See also:

• ZAMINDAR, or ZEMINDAR (from Persian zamin = " land ")

ZAMINDAR, or ZEMINDAR (from See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian zamin = " See also:

• LAND

land ")  , an See also:

• INDIAN

Indian landholder . In See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official usage the See also:

• TERM

term is applied to any See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, whether owner of a large See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate or cultivating member of a See also:

• VILLAGE

village community, who is recognized as possessing some See also:

• PROPERTY

property in the See also:

• SOIL

soil, as opposed to the See also:

• RYOT, or RAVAT (from the Arabic ra'a, " to pasture ")

ryot (q.v.), who is regarded as having only a right of occupancy, subject in both cases to See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of the See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue assessed on his holding . The zamindari See also:

• SYSTEM

system obtains throughout See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and central See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, and also in the permanently settled estates of See also:

• MADRAS

Madras . The See also:

• RAJA

raja of See also:

• BENARES

Benares had certain See also:

• SPECIAL

special rights as See also:

• ZAMINDAR, or ZEMINDAR (from Persian zamin = " land ")

zamindar, and in 1910 it was arranged to make See also:

• PART

part of his " See also:

• FAMILY

family domain" a new native See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state with an See also:

• AREA

area of 887 sq. m . (pop . 362,000) . ZAMINDAWAR; a See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan, situated on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• HELMUND

Helmund See also:

• RIVER

river to the N.W. of See also:

• KANDAHAR

Kandahar, bordering the road which leads from Kandahar to See also:

• HERAT

Herat via See also:

• FARAH

Farah . Zamindawar is a district of hills, and of wide, well populated, and fertile valleys watered by important affluents of the Helmund . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• TOWN

town is Musa Kala, which stands on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of a river of the same name, about 6o m . N. of See also:

• GIRISHK

Girishk . The whole of this region is a well-known hot-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of fanaticism, the headquarters of the Achakzais, the most aggressive of all See also:

• DURANI, or DURRANI

Durani tribes . It was from Zamindawar that much of the strength of the force which besieged Kandahar under Ayub See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan in 188o was derived; and it was the Zamin- See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois .

After the See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of that See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• ZAMOYSKI, JAN (1541-1605)

Zamoyski seems to have aimed at the See also:

• THRONE

throne himself, but quickly changed his mind and threw all his abilities into the See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale in favour of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• BATHORY, SIGISMUND (ZSIGMOND), (1572-1613)

Bathory and against the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . By his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice, at the beginning of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1576 a See also:

• DIET

diet was summoned to Jedrzejow to confirm the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of Bathory, and from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of that monarch's arrival in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland till his See also:

• DEATH

death ten years later Zamoyski was his foremost counsellor . Immediately after the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation, on the 1st of May 1576, Zamoyski was appointed See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, and in 158o wielki See also:

• HETMAN

hetman, or See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, so that he was now the second highest dignitary in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . He strenuously supported Stephen during his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long struggle with See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan the Terrible, despite the obstruction and See also:

• PARSIMONY, LAW OF (Lat. parsimonia, from parcere, to save)

parsimony of the diet . He also enabled the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king in 1585 to bring the traitorous See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel Zborowski to the See also:

• SCAFFOLD
• SCAFFOLD, SCAFFOLDING (from the O. Fr. escafaut, originally escafalt, modern echafaud, a corruption of the Italian or Spanish calafalco, a platform, especially a canopy over a bier, a catafalque; this word is composed of O. Span. altar, O. Ital. catare, t

scaffold in the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of a determined resistance from the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility . On the death of Stephen, the Zborowski recovered their influence and did their utmost to keep Zamoyski in the background . Their violence prevented " the See also:

• PASHA

pasha," as they called him, from attending the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention summoned to See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw on the death of Bathory; but at the subsequent election diet, which met at Warsaw on the 9th of See also:

• JULY

July 1587, he appeared at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of 6000 veterans and intrenched himself with his partisans in what was called " the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

Camp " in contradistinction to " the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Camp " of the Zborowski . Zamoyski was at first in favour of a member of the Bathory family, with which he was See also:

• UNITED

united by ties of amity and mutual See also:

• INTEREST

interest; but on becoming convinced of the impossibility of any such candidature, he pronounced for a native See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

Pole, or for whichever See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign prince might be found most profitable to Poland . The Habsburgs, already sure of the Zborowski, bid very high for the support of Zamoyski . But though he was offered the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of prince, with the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Fleece and 200,000 ducats, he steadily opposed the Austrian See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction, even at the imminent See also:

• RISK

risk of a See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war; and on the 19th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August procured the election of See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, whose See also:

• MOTHER

mother was See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine Jagiellonica . The opposite party immediately elected the Austrian See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

Archduke See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian, who there-upon made an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt upon See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow . But Zamoyski traversed all the plans of the Austrian faction by routing the archduke at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Byczyna (January 24, 1588) and taking him prisoner .

From the first there was a certain coldness between the new king and the chancellor . Each had his own See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for See also:

• COPING (from " cope," Lat. capa)

coping with the difficulties of the situation; but while Zamoyski regarded the Habsburgs with suspicion, Sigismund III. was disposed to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act in See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with them as being the natural and strongest possible See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies for a See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power like Poland . Zamoyski feared their influence upon Poland, which he would have made the head of the See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers by its own endeavours . Zamoyski was undoubtedly most jealous of his dignity; his patriotism was seldom See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof against private pique; and he was not always particular in his choice of means . Thus at the diet of 1589 he prevailed over the king by threatening to leave the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country defenceless against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, if the Austrians were not excluded from the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . In general, however, his See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish policy was See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound, as he consistently adopted the Jagiellonic policy of being friendly with so dangerous a See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour as the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte . His views on this head are set out with See also:

• GREAT

great force in his pamphlet, La deffaicte See also:

• DES

des Tartares et Turns (See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, 1590) . The See also:

• ILL

ill-will between the king and the chancellor reached an acute See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage when Sigismund appointed an opponent of Zamoyski See also:

• VICE

vice-chancellor, and made other ministerial changes which limited his authority; though ultimately, with the aid of his partisans and the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of such desperate expedients as the summoning of a See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation to annul the royal decrees in 1592, Zamoyski recovered his full authority . In 1595 Zamoyski, in his capacity of commanderin-chief, at the head of 8000 veterans dethroned the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• HOSPODAR

hospodar of See also:

• MOLDAVIA

Moldavia and installed in his See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead a Catholic convert, See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Mohila . On his return he successfully sustained in his camp at Cecora a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege by the Tatar khan . Five years later (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 20, 1600) he won his greatest victory at Tergoviste, when with a small well-disciplined See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army he routed 954 dawar contingent of tribesmen who so nearly defeated See also:

• SIR

Sir Donald See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart's force at Ahmad Khel previously . The See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of Zamindawar may be regarded as the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to the position for safeguarding the route between Herat and Kandahar .