ZULULAND  . a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, forming the N.E. See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• NATAL

Natal in the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union of South Africa . The " Province of Zululand," as it was officially styled from 1898 to 1910, lies between 26° 5o' and 29° 15' S. and 30° 40' and 330 E., and has an See also:

• AREA

area of 10,450 sq. m . It includes in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north the country of the Ama See also:

• TONGA, or FRIENDLY ISLANDS (so called by Captain Cook)

Tonga, Zaambanland, and other small territories not part of the former Zulu See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom and stretches north from the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• TUGELA (" Startling ")

Tugela to the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern frontier of Portuguese East Africa . Bounded S.E. by the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean it has a See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast See also:

• LINE

line of 210 M . North and north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west it is bounded by the See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht and See also:

• VRYHEID

Vryheid districts of Natal and by See also:

• SWAZILAND (native name Pungwane)

Swaziland . Its greatest length in a See also:

• DIRECT

direct line is 185 m., its greatest breadth 105 M . (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map see SOUTH AFRICA.) See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features . Zululand is part of the region of hills and plateaus which descend seaward from the See also:

• DRAKENSBERG (Quathlamba or Kahlamba, i.e. " heaped up and jagged," of the natives)

Drakensberg—the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain which buttresses the vast tableland of inner South Africa . The coast, which curves to the N.E.; is marked by a line of sandhills covered with thick See also:

• BUSH

bush and rising in places to a height of 500 ft . There are occasional outcrops of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock and See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low perpendicular cliffs . Behind the sandhills is a low-lying See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain in which are a number of shallow lagoons . Of these St See also:

• LUCIA (or LucY), ST

Lucia See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake and Kosi Lake are of considerable See also:

• SIZE

size and communicate with the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea by estuaries .

St Lucia, the larger of the two, is some 35 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by to m. broad with a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 9 to 10 ft . It runs parallel to the ocean, from which it is separated by sandhills . The opening to the sea, St Lucia See also:

• RIVER

river, is at the south end . Kosi Lake lies further north, in Tongaland . It is not more than See also:

• HALF

half the size of St Lucia and its opening to the sea is northward . Between Kosi and St Lucia lakes lies Lake Sibayi, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the coast but not communicating with the sea . The coast plain extends inland from 5 to 30 m., increasing in width northward, the whole of Tonga-See also:

• LAND

land being low lying . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the country is occupied by ranges of hills and plateaus 2000 to 4000 ft. above sea level . Behind Eshowe, in the south, are the Entumeni Hills (3000 ft.), beyond which stretch the Nkandhla uplands (rising to 4500 ft.) densely wooded in parts and abounding in See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-topped hills with precipitous sides . Westward of the uplands are the Kyudeni Hills (5000 ft.), also densely wooded, situated near the junction of the See also:

• BUFFALO

Buffalo and Tugela See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . Further north, along the S.W. frontier, are See also:

• ISANDHLWANA

Isandhlwana and the Nqutu hills . To the N.W. the Lebombo Mts .

(180o to 2000 ft.), which See also:

• SEPARATE

separate the coast plains from the interior, See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the frontier between Swaziland and Zululand . On their eastern (Zululand) See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the slope of the Lebombo mountains is See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle, but on the west they fall abruptly to the plain . The See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological structure of the country is comparatively See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, consisting in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main of plateaus formed of sedimentary rocks, resting on a See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform of granitic and metamorphic rocks (see NATAL: See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology) . The country is well watered . Rising in the high tablelands or on the slopes of the Drakensberg or Lebombo mountains the rivers in their upper courses have a great slope and a high velocity . In the coast plains they become deep and sluggish . Their mouths are blocked by See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand bars, which in the dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season check their flow and produce the lagoons and marshes which characterize the coast . After the rains the rivers usually clear the bars for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . The following are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief rivers in part or in whole traversing the country:—The Pongola, in its lower course, flows through Tongaland, piercing the Lebombo Mts. through a deep, narrow See also:

• GORGE

gorge with precipitous sides . Its point of confluence with the Maputa (which empties into Delagoa See also:

• BAY

Bay) marks the parallel along which the frontier between Zululand and Portuguese East Africa is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn . The Umgavuma which rises in Swaziland and alsopierces the Lebombo, joins the Pongola about ten See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles above its confluence with the Maputa . The Umkuzi which rises in the Vryheid See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Natal forces its way through the Lebombo Mts. at their southern end and flows into the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern end of St Lucia Lake .

The Umfolosi, with two main branches, the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Umfolosi, drains the central part of the country and reaches the ocean at St Lucia Bay . In the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the White Umfolosi are dangerous quicksands . Farther south the Umhlatuzi empties into a See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon which communicates with the ocean by See also:

• RICHARDS, ALFRED BATE (182o-1876)
• RICHARDS, HENRY BRINLEY (1819-1865)
• RICHARDS, WILLIAM TROST (1833-1905)

Richards Bay . For a considerable part of their course the See also:

• BLOOD

Blood, Buffalo and Tugela rivers See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the S.W. frontier of Zulu-land (see TUGELA) . There are numerous other rivers—every valley has its stream, for the most part unnavigable . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate of the coast See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt is semi-tropical and See also:

• MALARIA

malaria is prevalent; that of the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands temperate . The summer is the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy season, but in the higher country See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow and See also:

• SLEET (either from Nor. sletta, of the same meaning, or related to Ger. Schlosse, hailstone)

sleet are not uncommon in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter months of May, See also:

• JUNE

June and See also:

• JULY

July . On the coast about 40 in. of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain fall in the summer months and about 7 in. in the winter months . A fresh S.E. See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind is fairly See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant in the inland regions during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . A hot wind from the N.W. is occasionally experienced in the high-lands . See also:

• FLORA

Flora and See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The coast plain (in large part), the river valleys, and the eastern sides of the lower hills are covered with See also:

• MIMOSA (so named from the movements of the leaves in many species which " mimic " animal sensibility)

mimosa and other See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

thorn trees . This is generally known as thorn-bush and has little undergrowth .

" Coast forests " grow in small patches along the lower courses of the rivers, at their mouths, and on the sandhills along the coast . They contain stunted See also:

• TIMBER

timber trees, palms, mangroves and other tropical and sub-tropical See also:

• PLANTS

plants and have an almost impenetrable undergrowth . The largest coast See also:

• FOREST

forest is that of Dukuduku, some 9 M. by 15 M. in extent, adjacent to St Lucia Bay . The upland regions are those of high timber forests, the trees including the yellow-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-wood . The most noteworthy timber forests are those of Nkandhla and Kyudeni and that near Eshowe . Large areas of the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau are covered with grass and occasional thorn trees . See also:

• ORCHIDS

Orchids are among the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers . The fauna includes the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion and See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant, found in the neighbourhood of the Portuguese frontier (the lion was also found as See also:

• LATE

late as 1895 in the Ndwandwe district), the white and the black See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros, the See also:

• LEOPARD

leopard, See also:

• PANTHER

panther, See also:

• JACKAL
• JACKAL (Turk. chakal)

jackal, spotted See also:

• HYENA

hyena, aard-See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf, buffalo, See also:

• ZEBRA

zebra, See also:

• GNU

gnu, impala, inyala, See also:

• ORIBI, or OUREBI

oribi, hartebeeste, See also:

• KUDU (koodoo)

kudu, springbok, See also:

• WATERBUCK (Wasserbok)

waterbuck, See also:

• ELAND (= elk)

eland, See also:

• ROAN (0. Fr. rouan, rouen; Ital. roano, rovano; perhaps connected with rufus, red)

roan See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope, See also:

• DUIKER (diver), or DUIKERBOK

duiker, &c., See also:

• HARES

hares and rabbits . Hippopotami are found on the coast, and alligators are common in the rivers and lagoons of the low country . Venomous See also:

• SNAKES

snakes abound . The great kori See also:

• BUSTARD (corrupted from the Lat. Avis tarda, though the application of the epithet' is not easily understood)

bustard, the koorhan, See also:

• TURKEY

turkey buzzards (known as insingisi), See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• DUCK

duck, and paauw are among the See also:

• GAME

game birds . The See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich and secretary-See also:

• BIRD

bird are also found .

Of domestic animals the Zulus possess a See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf breed of smooth-skinned humped See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle . Locusts are an occasional pest . Inhabitants.—The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in 1904 was estimated at 230,000 . Of these only 5635 lived outside the area devoted to native locations . The white population numbered 1693 . The vast See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the natives are Zulu (see See also:

• KAFFIRS (Arabic Kafir, an unbeliever)

KAFFIRS), but there is a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of some 2000 Basutos in the Nqutu district . After the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the Zulu military ascendancy See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century various Zulu hordes successively invaded and overran a great part of east-central Africa, as far as and even beyond the Lake See also:

• NYASA

Nyasa district . Throughout these regions they are variously known as Ma-Zitu, Ma-See also:

• RAVI

Ravi, Wa-Ngoni (Angoni), See also:

• MATABELE (" vanishing " or " hidden " people, so called from their appearance in battle, hidden behind enormous oxhide shields)

Matabele (Ame-Ndebeli), Ma-Viti, and See also:

• ABA

Aba-Zanzi . Such was the terror inspired by these fierce warriors that many of the tribes, such as the Wa-Nindi of See also:

• MOZAMBIQUE [Sao Sebastiao de Mocambique]

Mozambique, adopted the name of their conquerors or oppressors . Hence the impression that the true Zulu are far more numerous north of the See also:

• LIMPOPO, or CROCODILE

Limpopo than has ever been the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . In most places they have become, See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct or absorbed in the surrounding populations owing to their See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of incorporating prisoners in the tribe . But they still hold their ground as the ruling See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in the region between the Limpopo and the middle See also:

• ZAMBEZI

Zambezi, which from them takes the name of Matabeleland .

The circumstances and See also:

• HISTORY

history of the two chief migrations of Zulu peoples north-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward are well known; the Matabele were led by Mosilikatze (Umsiligazi), and the Angoni by Sungandaba, both chiefs of Chaka who revolted from him in the early 19th century . The Zulu possess an elaborate See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• LAWS

laws regulating the See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• PROPERTY

property (which consists chiefly of cattle), the complexity arising from the practice of See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

polygamy and the See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange of cattle made upon See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . The giving of cattle in the latter case is generally referred to as a See also:

• BARTER (from Fr. barater, to truck, to exchange)

barter and See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of the See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride, from which indeed it is not easily distinguishable . But it is regarded in a different See also:

• LIGHT

light by the natives . The See also:

• KRAAL

kraal is under the immediate See also:

• RULE

rule of its headman, who is a See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch responsible for the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good behaviour of all its members . Over the headman, whose authority may extend to more than one kraal, is the tribal chief, and above the tribal chief was the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, whose authority is now exercised by a See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner . By the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of hlonipa a woman carefully avoids See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband's parents or the utterance of any word which occurs in the names of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal members of her husband's See also:

• FAMILY

family: e.g. if she have a See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law named U'Nkomo, she would not use the Zulu for " cow," inkomo, but would invent some other word for it . The husband observes the same custom with regard to his See also:

• MOTHER

mother-in-law . The employment of " See also:

• WITCH

witch doctors for " smelling out " criminals or abatagati (usually translated " wizards," but meaning evildoers of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, such as poisoners), once common in Zulu-land; as in neighbouring countries, was discouraged by See also:

• CETYWAYO ( ?-1884)

Cetywayo, who established " kraals of See also:

• REFUGE

refuge " for the reception of persons rescued by him from condemnation as abatagati . " Smelling out " was finally suppressed by the British in the early years of the loth century . (For the Zulu speech, see See also:

• BANTU

BANTU See also:

• LANGUAGES

LANGUAGES.) Towns.—The Zulus live in kraals, circular enclosures with, generally, a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring fence inside forming a cattle See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen . Between this fence and the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• FENCING

fencing are the huts of the inhabitants .

The royal kraal for a considerable See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period was at See also:

• ULUNDI (Zulu for " high place" )

Ulundi, in the valley of the White Umfolosi . The last king to occupy it,was Cetywayo; Dinizulu's kraal was farther north near the Ndwandwe magistracy . The chief white settlements are Eshowe and Melmoth . Eshowe (pop 1904, 1855 of whom 570 were whites) is about 95 m . N.E. of See also:

• DURBAN

Durban, lies 15 in. inland and some 1800 ft. above the sea . Eshowe is 2 M . W. of the See also:

• MISSION

mission station of the same name in which See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col . 'See also:

• PEARSON, CHARLES HENRY (1830-1894)
• PEARSON, JOHN (1612-1686)
• PEARSON, JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH (1817-1897)

Pearson was besieged by the Zulus in 1879, and was laid out in 1883 . It is picturesquely situated on a well-wooded lateau and has a bracing climate . Two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred acres of forest See also:

• RAND

rand in the centre of the See also:

• TOWN

town have been reserved as a natural See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park . Melmoth, 25 M . N.N.E. of Eshowe, lies in the centre of a district farmed by Boers .

Somkele is the headquarters of the St Lucia See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields district . Nkandhla is a small settlement in the south-west of the country . Communications.—Notwithstanding its 210 M. of coast-line Zulu-land possesses no harbours . See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty-six miles N.E. of the mouth of the Tugela there is, however, fairly safe anchorage, except in S.S.W. or W. winds, about 1500 yds. from the See also:

• SHORE

shore . The landing-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is on the open sandy See also:

• BEACH

beach, where a small stream enters the sea . This landing-place is dignified with the name of See also:

• PORT

Port Durnford . It was used to land stores in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1879 . Well-made roads connect all the magistracies . The Tugela is crossed by well-known drifts, to which roads from Natal and Zululand See also:

• CON

con-See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge . Two, the Lower Tugela and See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

Bond's See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

Drift, are both near the mouth of the river . The Middle Drift is 36 m. in a direct line above the mouth of the Tugela . Rorke's Drift, 48 m., also in a direct line, above the Middle Drift, is a See also:

• CROSSING

crossing of the Buffalo river a little above the Tugela confluence .

A railway, completed in 1904, which begins at Durban and crosses into Zululand by a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge over the Tugela near the Lower Drift, runs along the coast belt over nearly level country to the St Lucia coal-fields in Hlabisa magistracy—167 m. from Durban, of which 98 are in Zululand . There is telegraphic communication between the magistracies and townships and with Natal . See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—The Zulu gives little See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the cultivation of the See also:

• SOIL

soil . Their main See also:

• WEALTH

wealth consists in their herds of cattle and flocks of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep . They raise, however, crops of See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, See also:

• MILLET (Fr. millet; Ital. miglietto, diminutive of miglio= Lat. mille, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility)
• MILLET (or MILE), JEAN FRANCOIS (c. 1642–1679)
• MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846- )
• MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814–1875)

millet, sweet potatoes and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco . See also:

• SUGAR

Sugar, See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea and See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee are grown in the coast belt by whites . See also:

• ANTHRACITE (Gr. avOpaE, coal)

Anthracite is See also:

• MINED

mined in the St Lucia Bay district, and bituminous coal is found in the Nqutu and Kyudeni hills . See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold, iron, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper and other minerals have also been found, but the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral wealth of the country is undeveloped . There is a considerable See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade with the natives in See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton goods, &c., and See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of Zulu seek service in Natal . (Trade See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics are included in those of Natal.) See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration . Zululand for provincial purposes is governed by the provincial See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Natal; otherwise it is subject to the Union See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, to which it returns one member of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly . It was formerly represented in the Natal legislature by three members, one member sitting in the Legislative Council, and two being elected to the Legislative Assembly, one each for the districts of Eshowe and Melmoth .

Their selection and See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election were governed by the same laws as in Natal proper, and on the establishment of the Union the See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise qualifications —which practically exclude natives—remained unaltered . The See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary voters in 1910 numbered 1442 . The executive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power is in the hands of a See also:

• CIVIL

civil commissioner whose See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence is at Eshowe . Zululand is divided into eleven magistracies, and the district of Tongaland (also called Mputa or Amaputaland) . In the magistracies the authority of the chiefs and indumas (headmen) is exercised under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of See also:

• RESIDENT

resident magistrates . 'The Ama-Tonga enjoy a larger measure of See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home rule, but are under the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general supervision of the civil commissioner . The Ingwavuma magistracy, like Tongaland, formed no part of the dominions of the Zulu See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, but was ruled by See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent chiefs until its See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation by Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain in 1895 . I051 With the exception of the townships and a district of Emton. janeni magistracy known as " Proviso B," 1 mainly occupied by See also:

• BOER

Boer farmers, all the land was vested in the See also:

• CROWN

crown and very little has been parted with to Europeans . The crown lands are, in effect, native reserves . A hut tax of r4s. per annum is levied on all natives . The tax has to be paid for each wife a Zulu may possess, whether or not each wife has a separate hut . Since 1906 a See also:

• POLL

poll tax of £1 a See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head is also levied on all See also:

• MALES

males over eighteen, See also:

• EUROPEAN

European or native .

History.—At what period the Zulu (one of a number of closely allied septs) first reached the country to which they have given their name is uncertain; they were probably settled in the valley of the White Umfolosi river at the beginning of the 17th century, and they take their name from a chief who flourished about that time . The earliest See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of contact between Europeans and the Zulu See also:

• RACE

race is believed to be the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• WRECK

wreck of the " Doddington " in 1756 . The survivors met with hospitable treatment at the hands of the natives of Natal, and afterwards proceeded up the coast to St Lucia Bay . They describe the natives as " very proud and haughty, and See also:

• NET

net so accommodating as those lately See also:

• LEFT

left." They differed from the other natives in the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior neatness of their method of preparing their See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, and were more cleanly in their persons, bathing every See also:

• MORNING

morning, apparently as an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of devotion . Their chief See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride seemed to be to keep their See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . It is added that they watched strictly over their See also:

• WOMEN

women . At the close of the 18th century the Zulu were an unimportant tribe numbering a few thousands only . At that time the most powerful of the neighbouring tribes was the Umtetwa (mTetwa or Aba-Tetwa) which dwelt in the country north-east of the Tugela . The ruler of the Umtetwa was a chief who had had in early See also:

• LIFE

life an adventurous career and was known as Dingiswayo (the Wanderer) . He had lived in Cape . See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

Colony, and Rise there, as is supposed, had observed the manner in of the which the whites formed their soldiers into disciplined Zulu regiments . He too divided the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men of his nation. tribe into impis (regiments), and the Umtetwa became a.formidable military power .

Dingiswayo also encouraged trade and opened relations with the Portuguese at Delagoa Bay, bartering See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory and oxen for See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass and beads . In 1805 he was joined by Chaka, otherwise Tshaka (See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born c . 1783), the son of the Zulu chief Senzangakona; on the latter's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1810 Chaka, through the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Dingiswayo, was chosen as ruler of the Ama-Zulu, though not the rightful See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir . Chaka joined in his See also:

• PATRON

patron's raids, and in 1812 the Umtetwa and Zulu drove the Amangwana across the Buffalo river . About this time Dingiswayo was captured and put to death by Zwide, chief of the Undwandwe See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan, with whom he had waged constant war . The Umtetwa See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army then placed themselves under Chaka, who not long afterwards conquered the Undwandwe . By the incorpora- tion of these tribes Chaka made of the Zulu a power- Chairs. ful nation . He strengthened the regimental system adopted by Dingiswayo and perfected the discipline of his army . A new order of See also:

• BATTLE

battle was adopted—the troops being massed in See also:

• CRESCENT (Lat. crescens, growing)

crescent formation, with a reserve in the shape of a parallelogram ready to strengthen the weakest point.2 Probably Chaka's greatest innovation was the introduction of the stabbing See also:

• ASSEGAI, or ASSAGAI (from Berber-Arab as-zahayah, through Portuguese azagaia)

assegai . The breaking See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of the See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft of the assegai when the weapon was used at close quarters was already a common practice among the Ama-Zulu, but Chaka had the shaft of the assegais made short, and their See also:

• BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades longer and heavier, so that they could be used for cutting or piercing . At the same time the size of the See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield was increased, the more completely to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the See also:

• BODY

body of the See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior . Military kraals were formed in which the warriors 1 The Boers obtained the right to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle in this district in virtue of Proviso B of an agreement made, on the 22nd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1886, between the settlers in the " New See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic " and See also:

• SIR

Sir A .

E . Have-See also:

• LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many Teutonic languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the original was a root meaning " to enclose ")
• LOCK, MATTHIAS

lock, See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Natal . 2 Dr G . McCall Theal states that the ancestors of the tribes living in what is now Natal and Zululand were acquainted with the regimental system and the method of attack in crescent shape formation in the 17th century . Memories of these customs lingered even if the practice had died out . Among the Ama-Xosa See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of Kaffirs they appear to have been quite unknown . were kept apart . Members of a See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment were of much the same See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and the young warriors were forbidden to marry until they had distinguished themselves in battle . Chaka had but two ways of dealing with the tribes with whom he came in contact; either they received permission to be incorporated in the Zulu nation or they were practically exterminated . In the latter case the only persons spared were young girls and growing lads who could serve as See also:

• CARRIERS

carriers for the army . No tribe against which he waged war was able successfully to oppose the Zulu arms . At first Chaka turned his attention northward .

Those who could fled before him, the first of importance so to do being a chief named Swangendaba (Sungandaba), whose tribe, of the same stock as the Zulu, was known as Angoni . He. was followed by another tribe, which under Manikusa for many years ravaged the district around and north of Delagoa Bay (see See also:

• GAZALAND

GAZALAND) . Chaka next attacked the tribes on his southern border, and by 182o had made himself See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of Natal, which he swept almost clear of in-habitants . It was about 182o that Mosilikatze (properly Umsilikazi), a general in the Zulu army, having incurred Chaka's wrath by keeping back part of the See also:

• BOOTY (apparently influenced by " boot," O. Eng. bot, ad-vantage or profit, through an adaptation from an earlier form cognate with Ger. Beute and Fr. butin)

booty taken in an expedition, fled with a large following across the Drakensberg and began to See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste a great part of the country between the See also:

• VAAL

Vaal and Limpopo rivers . Mosilikatze was not of the Zulu tribe proper, and he and his followers styled themselves Abaka-Zulu . Chaka's own dominions, despite his conquests, were not very extensive . He ruled from the Pongolo river on the north to the Umkomanzi river on the south, and inland his power extended to the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Drakensberg; thus his territory coincided almost exactly with the limits of Zululand and Natal as constituted in 1903 . His influence, however, extended from the Limpopo to the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Cape Colony, and through the ravages of Swangendaba and Mosilikatze the terror of the Zulu arms was carried far and wide into the interior of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . Chaka seems to have first come into contact with Europeans in 1824 . In that See also:

• YEAR

year (see NATAL) he was visited by F . G . Arrival Farewell and a few companions, and to them he made of the a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of the district of Port Natal .

Farewell found British• the king at Umgungindhlovu, the royal kraal on the White Umfolosi, " surrounded by a large number of chief' and about 8eoo or 9000 armed men, observing a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state and ceremony in our introduction little expected." At this time an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to See also:

• MURDER

murder Chaka; but the See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound he received was cured by one of Farewell's companions, a circumstance which made the king very friendly to Europeans . Anxious to open a See also:

• POLITICAL

political connexion with the Cape and British governments, Chaka entrusted early in 1828 one of his principal chiefs, Sotobi, and a See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion to the care of J . S . King, one of the Natal settlers, to be conducted on an embassage to Cape Town, Sotobi being commissioned to proceed to the king of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . But they were not allowed to proceed beyond Port See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, and three months later were sent back to Zululand . In July of the same year Chaka sent an army westward which laid waste the See also:

• PONDO

Pondo country . The Zulu force did not come into contact with the British troops guarding the Cape frontier, but much alarm was caused by the invasion . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November envoys from Chaka reached Cape Town, and it was determined to send a British officer to Zululand to confer with him . Before this See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy started, See also:

• NEWS

news came that Chaka had been murdered (23rd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1828) at a military kraal on the Umvote about fifty miles from Port Natal . Chaka was a victim to a See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy by his half See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers Dingaan and Umthlangana, while a short time afterwards Dingaan murdered Umthlangana, overcame the opposition of a third brother, and made himself king of the Zulu . Bloodstained as had been Chaka's rule, that of Dingaan appears to have exceeded it in wanton See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty, as is attested Dingaaa. by several trustworthy European travellers and merchants who now with some frequency visited Zululand . The British settlers at Port Natal were alternately terrorized and conciliated .

In 1835 Dingaan gave permission to the British settlers at Port Natal to establish missionary stations in the country, in return for a promise made by the settlers not to See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour fugitives from his dominions . In 1836 See also:

• AMERICAN

American missionaries were also allowed to open stations; in 1837 he permitted the Rev . F . See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)