See also:

• STANISLAUS

STANISLAUS See also:

• STANISLAUS ZOLKIEWSKI (1547-1619)

ZOLKIEWSKI (1547-1619)  , the most illustrious member of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Ruthenian See also:

• FAMILY

family which emigrated to See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia in the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . During the See also:

• INTERREGNUM (Lat. inter, between, and regnum, reign)

interregnum in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland after the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois, See also:

• ZOLKIEWSKI, STANISLAUS (1547-1619)

Zolkiewski was an ardent See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan of the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor See also:

• ZAMOYSKI, JAN (1541-1605)

Zamoyski, and supported the candidature of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• BATHORY, SIGISMUND (ZSIGMOND), (1572-1613)

Bathory, under whose banner he learned the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in the See also:

• MUSCOVITE

Muscovite See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns . On the death of Stephen, Zolkiewski vigorously supported the policy of Zamoyski, and took an active See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Byczyna, when the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian was defeated by the See also:

• POLISH

Polish chancellor . Shortly afterwards Zolkiewski was made castellan of See also:

• LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, Lat. Leopolis)

Lemberg and acting See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief . On the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund III. he retired from See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and divided his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time between improving his estates, where he built towns and for-tresses, and disciplining the See also:

• COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

Cossacks, with whom he enjoyed See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . In 1601-2 he served with distinction in the Livonian war against the Swedes, whom he defeated at See also:

• REVAL, or REVEL (Russ. Revel, formerly Kolyvan; Esthonian, Tallina and Tannilin)

Reval . During the insurrection of See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas Zebrzydowski he led the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army which routed the rebels at Guzow in 1607, though See also:

• PRO

pro-testing against the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of shedding " his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers' See also:

• BLOOD

blood." For his services he received the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

palatinate of See also:

• KIEV
• KIEV, KIEFF, or KIYEFF

Kiev . He was opposed to the expedition sent to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the false See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius on the See also:

• THRONE

throne of Muscovy; but nevertheless accompanied the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king to See also:

• SMOLENSK

Smolensk and was sent thence with a handful of men against See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow . On his way thither he defeated and captured See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

Tsar Vasily Shuiski at the battle of Klushino (See also:

• JULY

July 14, 161o), and two months later entered the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital in See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph . His tactful and conciliatory See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy speedily won over the boyars, whom he persuaded to offer the Muscovite See also:

• CROWN

crown to the Polish crown See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, See also:

• WLADISLAUS (WLADISLAW)

Wladislaus . For a moment it seemed possible that the See also:

• VASA, or NIKOLAISTAD

Vasa family might occupy the throne of See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan the Terrible; but Sigismund III. would not consent to the reception of his son into the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, and refused to ratify the terms made with the boyars . Zolkiewski then returned to the Polish See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp and assisted in the reduction of Smolensk, but Moscow in the meantime drove out the Polish See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison and proclaimed a native See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty under See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael See also:

• ROMANOV

Romanov .

When Zolkiewski presented his captives, Tsar Vasily and his family, to the Polish See also:

• DIET

diet, he received an See also:

• OVATION (Lat. ovatio)

ovation and was rewarded with the dignity of See also:

• HETMAN

hetman wielki (commander-in--chief) . For the next few years he defended the See also:

• UKRAINE (" frontier ")

Ukraine against the See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars and Cossacks, and in 1617 was involved in a war with the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte owing to the unauthorized interference of the Polish nobles in the affairs of Wallachia and See also:

• MOLDAVIA

Moldavia . Unable to defeat the vastly See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior forces of the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish commander Skinder, he concluded with him an advantageous truce at Jaruda (27th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1618), by the terms of which he pledged himself to curb the Cossacks and at the same time renounced all the claims of Poland to the Danubian principalities . Thus he saved the one army of Poland to guard her See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern frontier from apparently inevitable destruction . On his return he was fiercely assailed by the diet for not risking everything in a pitched battle, but Zolkiewski defended himself with an eloquence which silenced his most venomous opponents . The See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Jaruda was then confirmed, and the king conferred upon Zolkiewski the See also:

• GRAND

grand-chancellorship, an See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour he had neither desired nor expected . Fresh attacks were presently made against him for failing, it was alleged, to prevent the Tatar incursions . So deeply wounded was the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero by these calumnies that when in 1619 he was sent against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks he publicly declared that he would never return alive unless victorious . He was as See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good as his word . Surrounded near the See also:

• DNIESTER (Tyras and Danaster or Danastris of classical authors, Nistrul of the Rumanians, and Turla of the Turks)

Dniester by countless hosts of Turks, Tatars and See also:

• JANISSARIES (corrupted from Turkish yeni cheri, new troops)

Janissaries, he retreated through the See also:

• STEPPES

Steppes, fighting See also:

• NIGHT

night and See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day without See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food or See also:

• WATER

water, towards Cecora . By the time he reached it, he saw clearly that success was impossible, and deliberately determined to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die where he stood . Disguising himself so that his dead See also:

• BODY

body might not be recognized, he turned upon the pursuers and was slain after a desperate resistance (6th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1620) .

His See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head was cut off, exhibited in the Turkish camp and then sent to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople as a See also:

• PRESENT

present to the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan, from whom it was subsequently ransomed at a great See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price . Zolkiewski is one of the most heroic figures in Polish See also:

• HISTORY

history . An accomplished See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, a skilful diplomatist, and a patriot who not only loved his eountry.above all things, but never feared to tell his countrymen the truth, he excelled in all private and public virtues . As a writer he made a name by an important history of his Muscovite campaigns . See Stanislaw Gabryel Kozlowski, See also:

• LIFE

Life of See also:

• STANISLAUS

Stanislaus Zolkiewski (Pol.) (See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow, 1904) . (R . N .