ZUIDER ZEE, or ZUYDER ZEE  , a See also:

• LAND

land-locked inlet on the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, bounded N. by the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of the Frisian Islands, and W., S., and E. by the provinces of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Holland, See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht, See also:

• GELDERLAND (Guelders)
• GELDERLAND, GELDERS

Gelderland, See also:

• OVERYSEL, or OVERYSSEL

Overysel, and See also:

• FRIESLAND, or VRIESLAND

Friesland . It is about 85 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long N. to S., and from lo to 45 M. broad, with an See also:

• AREA

area of 2027 sq. m., and contains the islands of Marken, Schokland, Urk, Wieringen, and Griend . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early centuries of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era the Zuider (i.e . See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern) Zee was a small inland See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake situated in the southern See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• PRESENT

present gulf, and called Flevo by See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus, See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, and other early writers . It was separated from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea by a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh and fen uniting Friesland and North Holland, the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original coast-See also:

• LINE

line being still indicated by the line of the Frisian Islands . Numerous streams, including the Vecht, Eem, and Ysel, discharged their See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters into this lake and issued thence as the Vlie (Latin Flevus), which reached the North Sea by the Vliegat between the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling . In the Lex Frisonum the Vlie (Fli, or Flehi) is accepted as the boundary between the territory of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• FRISIANS (Lat. Frisii; in Med. Lat. Frisones, Frisiones, Fresones; in their own tongue Frsasa, FrPsen)

Frisians. in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, however, and especially during the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, high tides and north-west storms swept away the western See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Vlie and submerged See also:

• GREAT

great tracts of land . In 1170 the land between Stavoren, Texel, and See also:

• MEDEMBLIK

Medemblik was washed away, and a century later the Zuider Zee was formed . The open waterway between Stavoren and See also:

• ENKHUIZEN

Enkhuizen, however, as it now exists, See also:

• DATES

dates from 1400 . In the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south and east the destruction was arrested by the high sandy shores of Gooi, Veluwe, Voorst, and Gasterland in the provinces of Utrecht, Gelderland, Overysel, and Friesland respectively . The mean See also:

• DEPTH

depth of the Zuider Zee is 11.48 ft.; depth in the southern See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the former lake, 19 ft.; at Val See also:

• VAN

van Urk (deep See also:

• WATER

water to the west of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Urk), 14; ft . If a line be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from the island of Urk to Marken, and thence westwards to See also:

• HOORN

Hoorn (North Holland) and N.N.E. to Lemmer (Friesland), these lines will connect parts of the Zuider Zee having a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform depth of 8 ft .

The other parts on the coast are only 3 ft. deep or less . This shallowness of its waters served to protect the Zuider Zee from the invasion of large See also:

• SHIPS

ships of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . It also explains how many once flourishing commercial towns, such as Stavoren, Medemblik, Enkhuizen, Hoorn, See also:

• MONNIKENDAM

Monnikendam, declined to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of provincial trading and fishing ports . The See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries of the Zuider Zee are of considerable importance . Eighty per cent. of the bottom consists of sea See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and .the more See also:

• RECENT

recent silt of the Ysel ; 20 per cent. of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, partly in the north about Urk and Enkhuizen, partly in the south along the high shores of Gooi, Veluwe, &c . The shallowness of the sea and the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of its bottom, promising fertile See also:

• SOIL

soil, occasioned various projects of drainage . The See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme recommended by the Zuider Zee Vereeniging (1886) formed the subject of a See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report in 1894 by a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal feature in the scheme was the See also:

• BUILDING

building of a See also:

• DIKE, or DYKE (Old Eng. dic, a word which appears in various forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch dijk, German Teich, Danish dige, and in French, derived from Teutonic, digue; it is the same word as " ditch " and is ultimately connected with the ro

dike from the island of Wieringen to the coast of Friesland . The area south of this would be divided into four polders, with See also:

• RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

reservation, however, of a lake, Yselmeer, in the centre, whence branches would run to Ysel and the Zwolsche Diep, to See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, and, by sluices near Wieringen, to the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern part of the sea . The four polders with their areas of fertile soil would be: (I) North-west See also:

• POLDER

polder, area 53,599 acres; fertile soil, 46,189 acres . (2) South-west ,, ,, 77,854 ,, " ,, 68,715 „ (3) South-east „ „ 266,167 „ „ 222,275 „ (4) North-east ,, 125,599 „ „ 120,783 „ The Lake Yselmeer would have an area of 56o sq. m . The gain would be the addition to the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of a new and fertile See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the area of North See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant, a saving of expenses on dikes, diminution of inundations, improvement of communication between the south and the north of the kingdom, See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of isles of the sea, &c .

The See also:

• COSTS

costs were calculated as follows: (1) enclosing dike, sluices, and regulation of Zwolsche Diep, £1,760,000; (2) reclamation of four polders, £5,200,000; (3) defensive See also:

• WORKS

works, £400,000; (4) See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity to fishermen, £180,000; See also:

• TOTAL

total, £7,540,000 . In 1901 the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government introduced a See also:

• BILL

bill in the States See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General, based on the recommendations of the commission, providing for enclosing the Zuider Zee by building a dike from the North Holland coast, through the Amsteldiep to Wieringen and from that island to the Friesland coast at Piaam; and further providing for the draining of two portions of the enclosed area, namely the N.W. and the S.W. polders shown in the table . The entire See also:

• WORK

work was to be completed in 18 years at an estimated cost of £7,916,000 . The bill failed to become See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and in consequence of See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial difficulties the project had not, up to 1910, advanced beyond the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . With the exception of Griend and Schokland, the islands of the Zuider Zee are inhabited by small fishing communities, who retain some archaic customs and a picturesque See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress . Urk is already mentioned as an island in 966 . The inhabitants of Schokland were compelled to leave the island by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the state in 1859, it being considered insecure from inundation . The island of Griend (or Grind) once boasted a walled See also:

• TOWN

town, which was destroyed by See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood at the end of the 13th century . But the island continued for some centuries to serve as a pasturage for See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, giving its name to a well-known description of See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese . Like some of the other islands, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep are still brought to graze upon it in summer, and a large number of birds' eggs are collected upon it in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . Several of the islands were once the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of religious houses on the mainland . The See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office report, Draining of the Zuiderzee (1901), gives full particulars of the Dutch government's scheme and a retrospect of all former proposals .

See also De economische beteekens van de afsluiting en drooglegging der Zuiderzee vom Zuiderzee-Verein (2nd ed., 1901), and D . Bellet, " Le dessechement du Zuiderzee,” Rev . Geog . (1902) and W . J . Tuyn, Oude I-Iollandsche Dorpen aan de Zuiderzee (See also:

• HAARLEM

Haarlem, 1900) .