YORKSHIRE  , a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, bounded N. by See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham, E. by the North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, S.E. by the See also:

• HUMBER

Humber See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary (separating it from See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire), S. by See also:

• NOTTINGHAM
• NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF1 (1536-1624)
• NOTTINGHAM, EARLS OF

Nottingham-See also:

• SHIRE

shire and See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire, S.W. for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance by See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire, W. by See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire and N.W. by See also:

• WESTMORLAND
• WESTMORLAND, EARLS OF

Westmorland . It is the largest county in England, having an See also:

• AREA

area of 6o66.1 sq. m., and being more than See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double the See also:

• SIZE

size of Lincolnshire, which ranks next to it . In a description of the county it is constantly necessary to refer to its three See also:

• GREAT

great divisions, the North See also:

• RIDING

Riding, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Riding and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Riding (see RIDING, and See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of ENGLAND, Sections I., II.) . The centre of the county is a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, which in the S., about the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Humber, resembles the See also:

• FENS

Fens in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The hills W. of the central plain, covering nearly the whole of the W . Riding and the N.W. of the N . Riding, are See also:

• PART

part of the great Pennine See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

Chain (q.v.) . These hills consist of high-lying moorland, and are not generally remarkable for great beauty of outline . The higher parts are See also:

• BLEAK, or BLICK (Alburnus lucidus)

bleak and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild, and the slope towards the central plain is See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief beauty of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district is to be found in the numerous deeply scored valleys or dales, such as Teesdale, Swaledale, See also:

• WENSLEYDALE
• WENSLEYDALE, JAMES PARKE, BARON (1782-1868)

Wensleydale (q.v.), Nidderdale, Wharfedale and See also:

• AIRE

Aire-See also:

• DALE, ROBERT WILLIAM (1829-1895)
• DALE, SIR THOMAS (d. 1619)

dale, in which the course of the streams is often broken by See also:

• WATER

water-falls, such as High Force in Teesdale and Aysgarth Force in Wensleydale . The hills E. of the central plain cannot be similarly considered as a unit . In the N., wholly within the N .

Riding, a See also:

• LINE

line of heights known as the See also:

• CLEVELAND
• CLEVELAND (or CLEIVELAND), JOHN (1613—1658)
• CLEVELAND, BARBARA VILLIERS, DUCHESS OF (1641-1709)
• CLEVELAND, STEPHEN GROVER (1837-1908)

Cleveland Hills, forming a See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur of the N . Yorkshire See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors, ranges from Iwo to nearly 1500 ft., and overlooks rather abruptly the lowest part of the See also:

• TEES

Tees valley . The line of greatest See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation approaches the central plain, and swings sharply S. in the Hambleton Hills to overlook it, while to the S. of the line See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long deep dales carry tributary streams S. to the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• DERWENT (Celtic Dwr-gent, clear water)

Derwent, thus draining to the See also:

• OUSE

Ouse . Eastward the N . Yorkshire moors give immediately upon the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Their higher parts consist of open moorland . The remarkable upper valley of the Derwent (q.v.) marks off the N . Yorkshire moors from the Yorkshire wolds of the E . Riding, the river forming the boundary between the N. and E . See also:

• RIDINGS

Ridings . The wolds superficially resemble the moors, inasmuch as they abut directly on the coast E.,'run thence W., and See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing S. to overlook the central plain . At the S. extremity they sink to the See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Humber .

Their greatest elevation is found near the W. See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle (Howardian Hills), but hardly reaches 80o ft . Eastward they encircle a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying fertile See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract bounded S. by the Humber and E. by the North Sea . The name of Holderness is broadly applied to this low tract, though the See also:

• WAPENTAKE

wapentake of that name includes properly only the E. of it . The diverse character of the coast may be inferred from the foregoing description . In the north, S. of Teesmouth, it is low for a short distance; then the E. abutments of the Cleveland Hills See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form See also:

• FINE

fine cliffs, reaching at Boulby the highest elevation of sea-cliffs in England (666 ft.) . Picturesque valleys bearing short streams break the line, notably that of the Esk, reaching the sea at See also:

• WHITBY

Whitby . The trend of the coast is at first S.E. and then S . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South of See also:

• SCARBOROUGH

Scarborough it sinks with the near approach of the Derwent valley, begins to rise again See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the shallow sweep of See also:

• FILEY

Filey See also:

• BAY

Bay, and then springs seaward in the fine promontory of Flamborough Head (see See also:

• BRIDLINGTON

BRIDLINGTON) . South of this, after the See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp incurve of Bridlington Bay, the low coast-line of Holderness succeeds, long and unbroken, as far as Spurn Point, which encloses the mouth' of the Humber . Encroachments of the sea are frequent, but much See also:

• LAND

land has been reclaimed . There are several watering-places on the coast in high favour with visitors from the manufacturing districts . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal, from N. to S. are See also:

• REDCAR

Redcar, Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Whitby, See also:

• ROBIN

Robin See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

Hood's Bay, Scarborough (the largest of all), Filey, Bridlington and See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn-sea .

There are numerous See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs in Yorkshire, the principal being those at See also:

• HARROGATE

Harrogate . There is also a See also:

• SPA

spa at Scarborough, and others are Askern near See also:

• DONCASTER

Doncaster, See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston Spa near Harrogate, See also:

• CROFT (or CROFTS), WILLIAM (1678–1727)
• CROFT, SIR HERBERT
• CROFT, SIR JAMES (d. 1590)

Croft on the Tees near See also:

• DARLINGTON

Darlington, Hovingham, near See also:

• MALTON

Malton, Guisbrough in Cleveland and Slaithwaite near See also:

• HUDDERSFIELD

Huddersfield . The springs are chiefly sulphurous and chalybeate . By far the greater part of Yorkshire is within the drainage See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Ouse, which with the See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent makes the estuary of the Humber (q.v.) . It is formed in the central plain by the junction of the See also:

• UTE
• UTE, or UTAH

Ute and Swale, both rising in the Pennine hills; but whereas the Swale drains the N. of the plain, the lire, traversing Wensleydale, is enclosed by the hills over the greater part of its course . The Ouse also receives from the Pennine district the Nidd, traversing Nidderdale, the Wharfe, the Aire, with its tributary the See also:

• CALDER
• CALDER, SIR ROBERT

Calder, and the See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don . The Aire rises in the fine See also:

• GORGE

gorge of Malham See also:

• COVE

Cove, from the subterranean waterways in the See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone . None of these trihu_ taries is naturally navigable, but the Aire, Calder and Don are part canalized . From the E. the principal tributary is the Derwent, which on entering the central plain follows a course roughly parallel to that of the Ouse, and joins it in its See also:

• LOWER

lower part, between See also:

• SELBY
• SELBY, WILLIAM COURT GULLY

Selby and Howden . The See also:

• FOSS, EDWARD (1787-1870)

Foss joins the Ouse at See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . In the W. the county contains the headwaters of several streams of the W. slope of the Pennines, draining to the Irish Sea; of these the principal is the Ribble . In the N. the Tees forms most of the boundary with the county of Durham, but receives no large tributary from Yorkshire .

In the S. of the W . Riding a few streams drain to the Trent . In Holderness, debarred by the wolds from the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general drainage See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the county, the chief stream is the See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull . The only sheets of water of any size are Semmer Water, in a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of Wensleydale; Malham See also:

• TARN
• TARN (O. Eng. tame, Scand. tjarn, tjdrn, horn, &c.)

Tarn, near the head of Airedale. the effluent of which quickly disappears into an underground channel; and Hornsea See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

Mere, near the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat seacoast at Hornsea . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The great variety in the scenery of Yorkshire is but a reflection of the marked See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences in the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological substructure . The stratification is for the most part See also:

• REGULAR

regular, but owing to a great line of dislocation nearly coincident with the W. boundary of the county the rocks See also:

• DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip towards the E., while the strike of the strata is from N. to S . The bold and picturesque scenery of the western hills and dales is due to the effects of denudation among the harder rocks, which here come to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface . The strata in the Penninesconsist of (I) older Palaeozoic rocks, viz. a faulted inlier of See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian and Ordovician at See also:

• HORTON, CHRISTIANA (c. 1696–c. 1756)
• HORTON, ROBERT FORMAN (18J5– )
• HORTON, SAMUEL DANA (1844–1895)

Horton in, Ribblesdale, and a small patch of Silurian at See also:

• SEDBERGH

Sedbergh with inliers of Coniston limestone; (2) the Carboniferous or See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain Limestone, which has been subjected to great dislocations, the more important of which are known as the N. and S . See also:

• CRAVEN, PAULINE MARIE ARMANDE AGLAE (18o8—189r)
• CRAVEN, WILLIAM CRAVEN, EARL

Craven faults; (3) the Yoredale See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, consisting of shales, flagstones, limestones and thin seams of See also:

• COAL

coal; and (4) the Millstone Grit, forming part of the hilly moorlands, and capping many of the loftier eminences . In the W . Riding the Pennine range forms part of the elevated See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of Craven and Dent . The scenery in the W. of the N .

Riding is somewhat similar to that in Craven, except that the lower hills are of sharper outline owing to the perpendicular limestone scars . To the intermingling of the limestone with the softer rocks are due the numerous "forces" or waterfalls, which are one of the See also:

• SPECIAL

special features of the scenery of this district . The See also:

• ACTION

action of water on the limestone rocks assisted by See also:

• JOINTS

joints and faults has given rise to extensive caverns, of which the best examples are those of Clapham and Ingleton in the W . Riding, as well as to subterranean watercourses . At Brimham, Plumpton and elsewhere there are fantastic masses of rocks due to irregular weathering of the Millstone Grit . The Pennine region is bounded on the S.E. by the Coal See also:

• MEASURES

Measures, forming the N. of the Derbyshire, Nottingham and Yorkshire coal-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, which in Yorkshire extends from See also:

• SHEFFIELD
• SHEFFIELD, JOHN BAKER HOLROYD, 1ST EARL

Sheffield N. to See also:

• LEEDS
• LEEDS, THOMAS OSBORNE

Leeds . The noted fireclays of the Leeds district are obtained from this formation . To the E. the Coal Measures dip beneath the unconformable See also:

• PERMIAN

Permian beds, with magnesian limestone and See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

marl See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate, of which a narrow See also:

• BAND

band crops up from See also:

• MASHAM, ABIGAIL, LADY (d. 1734)
• MASHAM, SAMUEL CUNLIFFE LISTER, 1ST BARON (1815–Igo6)

Masham southwards . The Permian strata are overlain to the E. by the Than or New Red See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone, scarcely ever exposed, but having been partly worn away is covered with Glacial deposits of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel, forming the low-lying Vale of York, extending from the Tees S. to Tadcaster and E. beyond York to See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market Weighton . Near See also:

• MIDDLESBROUGH

Middlesbrough red See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock with See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum and rock-See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt (too ft.) have been proved . Farther E. the Triassic beds are overlain by See also:

• LIAS

Lias and Oolite; See also:

• RHAETIC (Fr. Rhetien or Rhcetien; Ger. Rhdt or Rhktisch; It. Retico)

Rhaetic beds have been recorded from near See also:

• NORTHALLERTON

Northallerton . The Lias crops to the surface in a See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve extending from Redcar to the Humber .

In the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Lias there is a seam of valuable See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ore, the source of the prosperity of the Cleveland region . The moorlands extending from Scarborough and Whitby are formed of Liassic strata, topped with the estuarine beds of Lower Oolite, rising gradually to the N.E. and attaining at See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton Head a height of 1489 ft., the greatest elevation of the Oolite formation in England . In the Oolitic " Dogger " series the magnetic iron ore of Rosedale is worked . See also:

• CORALLIAN (Fr. Corallun)

Corallian rocks form the scarp of the Hambleton hills and extend E. on the . N. of the Vale of See also:

• PICKERING
• PICKERING, EDWARD CHARLES (1846- )
• PICKERING, TIMOTHY (174 1829)

Pickering through Hackness to the coast, and S.W. of the vale to the neighbourhood of Malton . The, Vale of Pickering is underlaid by faulted Kimeridge Clay . Lias and Oolites fringe the E. of the Vale of York to Ferriby on the Humber . In the S.E. of the county, Cretaceous rocks See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover up the older strata, N. to the Vale of Pickering and W. to the Vale of York . The See also:

• CHALK

Chalk forms the Yorkshire wolds and the country S. through See also:

• DRIFFIELD (officially Great Driffield)

Driffield, See also:

• BEVERLEY
• BEVERLEY, WILLIAM ROXBY (1814?-1889)

Beverley and Holderness . The Yorkshire coast between Redcar and Flamborough presents a continuous series of magnificent exposures of the strata from the Lower Lias to the Chalk . The Upper Lias fossils and See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet of Whitby and See also:

• ALUM

alum shale of Saltwick are well known . At Scarborough the Corallian, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford Clay, Kellaways Rock, See also:

• CORNBRASH

Cornbrash and Upper Estuarine beds are well exposed in the cliffs .

In Filey Bay the Kimeridge Clay appears on the coast, but it is covered farther S, by the historic beds of Speeton, representing the marine equivalents of See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland, Purbeck, See also:

• WEALDEN

Wealden, and Love er See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand of S . England . Over the Speeton beds lies the Red Chalk, the Yorkshire See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of the Upper Greensand and See also:

• GAULT

Gault . The evidences of glacial action are of unusual See also:

• INTEREST

interest and variety; the great thickness of See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

boulder clay on the coast is See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to all, but inland also great deposits of glacial clay, See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and gravel obscure the older geology . The Vale of Pickering and many of the smaller See also:

• NORTHERN

northern valleys were at, we See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the sites of Glacial lakes, and the " warp " which covers much of the Vale of York is a fluvio-glacial See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit . The Cleveland See also:

• DIKE, or DYKE (Old Eng. dic, a word which appears in various forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch dijk, German Teich, Danish dige, and in French, derived from Teutonic, digue; it is the same word as " ditch " and is ultimately connected with the ro

Dike is an intrusive igneous dike of See also:

• AUGITE

augite-See also:

• ANDESITE

andesite of See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age which can be traced across the country in a N.W. direction from the neighbourhood of Fylingdales See also:

• MOOR

Moor . Minerals.—The coal-field in the W . Riding is one of the chief See also:

• SOURCES

sources of mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth in Yorkshire, the most valuable seams being the Silkstone, which is bituminous and of the highest reputation as a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house coal, and the See also:

• BARNSLEY (BLACK, or properly BLEAK BARNSLEY)

Barnsley Thick Coal, the great seam of the Yorkshire coal-field, which is of special value, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its semi-anthracitic quality, for. use in iron-smelting and in See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine furnaces . Associated with the Upper Coal Measures there is a valuable iron ore, occurring in the form of nodules . Large quantities of fireclay are also raised, as well as of gannister and oil-shale . Middlesbrough is the most important centre of See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig-iron manufacture in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

Lead ore is obtained in the Yoredale beds of the Pennine range in Wharfedale, Airedale, Nidderdale, Swale-dale, Arkendale and Wensleydale .

Slates and flagstones are quarried in the Yoredale rocks . In the Millstone Grit there are several beds of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• BUILDING

building See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, but that most largely quarried is the magnesian limestone of the Permian series, which, however; is of somewhat variable quality . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—Nearly nine-tenths of the E . Riding is under cultivation, but of the N. and W . Ridings only from three-fifths to seven-tenths—proportions explained by the different See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical conditions . The till or boulder clay of Holderness is the richest See also:

• SOIL

soil in Yorkshire, and the chalk wolds, by careful cultivation, form one of the best soils for See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain crops The central plain bears all kinds of crops excellently . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat is grown in the E. and W . Ridings, but oats are the principal grain See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop in these ridings, and See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley exceeds wheat in all three . The bulk of the acreage under See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green crops is devoted to turnips and swedes . A little See also:

• FLAX

flax is grown, and See also:

• LIQUORICE

liquorice is cultivated near See also:

• PONTEFRACT (pronounced and sometimes written " Pomfret ")

Pontefract . The proportion of See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill pasture is greatest in the N . Riding and least in the E., and the N. and W .

Ridings are among the principal See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep-farming districts in England . See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle, for the rearing of which the W . Riding is most noted, do not receive great See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . The Teeswater breed, however, is increasing in Yorkshire, and in Holderness there is a short-horned breed, chiefly valuable for its milking qualities . See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

Cheese-making is largely carried on in some districts . Of sheep perhaps the most See also:

• COMMON

common breeds are the See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester, See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln and South Down, and crosses between the Cheviot and the Leicester . Large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of pigs are kept at the See also:

• DAIRY

dairy farms and fed mainly on whey . The small breed is that chiefly in favour . Yorkshire See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

bacon is famous . See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

Draught horses are generally of a somewhat mixed breed, but the county is famed for its hunters and See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage and See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle horses . The breed of Cleveland bays is much used for carriages . Manufactures.—The See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial district of south Yorkshire occupies the S. of the W .

Riding, and may be taken as marked off approximately by the See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed from the similar district in S . Lancashire . The W . Riding is now the chief seat of the woollen manufacture of the See also:

• UNITED

United Kingdom, and has almost a See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of worsted cloths . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early development of the See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry was in part due to the abundance of water-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, while later the presence of coal helped to maintain it on the introduction of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam-power . In this industry nearly all the most important towns are engaged, while the names of several of the largest are connected with various specialities . Thus, while almost every variety of woollen and worsted See also:

• CLOTH

cloth is produced at Leeds, See also:

• BRADFORD
• BRADFORD, JOHN (1510?—1555)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590—1657)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663—1752)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1827—1892)

Bradford is especially concerned with yarns and mixed worsted goods, See also:

• DEWSBURY

Dewsbury and See also:

• BATLEY

Batley with See also:

• SHODDY

shoddy, Huddersfield with See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy goods and See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax with carpets . The See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton industry of Lancashire has also penetrated to the neighbourhood of Halifax . Among the characteristics of the industrial See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, the love of See also:

• MUSIC

music should be mentioned . Choral See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies are numerous, and the See also:

• WORK

work of some of those in the larger towns, such as Sheffield, Leeds and Bradford, has attracted wide See also:

• NOTICE

notice . Next to the woollen industry comes the manufacture of iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel machinery and implements of every variety, which is common to most of the larger centres in the district . Sheffield is especially famous for iron-work, fine See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal-work and See also:

• CUTLERY (Fr. coutellerie, from the Lat. cultellus, a little knife)

cutlery .

The development of the iron ore deposits of Cleveland See also:

• DATES

dates only from the middle of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . About two and a See also:

• HALF

half million tons of pig-iron are produced in this district annually, and there are considerable attendant See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, such as the production of steel, and See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding . The chemical manufacture is important both here and in the W . Riding, where also a great variety of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor industries have sprung up . Such are See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather working (at Leeds), the manufacture of clothing, See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing and See also:

• BLEACHING

bleaching, and See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-making . Besides coal and iron ore, great quantities of clay, limestone and sandstone are raised . Excellent building-stone is obtained at several places in the W . Riding: The sea-See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries are of some importance, chiefly at Hull, Scarborough, Whitby and Filey . Communications.—N. and E. of Leeds communications are provided almost wholly by the North-Eastern railway, the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main line of which runs from Leeds and from Doncaster N. by York, See also:

• THIRSK

Thirsk and Northallerton . The main junction with the Great Northern line is effected immediately N. of Doncaster, at which See also:

• TOWN

town are the Great Northern See also:

• WORKS

works . This See also:

• COMPANY

company serves the chief centres of the W . Riding, as do also the Midland, Great Central, See also:

• LONDON

London & North-Western, Lancashire & Yorkshire, and North- Eastern companies, the trains working over a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close network of lines, while the system of run!.See also:

• ING

ing-See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers held by one or more companies over the lines of another assists intercommunication .

The Midland main line to See also:

• CARLISLE
• CARLISLE, EARLS OF

Carlisle runs by Leeds, See also:

• SKIPTON

Skipton and See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

Settle through the hilly country of the W . The Hull & Barnsley line runs from Hull to Barnsley . A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete system of canals links the centres of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern W . Riding with the sea both E. and \V., the Aire & Calder See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation communicating with the Ouse at See also:

• GOOLE

Goole; the Huddersfield See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal runs S.W. into Lancashire, See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the watershed by the long Stanedge See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel, and other canals are the Leeds & See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool, Calder & Nebble Navigation, and the Sheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation, which gives See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access from Sheffield to the Trent . The Aire & Calder Navigation, the most important of these canals, which has branches from See also:

• CASTLEFORD

Castleford to Leeds and See also:

• WAKEFIELD
• WAKEFIELD, GILBERT (1756-1801)

Wakefield, and other branches to Barnsley, Bradford and Selby, has a See also:

• TOTAL

total length of 85 m., and has been much improved since its construction . It was projected by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• RENNIE, JOHN (1761–1821)

Rennie and opened in 1826, with a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 7 ft. and locks measuring 72 by 18 ft . Its depth now varies from 8 ft . 6 in. to to ft., and over a distance of 28 in., between Goole and the collieries, the locks have been enlarged to 46o by 25 ft., and the width of the canal to 90 ft . The chief ports are Middlesbrough on the Tees, Hull on the Humber, and Goole on the Ouse . Population and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—The area of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient county is 3,882,328 acres . Its population in 18gr was 3,208,521, and in 1901, 3,584,762, The population increased over fivefold between 18o1 and 19o1; the increase in the W . Riding exceeding sevenfold .

The manner in which the population is distributed may be inferred from the following statement of the See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary divisions, parliamentary, county and muni•• cipal boroughs, and See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts in the three ridings . It should be premised that each of the three ridings is a distinct administrative county; though there is one high See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff for the whole county . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of York (pop . 77,914) is situated partly in each of the three ridings . The West Riding has an area of 1,771,562 acres, with a population in 1891 of 2,445,033, and in 1901 of 2,750,493 . Of this area the S. industrial district, considered in the broadest application of the See also:

• TERM

term as extending between Sheffield and Skipton, Sheffield and Doncaster, and Leeds and the county boundary, covers rather less than one-half . The area thus defined includes the parliamentary divisions of Barnsley, See also:

• COLNE

Colne Valley, See also:

• ELLAND

Elland, Hallamshire, See also:

• HOLMFIRTH

Holmfirth, See also:

• KEIGHLEY (locally KEITHLEY)

Keighley, See also:

• MORLEY
• MORLEY [oP BLACKBURN], JOHN MORLEY
• MORLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• MORLEY, GEORGE (1597-1684)
• MORLEY, HENRY (1822-1894)
• MORLEY, SAMUEL (18o9–1886)

Morley, See also:

• NORMANTON

Normanton, See also:

• PUDSEY

Pudsey, See also:

• ROTHERHAM
• ROTHERHAM, THOMAS (1423-1500)

Rotherham, See also:

• SHIPLEY
• SHIPLEY, JONATHAN (1714-1788)

Shipley, See also:

• SOWERBY, JAMES (1757–1822)

Sowerby, Spen Valley . It also includes parts of the divisions of Barkston Ash, Doncaster, Osgoldcross, See also:

• OTLEY

Otley and Skipton (a small part) . The remaining parts of these last divisions, with that of See also:

• RIPON
• RIPON, GEORGE FREDERICK SAMUEL ROBINSON, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1827-1909)

Ripon, cover the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the riding . Each See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division returns one member . The following are parliamentary boroughs: Bradford, returning 3 members, Dewsbury i, Halifax 1, Huddersfield 1, Leeds 5, Pontefract 1, Sheffield 5, Wakefield 1 . All these are within the industrial district .

Within this district are the following municipal boroughs (pops. in 1901): Barnsley (41.086), Batley (30,321), Bradford, city and county See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough (279,767), See also:

• BRIGHOUSE

Brighouse (21,735), Dewsbury (28,060), Doncaster (28,932), Halifax, county borough (104,936), Huddersfield, county borough (95.047), Keighley (41,564), Leeds, city and county borough (428,968), Morley (23,636), See also:

• OSSETT

Ossett (12,903), Pontefract (13,427), Pudsey (14,907), Rotherham (54,349), Sheffield, city and county borough (409,070), See also:

• TODMORDEN

Todmorden (partly in Lancashire, 25,418), Wakefield, city (41,413) . The only municipal boroughs elsewhere in the riding are Harrogate (28,423) and Ripon (See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral city, 8230) . Within the industrial region there are 113 other urban districts, those with populations exceeding to,000 being See also:

• BINGLEY

Bingley (18,449), Castleford (17,386), See also:

• CLECKHEATON

Cleckheaton (12,524), Elland (10,412), See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

Feather-stone (12,093), See also:

• HANDSWORTH

Handsworth (13,404), Hovland Nether (12,464), See also:

• LIVERSEDGE

Liversedge (13,980), See also:

• MEXBOROUGH

Mexborough (10,430), See also:

• MIRFIELD

Mirfield (11,341), Normanton (12,352), See also:

• RAWMARSH

Rawmarsh (14,587), See also:

• ROTHWELL

Rothwell (11,702), Saddle-See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth (12,320), Shipley (25,573), Skipton (11,986), Sowerby See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge (11,477), See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley (12,290), See also:

• SWINTON

Swinton (12,127), See also:

• THORNHILL
• THORNHILL, SIR JAMES (1676-1734)

Thornhill (10,290), See also:

• WOMBWELL

Wombwell (13,252), See also:

• WORSBOROUGH

Worsborough (10,336) . The only urban districts in the West Riding not falling within the industrial region are—Goole (16,576), See also:

• ILKLEY

Ilkley (7455), See also:

• KNARESBOROUGH

Knaresborough (4979) and Selby (7786) . The North Riding has an area of 1,362,378 acres, with a population in 1891 of 359,547 and in 1901 of 377,338 . It comprises the parliamentary divisions of See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond, Cleveland, Whitby, and Thirsk and Malton, each returning one member; and the parliamentary boroughs of Middlesbrough (one member), Scarborough (one member), and parts of See also:

• STOCKTON
• STOCKTON, FRANCIS RICHARD (1834–1902)

Stockton-on-Tees and York . The municipal boroughs are Middlesbrough, county borough (91,302), Richmond (3837), Scarborough (38,161) and Thornaby-on-Tees (16,054) . The urban districts are See also:

• ESTON

Eston (11,199), See also:

• GUISBOROUGH, or GUISBROUGH

Guisborough 5645') Hinderweil (1937), Kirklington-cum-Upsland (255), See also:

• LOFTUS, ADAM (c. 1533-1605)

Loftus 6508), Malton (4758), Masham (1955), Northallerton (4009), Ormesby (9482), Pickering (3491), Redcar (7695), Saltburn-by-the-Sea (2578), Scalhy (135, See also:

• SKELTON, JOHN (c. 1460-1529)

Skelton and Brotton (13,240), South 1 A ~: . °ten See also:

• MAO

Mao B Mao .. QS Ci l" / 1 t°JC)py T See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam y Bdton i . 1 53 t / / - I Md° d,9at>J w., / Verb ow L See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool Y~ n n CS ~-,;, . 8 t ~op zxrti .,F -:s et'7r gn n .

''t„ I on 2 +'4.,tQ ° ? -'---N/f ih aa• *i` y ke G R gton 1', i , yd n.l, W lmt L B.ms< a ` 'Aq y a See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act•r en, 2 rhomt !' 4 z/ nae . t o acn tos OIES4Pl [on ~~~ ( 38 'a s FLdb~ Y ,Ng' WV .b ID,', e°A ' Wi . •_W.~ ~ ~. ilaw a% h W"'•.93„~ W F •( ~~/ d Q c ,I ` x rp,q,<U° 1f11~''\S `l~ ` Q D o .v •w Sq d 11~ 9 • t .%' Y'...,aew~n6~,~ ah F) ~St7.M~ 1tF q 6 is t h d Tadeas l 1 See also:

• MUTE (Lat. tnutus, dumb)