See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Swiss See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton of the same name . It is the most populous, the most important, and on the whole the finest See also:

• TOWN

town in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, and till 1848 was practically the capital of the Swiss See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation . It is built on both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Limmat (higher up called See also:

• LINTH, or LIMMAT

Linth) as it issues from the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, and also of its tributary, the Sihl, that joins it just below the town . That portion of the town which lies on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Limmat is called the " See also:

• GROSSE, JULIUS WALDEMAR (1828—1902)

Grosse Stadt " and that on the See also:

• LEFT

left bank the " Kleine Stadt." Till 1893 the central portion of the town on either bank of the Limmat formed the " See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city " and ruled the outlying communes or townships that had sprung up around it . But at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the eleven See also:

• OUTER

outer districts (including Aussersihl, the workmen's See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter on the left bank of the Sihl) or suburbs were incorporated with the town, which is now governed by a town See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of 125 members (one to every I200 inhabitants), and an executive of 9 members, both chosen See also:

• DIRECT

direct by a popular See also:

• VOTE

vote . Much See also:

• LAND

land has been rescued from the lake, and is the site of See also:

• FINE

fine quays, stately public buildings, and splendid private villas . The older quarters are still crowded . But the newer quarters stretch up the slope of the Ziirichberg (above the right bank of the Limmat) while the fine Bahnhofstrasse (extending from the railway station to the lake) has the best shops and is in the neighbourhood of the more important public buildings . Zurich has always been wealthy and prosperous . It has increased enormously, as is shown by the following figures . Its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in 1900 (including the eleven suburbs above named) was 150,703, while (without these) in 1888 it was 94,129; in 188o, 78,345; in 187o, 58,657; in 186o, 44,978; and in 185o only 35,483 . Of the inhabitants in 1900 no fewer than 43,761 (as against 20,928 in 1888 and 3155 in 185o) were not Swiss citizens, Germans numbering 31,125, Italians 5350, Austrians 4210, Russians 683, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French 652 .

See also:

• BRITISH

British subjects 157, and citizens of the See also:

• UNITED

United States 232 . In II 1900 there were in the town 140,803 See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German-speaking persons, 5100 See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian-speaking, 2586 French-speaking, and 415 Romonschspeaking . In 1888 the corresponding figures were 90,500, 1135, 1320, and 148 . In 1900 the town numbered 102,794 Protestants, 43,655 " Catholics " (See also:

• ROMAN

Roman or " Old ") and 2713 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . In 1888 the religious figures were 70,970, 20,571 and 1221 respectively, while in 185o the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers were 32,763, 2664 and 56 . The inter-See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the town has thus become much more marked . This is partly due to the See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration of many See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign workmen, and partly to the arrival of See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian and See also:

• POLISH

Polish exiles . Both have added a turbulent See also:

• COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element to the town, in which the Socialist party is strong, and is increasing in See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, even in matters concerned with civic See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . Of the old buildings the finest and most important is the See also:

• GROSS

Gross See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster (or Propstei), on the right bank of the Limmat . This was originally the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's tenants, and in one of the chapels the bodies of See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix, See also:

• REGULA

Regula and Exuperantius, the See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints of the city, were buried, the town See also:

• TREASURY

treasury being formerly kept above this See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel . The See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• BUILDING

building was erected at two periods (c . 1090—1150 and c .

1225-1300), the high See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar having been consecrated in 1278 . The towers were first raised above the roof at the end of the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and took their present See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in 1779 . The See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter consisted of twenty-four See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular canons; it was reorganized at the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation (1526), and suppressed in 1832 . On the site of the canons' houses stands a girls' school (opened 1853), but the fine Romanesque cloisters (12th and 13th centuries) still remain . There is a curious figure of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne in a See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche on one of the towers; to him is attributed the See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding or reform of the chapter . On the left bank of the Limmat stands the other See also:

• GREAT

great church of Zurich, the Frau Munster (or Abtei), founded for nuns in 853, by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis the German . The high altar was consecrated in 1170; but the greater See also:

• PART

part of the buildings are of the 13th and 14th centuries . It was in this church that the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of the three patron saints of the town were preserved till the Reformation, and it was here that the burgomaster Waldmann was buried in 1489 . There were only twelve nuns of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• FAMILY

family, comparatively See also:

• FREE

free from the severer monastic vows; the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent was suppressed in 1524 . Of the other old churches may be mentioned St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's, the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church, though the present buildings date in part from the 13th century only (much altered in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 18th century), and formerly the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the citizens; the Dominican church (13th century), in the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir of which the cantonal library of 8o,000 volumes has been stored since 1873; the church of the See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin friars (14th century), now used by the Old Catholics, and the Wasserkirche . The last-named church is on the site of a See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan See also:

• HOLY

holy place, where the patron saints of the city were martyred; since 1631 it has housed the Town Library, the largest in Switzer-land, which contains 170,000 printed volumes and 4500 See also:

• MSS

MSS . (among these being letters of See also:

• ZWINGLI, HULDREICH (1484—1531)

Zwingli, See also:

• BULLINGER, HEINRICH (1504-1575)

Bullinger and See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Jane See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey), as well as a splendid collection of See also:

• OBJECTS

objects from the lake dwellings of Switzerland .

The building itself was erected from 1479 to 1484, and near it is a statue of Zwingli, erected in 1885 . The existing town-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall See also:

• DATES

dates from 1698, while the gild houses were mostly rebuilt in the 18th century . One of the most magnificent of the newer buildings is the Swiss National Museum, behind the railway station . This museum, which was opened in 1898, contains a wonderful collection of Swiss antiquities (especially See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval) and See also:

• ART

art treasures of all kinds, some of which are placed in rooms of the actual date, removed from various See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient buildings . There are some fine old fountains (the oldest dating back to 1568) . There are several See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, Roman traces being seen in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the Niederbriicke (now called the Rathausbrucke) . The See also:

• MOUND

mound of the Lindenhof was-formerly crowned by the king's See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, which disappeared in the 13th century, and the hillock was planted with limes as early as 1422 . The town is noted for its numerous clubs and See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, and is the intellectual capital of German-speaking Switzerland . See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning and the manufacture of machinery are two leading See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, but by far the most important is the See also:

• SILK

silk-See also:

• WEAVING

weaving See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . This flourished in Zurich in the 12th and 13th centuries, but disappeared about 1420; it was revived by the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant exiles (such as the Muralti and See also:

• ORELLI, HANS KONRAD VON (1846- )
• ORELLI, JOHANN CASPAR VON (1787-1849)

Orelli families) from See also:

• LOCARNO (Ger. Luggarus)

Locarno (1555) andby the Huguenot refugees from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France (1682 and 1685) . The value of the silk annually exported (mainly to France, the United States and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England) is estimated at over three millions See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling . Zurich is the banking centre of Switzerland .

Besides the excellent See also:

• PRIMARY

primary and secondary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, there are the Cantonal School, Including a gymnasium and a technical See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side (opened 1842), and a high school for girls (opened 1875) . The Cantonal University and the Federal See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

Polytechnic School are housed in the same building. but have no other connexion . The university was opened in 1833, no doubt as a successor to the ancient chapter school at the Gross Munster said to date back to Charlemagne's time—hence its name the Carolinum—reorganized at the Reformation, and suppressed in 1832 . The Polytechnic School, opened in 1855, includes seven See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main sections (See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, industrial See also:

• MECHANICS

mechanics, See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering, training of scientific and mathematical teachers, See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, forestry and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, and the military sciences), besides a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general philosophical and See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department . The Poly-technic School has good collections of botanical specimens and of engravings . Near it is the See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory (1542 ft.) . There are also in Zurich many institutions for See also:

• SPECIAL

special branches of See also:

• EDUCATION

education—e.g. veterinary See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery, See also:

• MUSIC

music, industrial art, silk-weaving, &c . The earliest inhabitants of the future site of Zurich were the lake dwellers, The See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic Helvetians had a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement on the Lindenhof when they were succeeded by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, who established a, See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom station here for goods going to and coming from See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy; during their See also:

• RULE

rule See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity was introduced early in the 3rd century by Felix and Regula, with whom Exuperantius was afterwards associated . The See also:

• DISTRICT

district was later occupied by the See also:

• ALAMANNI, or ALEMANNI, LUIGI (1495-1556)
• ALAMANNI, or ALLEMANNI

Alamanni, who were conquered by the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks . The name Zurich is possibly derived from the Celtic dur (See also:

• WATER

water) . It is first mentioned in 807 under the form " Tungus," then in 8S3 as " Turegus." The true Latinized form is Turicum, but the false form Tigurum was given currency by Glareanus and held its ground from 1512 to 1748 . It is not till the 9th century that we find the beginnings of the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic town of Zurich, which arose from the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of four elements: (1) the royal house and See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle on the Lindenhof, with the king's tenants around, (2) the Gross Munster, (3) the Frau Munster, (4) the community of " free men " (of Alamannian origin) on the Zurichberg .

Similarly we can distinguish four stages in the constitutional development of the town: (i.) the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual replacing (c . 1250) of the power of the See also:

• ABBESS (Lat. abbatissa, fem. form of abbas, abbot)

abbess by that (real, though not nominal) of the See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians, (ii.) the admittance of the See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds (1J36) to a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share with the patricians in the government of the town, (iii.) the granting of equal political rights (1831) to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country districts, hitherto ruled as subject lands by the burghers, and (iv.) the reception as burghers of the numerous immigrants who had settled in the town (town schools opened in 1860, full See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation in 1893) . The Frankish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings had special rights over their tenants, were the protectors of the two churches, and had See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction over the free community . In 87o the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign placed his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers over all four in the hands of a single See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official (the Reichsvogt), and the union was still further strengthened by the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall built See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the four settlements in the loth century as a safeguard against Saracen marauders and feudal barons . The "Reichsvogtei " passed to the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Lenzburg (1063-1173), and then to the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• ZAHRINGEN

Zahringen (See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct 1218) . Meanwhile the abbess of the See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine Frau Munster had been acquiring extensive rights and privileges over all the inhabitants, though she never obtained the criminal jurisdiction . The town flourished greatly in the 12th and 13th centuries, the silk See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade being introduced from Italy . In 1218 the " Reichsvogtei " passed back into the hands of the king, who appointed one of the burghers as his See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy, the town thus becoming a free imperial city under the nominal rule of a distant sovereign . The abbess in 1 234 became a princess of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, but power rapidly passed from her to the council which she had originally named to look after See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police, &c., but which came to be elected by the burghers, though the abbess was still " the lady of Zurich." This council (all powerful since 1304) was made up of the representatives of certain knightly and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile families (the " patricians "), who excluded the craftsmen from all share in the government, though it was to these last that the town was largely indebted for its rising See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and importance . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1291 the town made an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with See also:

• URI

Uri and See also:

• SCHWYZ
• SCHWYZ (modern spelling Schwiz)

Schwyz, and in 1292 failed in a desperate See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to seize the See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg town of See also:

• WINTERTHUR

Winterthur . After that Zurich began to display strong See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian leanings, which characterize much of its later See also:

• HISTORY

history . In 1315 the men of Zurich fought against the Swiss Confederates at See also:

• MORGARTEN

Morgarten .

The See also:

• YEAR

year 1336 marks the See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of the craftsmen to a share in the town government, which was brought about by See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf Brun, a patrician . Under the new constitution (the main features of which lasted till 1798) the Little Council was made up of the burgomaster and thirteen members from the " Constafel " (which included the old patricians and the wealthiest burghers) and the thirteen masters of the craft gilds, each of the twenty-six holding See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for six months . The Great Council of 200 (really 212) members consisted of the Little Council, plus 78 representatives each of the Constafel and of the gilds, besides 3 members named by the burgomaster . The office of burgomaster was created and given to Brun for See also:

• LIFE

life . Out of this See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change arose a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with one of the branches of the Habsburg family, in consequence of which Brun was induced to throw in the See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot of Zurich with the Swiss Confederation (1st May 1351) . The See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double position of Zurich as a free imperial city and as a member of the See also:

• EVERLASTING, or IMMORTELLE

Everlasting See also:

• LEAGUE

League was soon found to be embarrassing to both parties (see SWITZERLAND) . In 1373 and again in 1393 the powers of the Constafel were limited and the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority in the executive secured to the craftsmen, who could then aspire to the burgomastership . Meanwhile the town had been extending its rule far beyond its walls—a See also:

• PROCESS

process which began in the 14th, and attained its height in the 15th century (1362–1467) . This thirst for territorial aggrandizement brought about the first See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in the Confederation (the " Old Zurich War," 1436-50), in which, at the fight of St See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob on the Sihl (1443), under the walls of Zurich, the men of Zurich were completely beaten and their burgomaster Stussi slain . The See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of the town of Winterthur from the Habsburgs (1467) marks the See also:

• CULMINATION (from Lat. culmen, summit)

culmination of the territorial power of the city . It was to the men of Zurich and their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader Hans Waldmann that the victory of See also:

• MORAT (Ger. Murten)

Morat (1476) was due in the Burgundian war; and Zurich took a leading part in the Italian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1512-15, the burgomaster Schmid naming the new See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan (1512) . No doubt her trade connexions with Italy led her to pursue a See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern policy, traces of which are seen as early as 1331 in an attack on the Val Leventina and in 1478, when Zurich men were in the See also:

• VAN

van at the fight of Giornico, won by a handful of Confederates over 12,000 Milanese troops .

In 1400 the town obtained from the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

Emperor See also:

• WENCESLAUS (1361-1419)

Wenceslaus the Reichsvogtei, which carried with it See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from the empire and the right of criminal jurisdiction . As early as 1393 the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief power had practically fallen into the hands of the Great Council, and in 1498 this change was formally recognized . This See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer of all power to the gilds had been one of the aims of the burgomaster Hans Waldmann (1483–89), who wished to make Zurich a great commercial centre . He also introduced many See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial and moral reforms, and subordinated the interests of the country districts to those of the town . He practically ruled the Confederation, and under him Zurich became the real capital of the League . But such great changes excited opposition, and he was overthrown and executed . His main ideas were embodied, however, in the constitution of 1498, by which the patricians became the first of the gilds, and which remained in force till 1798; some special rights were also given to the subjects in country districts . It was the prominent part taken by Zurich in adopting and propagating (against the strenuous opposition of the Constafel) the principles of the Reformation (the Fran Munster being suppressed in 1524) which finally secured for it the See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead in the Confederation (see SWITZERLAND and ZWINGLI) . The environs of Zurich are famous in military history on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the two battles of 1799 . In the first See also:

• BATTLE

battle (4th See also:

• JUNE

June) the French See also:

• TINDER (O. Eng. tyndre, from tindan, tendan, to kindle, cf. Dan. tonder, Ger. anzunden)

tinder See also:

• MASSENA, ANDRE, or ANDREA

Massena,on the defensive, were attacked by the Austrians under the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

Archduke See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, Massena retiring behind the Limmat before the engagement had reached a decisive See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage . The secondand far more important battle took place on the 25th and 26th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . Massena, having forced the passage of the Limmat, attacked and totally defeated the Russians and their Austrian See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies under KOrs3kOv's command .

(See FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY See also:

• WARS

WARS.) In the 17th and 18th centuries a distinct tendency becomes observable in the town government to limit power to the actual holders . Thus the country districts were consulted for the last time in 162o and 1640; and a similar See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of the charters of 1489 and 1531 (by which the consent of these districts was required for the conclusion of important alliances, war and See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and might be asked for as to other matters) occasioned disturbances in 1777 . The council of 200 came to be largely chosen by a small See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the members of the gilds actually sitting in the council—by the constitution of 1713 it consisted of 50 members of the Little Council (named for a fixed See also:

• TERM

term by the Great Council), 18 members named by the Constafel, and 144 selected by the 12 gilds, these 162 (forming the majority) being co-opted for life by those members of the two See also:

• COUNCILS

councils who belonged to the gild to which the deceased member himself had belonged . Early in the 18th century a determined effort was made to crush by means of heavy duties the flourishing See also:

• RIVAL

rival silk trade in Winterthur . It was reckoned that about 165o the number of privileged burghers was 9000, while their rule ex-tended over 170,000 persons . The first symptoms of active discontent appeared later among the dwellers by the lake, who founded in 1794 a See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club at Stafa and claimed the restoration of the liberties of 1489 and 1531, a See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement which was put down by force of arms in 1795 . The old See also:

• SYSTEM

system of government perished in Zurich, as elsewhere in Switzerland, in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1798, and under the Helvetic constitution the country districts obtained political See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty . The cantonal constitution was rather complicated, and under it the patrician party obtained a small working majority . That constitution was meant to favour the town as against the country districts . But under the cantonal constitution of 1814 matters were worse still, for the town (10,000 inhab.) had 130 representatives in the Great Council, while the country districts (200,000 inhab.) had only 82 . A great meeting at Uster on the 22nd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1830 demanded that two-thirds of the members in the Great Council should be chosen by the country districts; and in 1831 a new constitution was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up on these lines, the town getting 71 representatives as against 141 allotted to the country districts, though it was not till 1837–38 that the town finally lost the last relics of the privileges which it had so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long enjoyed as compared with the country districts . From 1803 to 1814 Zurich was one of the six " directorial cantons," its chief See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate becoming for a year the chief magistrate of the Confederation, while in 1815 it was one of the three cantons, the government of which acted for two years as the Federal government when the See also:

• DIET

diet was not sitting .

In 1833 Zurich tried hard to secure a revision of the Federal constitution and a strong central government . The town was the Federal capital for 1839-40, and consequently the victory of the Conservative party there in 1839 (due to indignation at the nomination by the See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

Radical government to a theological See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair in the university of D . F . See also:

• STRAUSS, DAVID FRIEDRICH (1808-1874)
• STRAUSS, JOHANN (1804-1849)
• STRAUSS, RICHARD (1864– )

Strauss, the author of the famous Life of Jesus) caused a great stir throughout Switzerland . But when in 1845 the Radicals re-gained power at Zurich, which was again the Federal capital for 1845-46, that town took the lead in opposing the Sonderbund cantons . It of course voted in favour of the Federal constitutions of 1848 and of 1874, while the cantonal constitution of 1869 was remarkably advanced for the time . The enormous immigration from the country districts into the town from the " thirties " onwards created an industrial class which, though " settled " in the town, did not possess the privileges of burgher-See also:

• SHIP

ship, and consequently had no share in the municipal government . First of all in 186o the town schools, hitherto open to " settlers " only on paying high fees, were made accessible to all, next in 1875 ten years' See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence ipso facto conferred the right of burghership, while in 1893 the eleven outlying districts (largely peopled by working folk) were incorporated with the town proper . The town and canton continued to be on the Liberal, or Radical, or even Socialistic side, while from 1848 to 1907 they claimed 7 of the 37 members of the Federal executive or Bundeseat, these 7 having filled the presidential chair of the Confederation in twelve years, no canton surpassing this See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record . From 1833 onwards the walls and fortifications of Zurich were little by little pulled down, thus affording See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope for the ex-tension and beautification of the town . (W . A .

B .