, the Ouanne and the Lunain . The Yonne is navigable throughout the department, and is connected with the Loire by the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal of See also:

• NIVERNAIS, LOUIS CHARLES BARBON MANCINI MAZARINI

Nivernais, which in turn is connected with that of See also:

• BRIARE

Briare, which connects the Seine and the Loire .

The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is temperate, except in the Morvan, where the extremes of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold are greater, and where the rainfall is most abundant . The prevailing winds are S.W. and W . The department is essentially agricultural . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat and oats are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief cereals; potatoes, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• BEET

beet, See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

lucerne, mangoldwurzel and other See also:

• FORAGE

forage See also:

• PLANTS

plants are also cultivated, and there is much See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good pasture . The vineyards of the Tonnerrois and Auxerrois produce the finest red wines of See also:

• LOWER

lower Burgundy, and those of See also:

• CHABLIS

Chablis the finest See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white . The See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine of the Cote St Jacques (See also:

• JOIGNY

Joigny) is also highly esteemed . See also:

• CIDER (q.v.)
• CIDER, or CYDER (from the Fr. cidre, derived from the Lat. sicera or cisera, Gr. mucepa, Heb. shade, strong drink)

Cider-apples are the chief See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit . Charny is a centre for the rearing of horses . Forests See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover considerable areas of the department and consist chiefly of See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, See also:

• BEECH

beech, See also:

• HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus)

hornbeam, See also:

• ELM

elm, ash, See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch and See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine . See also:

• QUARRY

Quarry products include See also:

• BUILDING

building-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, ochre and See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement . Among the See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial establishments are tanneries, See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile-See also:

• WORKS

works, saw-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills and breweries, but there is little manufacturing activity . Cereals, wines, firewood, See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal, ochre and bark are exported .

The department is served chiefly by the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris-See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon railway . The canal of Burgundy, which follows the valley of the Armancon, has a length of 57 M. in the department, that of Nivernais, following the valley of the Yonne, a length of 33 m . The department constitutes the archiepiscopal See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of See also:

• SENS

Sens, has its See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• APPEAL

appeal in Paris, its educational centre at See also:

• DIJON

Dijon, and belongs to the district of the V. See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps . It is divided into five arrondissements (37 cantons, 486 communes), of which the capitals are Auxerre, also See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the department, See also:

• AVALLON

Avallon, Sens, Joigny and See also:

• TONNERRE

Tonnerre, which with those of Chablis, St Florentin and \rezelay are its most noteworthy towns and are treated separately . Yonne is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of antiquarian and architectural See also:

• INTEREST

interest . At Pontigny there is a Cistercian See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey, where See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• BECKET, THOMAS (c. 1118—1170)

Becket spent two years of his See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . Its See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church is an excellent type of the Cistercian See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The See also:

• FINE

fine 12th-century See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of Druyes, which stands on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill overlooking the See also:

• VILLAGE

village, once belonged to the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Auxerre and See also:

• NEVERS

Nevers . See also:

• VILLENEUVE, PIERRE CHARLES JEAN BAPTISTE SILVESTRE (1763-r8o6)

Villeneuve-sur-Yonne has a See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval keep and gateways and a church of the 13th and 16th centuries . The See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance chateaux of Fleurigny, Ancy-le-France and Tanlay, the last-named for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the See also:

• COLIGNY, GASPARD DE (1519-1572)

Coligny See also:

• FAMILY

family, and the chateau of St Fargeau, of the 13th century, rebuilt by Mademoiselle de See also:

• MONTPENSIER, ANNE MARIE LOUISE
• MONTPENSIER, COUNTS AND DUKES OF

Montpensier under See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., are all architecturally remarkable . At St More there are remains of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman road from See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons to Gallia Belgica and of a Roman fortified See also:

• POST

post .