(ABC, 2/20/1973, 90 mins). Cloris Leachman won one of her assortment of Emmy Awards for her performance in this melodrama centering on a middle-aged couple?s reaction to the prospect of their first child after 18 years of marriage. Production Company Tomorrow Entertainment. Director Sam O?Steen. Producers Rick Rosenberg, Robert W Christiansen. Teleplay Jerome Kass, Peggy Chantler. Based on a Story…
(NBC, 2/20/1974, 120 mins). A tough drama about a middle-class housewife whose rape experience made her feel not only humiliation but the feeling that she was the guilty party following her husband?s waning trust and the harsh courtroom interrogation leading to sympathy for the accused. The sensitive performance by Elizabeth Montgomery earned her an Emmy nomination (director Boris Sagal and editor…
(CBS, 12/22/1978, 120 mins). An elderly farm couple take in their city-bred adolescent grandson for the holidays during the darkest days of the Depression, and the old man, embittered by the death of his only son in World War I, gradually opens his heart to the boy as both learn the importance of a giving relationship. Based on Glendon Swarthout?s 1977 novel ?The Melodeon.? Production Company Geor…
(CBS, 3/10/1977, 120 mins). An affluent suburbanite?s life is changed by a demanding challenge as a volunteer at a school for emotionally disturbed children when her own structured existence, stale marriage and now independent college-age daughter no longer provide fulfillment. Steven Gethers? teleplay earned him an Emmy Award nomination. Based on the 1973 novel by Mary McCracken. Production Compa…
Principal social theme: environmental issues Touchstone/Paramount. PG-13 rating. Featuring: John Travolta, Robert Duvall, Tony Shalhoub, William H. Macy, John Lithgow, Kathleen Quinlan, Zeljko Ivanek, Bruce Norris, Peter Jacobson, Sydney Pollack, Dan Hedaya, James Gandolfini, Kathy Bates, Howie Carr. Written by Steven Zaillian based on the book by Jonathan Harr. Cinematography by Conrad L. Hall. E…
(NBC, 3/21/1970, 120 mins). A U.S. senator?s concerned son takes up the cause against air pollution when an old friend of the family dies of emphysema, and finds himself becoming involved in a senatorial race, joining his father. The first TV movie involving environmental problems, this served as the pilot to ?The Senator? element of the rotating series under the umbrella title of ?The Bold Ones.?…
(ABC, 2/12/1975, 90 mins). A cynical radio talk show host, who daily insults his audience, receives a suicide threat from a nameless young girl and frantically tries to get his listeners to locate her before she can carry out her threat. During production, the film was called ?End of the Line.? Production Companies Fairmount-Foxcroft Productions, Universal Television. Director Daryl Duke. Executiv…
(CBS, 3/1/1978, 150 mins). Dramatization of novelist Joan Barthel?s nonfiction account of Connecticut townspeople, rising to the defense of a local teenager charged with the mutilation murder of his mother in September 1973, and outraged at the police handling of the case. Paul Clemens, son of actress Eleanor Parker, made his film acting debut here. This movie also marked the American TV directing…
(CBS, 11/26/1971, 120 mins). Courtroom drama of the ordeal of a small-town mother who comes to Manhattan from Idaho to attend her daughter?s murder trial, bewildered by the pace of the big city but steadfastly standing beside the girl despite the evidence against her. Kim Stanley originally was to have played the mother of the co defendant, but a foot injury caused her to be replaced by Ann Sother…
J. TOMAS LOPEZ University Of Miami Since its inception, photography has functioned as a catalyst for change and revolution, not just in the recording of world events, but as a tool for many disciplines. One could argue that photography?s discovery has had the same impact on art, communication, and the sciences as the printing press had on the distribution of literature. The printing press at the…
(ABC, 12/24/1973, 120 mins). An all-black cast shines in this pilot for a proposed series involving a southern minister who is assigned to a poor parish in California with the congregation drifting away and the church scheduled for demolition. The hope here was for writer Earl Hamner Jr. to repeat his success with ?The Waltons.? Production Company Lorimar Productions. Director Ralph Senensky. Exec…
(NBC, 4/9/1978, 120 mins). Fred Astaire won an Emmy Award as Best Actor and Helen Hayes received a nomination as Best Actress for their performances as a retired house painter and his loving wife of 40 years who face an emotional crisis when he has a heart attack that makes both of them dependent on their grown children and leads to a separation. Efrem Zimbalist Jr. and Patty Duke Astin also were …
(NBC, 11/26/1978, 180 mins). A fiery comet is hurtling toward Phoenix, Arizona, and an astronomer?s desperate warnings fall on deaf ears among city officials in this lengthy disaster tale highlighted by some striking special effects and miniature work. Publicity releases for this movie, based on a story by Paul Gallico, insisted that a record (for a TV film) 5,700 extras were used in the exodus se…
(ABC, 10/13/1978, 120 mins). A comedy about a housewife who rebels against being taken for granted by her husband and dreams about finding new romantic adventures in her life. Cybill Shepherd made her television film debut as the star of this semi sequel to writer Frank Tarloff?s 1967 movie ?A Guide for the Married Man.? Production Company Twentieth Century Fox Television. Director Hy Averback. Pr…
(CBS, 10/19/1975, 120 mins). A drama based on the work of Father William Wasson (played by actor/playwright Jason Miller), the founder and director of a home for orphaned children in Mexico. Production Company Quinn Martin Productions. Director Robert Day. Executive Producer Quinn Martin. Producer Fred Baum. Supervising Producer Russell Stoneham. Teleplay Blanche Hanalis. Photography Jacques R. Ma…
(CBS, 9/21/1977, 120 mins). A white woman police detective (Elizabeth Montgomery) and her married black partner (O.J. Simpson) are caught up in a love affair while working on a series of vicious crimes. Subsequently titled ?Behind the Badge.? Production Companies David Gerber Productions, Columbia Pictures Television. Director Richard C. Sarafian. Executive Producer David Gerber. Producer James H.…
(NBC, 1/15/1978, 120 mins). A sentimental retelling of the love story of baseball immortal Lou Gehrig and his wife, told from her point of view. Originally this was to have premiered in October 1977, but ironically it was preempted by the World Series. Instead it had its initial airing opposite the Super Bowl Game! An Emmy Award nomination went to Blanche Hanalis for her adaptation of Eleanor Gehr…
(NBC, 5/20/1979 to 5/22/1979, 3 Parts, 120 mins each, 6 hours). A fanciful three-part, six-hour suspense drama inspired by William Stevenson?s bestselling account (1976) about the formation of an Allied espionage network during World War II by a wealthy Canadian using his own funds. David Niven made his TV movie debut as the man behind the operation. Production Companies Lorimar Productions, Astra…
(NBC, 4/10/1975, 90 mins). A free-wheeling private eye attempts to track down the killers of a small-time hood and finds himself neck-deep in a big-time gambling operation. This pilot to a prospective series called ?Shamus? was an attempt to duplicate the success of the theatrical feature that was a big hit for Burt Reynolds. Production Companies Robert M Weitman Productions, Columbia Pictures Tel…
KHENER. The Egyptians used the word khener to refer to a troupe of professional singers and dancers organized through a bureau. Earlier Egyptologists misunderstood the khener to be specifically attached to the harem because tomb drawings always depicted female singers and dancers entertaining a man in his private quarters. This erroneous identification stemmed from historians? misunderstanding of…
B y 1900, producers were assuming occasional though still infrequent control over editing and the construction of multi-shot narratives. This slight shift, however, became much more pronounced over the next several years as the production companies appropriated more of the responsibilities that had previously been shared with or determined by the exhibitor. This was particularly pronounced in fict…
In 1889 the English archaeologist W. M. F. Petrie, the founder of scientific archaeology in Egypt, excavated the pyramid town he called Kahun. The town was located just over one kilometer from the valley temple of Senwosret II?s pyramid complex at Lahun. The Egyptians built the town to house the priests, administrative personnel, and workers who maintained the cult of Senwosret II at the pyramid a…
(CBS, 2/21/1978, 120 mins). Inspired by the Alice Crimmins case in New York, this drama focuses on an attractive woman (Tuesday Weld) whose personal life style is viewed by many as distasteful and who later is accused of murdering her young daughter. Production Company Lorimar Productions. Director Robert Butler. Executive Producers Lee Rich, Philip Capice. Producer Peter Katz. Teleplay Jack Willi…
(CBS, 12/9/1978, 120 mins). Law and order Selma, Tennessee, sheriff Buford Pusser, the resourceful, club-wielding real-life folk hero whose career inspired three ultra-violent movies, returns to wage a relentless battle against a dapper local moonshiner in this TV feature. Brian Dennehy assumed the role played originally by Joe Don Baker in the hugely successful ?Walking Tall? and by Bo Svenson in…
People?s sense of community has changed greatly in the twentieth century. Yet there remains nostalgia for the idea of that smaller, supportive, physical community in which many people used to live and work. Reflective of this nostalgia, many dramatic explorations of community take the form of backward glances at how society used to be; some are attempts to understand and reclaim the strength of th…
(NBC, 6/6/1977, 120 mins). An affluent couple?s seemingly happy marriage is threatened by the ex-aerospace scientist husband?s alcoholism. Adapted from the 1974 novel by Barbara Mahoney. Production Companies Factor Newland Productions, NBC Productions. Director John Newland. Producer Alan Jay Factor. Teleplay Rita Lakin. Based on the Novel by Barbara Mahoney. Photography Michael D. Margulies. Musi…
(NBC, 1/28/1975, 90 mins). This pilot for a prospective TV series dealt with a tough ex convict (Tony Lo Bianco) who tries to build a new life on the outside as a parole agent in an experimental paraprofessional program. Production Company Playboy Productions. Director Richard Donner. Executive Producer Hugh Hefner. Producers John D.F. Black, Richard Donner. Teleplay John D.F. Black. Photography G…
(CBS, 12/26/1979, 120 mins). The true story of University of New Mexico track star John Baker who, dying of cancer, spent his remaining time coaching a losing girls? track team to a winning season. Based on the 1978 book by William Buchanan. Production Companies Green-Epstein Productions, Columbia Pictures Television. Director Stuart Margolin. Executive Producers Allen Epstein, Jim Green. Producer…
Principal social themes: aging, homelessness/poverty Motown Productions. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Jean Simmons, Ed Asner, Sylvia Sidney, Matthew Faison, Kent Williams, Andrew Prine, Mary Jackson, John Steadman, Anne Ramsey, Nicholas Guest, Doug Johnson, Noel Conlin, Barbara Edelman, J. Pat O?Mally. Written by Burt Prelutsky based on the novel The Rag Bag Clan by Richard Barth. Cinematography by …
(ABC, 3/4/1972, 90 mins). An ex schoolmarm turns detective when police ask for her aid in finding a missing heiress in this pilot project to bring to TV the Hildegarde Withers character, as portrayed by Eve Arden, popularized in films in the 1930s by Edna May Oliver. Adapted from the 1969 Stuart Palmer/Fletcher Flora novel ?Hildegarde Withers Makes the Scene.? Originally titled ?Hildegarde Withers…
(CBS, 12/5/1972, 90 mins). This Emmy Award-winning drama, chosen the Outstanding Program of the 1972-73 TV season, depicted two middle class Belfast families one Protestant, one Catholic that discovered themselves engulfed in the surrounding violence that turned their years of friendship to bitter hatred which ultimately filtered to the children?s lives. Production Company Tomorrow Entertainment. …
(NBC, 12/11/1978 and 12/12/1978, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). Dramatization of the life of the legendary Civil War era slave, Harriet Tubman, who escaped to freedom and returned to the South many times to rescue others via her underground railroad. Orson Welles narrated the film, adapted from Marcy Heidish?s 1976 book. Production Companies Henry Jaffe Enterprises, I.K.E. Productions. Director…
Novelist and university professor Wasini al-A?raj is one of the most prolific of the second generation of post-independence Algerian writers. He is a prominent cultural activist and public intellectual in both France and Algeria. He is among the few Algerian writers writing in Arabic who have achieved fame both in the Mashriq (the Arab East; West Asia) and in the Maghrib (the Arab West; North Afri…
Aaron was the older brother of *Moses and the first appointed in the dominant line of Jewish priests. He assisted Moses during the journey of the Israelites out of Egypt and in their battles with the Amalekites (e.g., in holding up Moses? arm to ensure victory, Exodus 17:8-13, interpreted by Christian theologians as a prefiguration of the *Crucifixion), but later angered *God and Moses by construc…
ABBA, Swedish pop band, formed 1970. M EMBERSHIP : Benny Andersson, kybd., gtr., voc. (b. Stockholm, Sweden, Dec. 16, 1946); Bjorn Ulvaeus, gtr., voc. (b. Gothenburg, Sweden, April 25, 1945); Agnetha ?Anna? Faltskog, voc. (b. Jonkping, Swedent, April 5, 1950); Anna-Frid ?Frida? Lyngstad, voc. (b. Narvik, Norway, Nov. 15, 1945). One of the few non-British European groups to achieve consistent succe…
Dimi Mint Benaissi Abba (also known as Dimi Mint Abba) is the most influential and well-known Mauritanian musician of her generation. Extremely popular in her home country, she is one of the few Mauritanian musicians to receive international recognition through her recordings and performances in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. For the last several decades, she also has served as the foremost …
Abbado, Claudio, eminent Italian conductor, brother of Marcello Abbado and uncle of Roberto Abbado; b. Milan, June 26, 1933. He began violin lessons at age eight with his father, the violinist, conductor, and pedagogue Michelangelo Abbado. After piano lessons from his mother and brother, he entered the Milan Cons, and studied with Enzo Calace (piano), Bettinelli and Paribeni (composition), and Vot…
Abbado, Roberto, Italian conductor, nephew of Claudio Abbado and Marcello Abbado; b. Milan, Dec. 30, 1954. He was a student of Ferrara in Venice and at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome (1976?77). While still a student, he appeared as a guest conductor with the Orch. di Santa Cecilia in 1977. In 1978 he made his debut as an opera conductor with Simon Boccanegra at the Macerata Festi…
Palestinian politician Mahmud Abbas (also known as Abu Mazin) long played a key role in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process and had become the paramount political leader on the Palestinian political scene by the early twenty-first century. It was under his leadership that Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) first started face-to-face talks in the early 1990s, a process that ga…
Mahboubeh Abbasgholizadeh is an Iranian women?s rights activist who has played an important role in Iran since the 1990s. She is an active member of the Stop Stoning to Death Campaign and the Iranian Women?s Charter. She was the director of the Non-Governmental Organisation Training Centre (NGOTC) and the director of the Association of Women Writers and Journalists NGO. She was also the chief edit…
Abbatini, Antonio Maria, distinguished Italian composer and teacher; b. Tiferno, 1609 or 1610; d. there, c. 1677. He received his musical training from the Nanino brothers in Rome, where he spent the greater portion of his life. From 1626 to 1628 he was maestro di cappella at St. John Lateran. After serving in that capacity at Orvieto Cathedral (1633), he returned to Rome to hold that position at …
Abbreviations in swearing are common, not for the usual reason of convenience, but because they provide a useful form of euphemism or disguise mechanism. They may be partial, as in bug for bugger , or use the initial letter as a code, as in ?b? for bloody . Today they are common in forms like ?the f-word,? ?effing,? and so on. The practice has increased in print, where the taboos against the use o…
Mauritanian poet and fiction writer Ahmad Ben Abd al-Qader is a pioneer in his field. Clearly aware of the need to address social issues, he recognizes that prose is better suited than poetry to communicate his social message. Though he began his literary activity as a poet, he soon began to use prose to address the country?s feelings of insecurity during the early years of its independence. Many …
Mustafa Abdel-Moati (also Mustafa Abd al-Mu?ti, Mostafa Abdel Moity) is an Egyptian artist who identifies himself as a contemporary artist who neither follows in foreign footsteps nor replicates past achievements in Egyptian art. Abdel-Moati has had more than thirty shows in Egypt, Italy, and Spain, and participated in approximately twenty-five international group exhibitions. Abdel-Moati is one o…
Mohamed Abdelaziz (also Muhammad Abd al-Aziz) is the secretary-general of the POLISARIO front and president of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic. Mohamed Abdelaziz was born 17 August 1947 in Marra-kech, Morocco. His family was from the Reguibat Fokra clan of Arab bedouins (nomads) who traveled through Mauritania, Algeria, Morocco, and Spanish Morocco. His father was an officer in the Moroccan …
Abdul-Malik, Ahmed (born Jonathan Timms), jazz bassist, oud (Middle Eastern lute) player; b. Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 30, 1927; d. Long Branch, N.J., Oct. 2, 1993. An early world music pioneer whose father was from Sudan, Abdul-Malik also played modern jazz with Art Blakey, Randy Weston, and, during 1957?58, with Thelonious Monk. He began violin at age seven, and also played cello, tuba, and piano. He…
Abdullah II bin Hussein is the fourth king of Jordan. Abdullah bin Hussein was born in Amman on 30 January 1962, the first-born son of Jordan?s King HUSSEIN BIN TALAL . His English mother, Princess Muna (n?e Antoinette ?Toni? Avril Gardiner), was Hussein?s second wife. Abdullah?s family, the Hashemites of Jordan, claim descent from Islam?s Prophet Muhammad. Abdullah himself is considered the Proph…
Abdullah, Ahmed, trumpeter, composer, leader; b. Harlem, May 10, 1947 (some authorities give his birth year as 1946). He started playing at age 13, and when he was 16 his parents moved to the Lower East Side of Manhattan. He attended Brooklyn Tech. H.S., Queens Coll., and Kingsboro Coll., and privately studied composing and arranging with Cal Massey and trumpet with Carmine Caruso, Chris Capers, a…
Annie Heloise Abel was born in Fernhurst, Sussex, England, on February 18, 1873, the first daughter and the third of seven children of George and Amelia Anne (Hogban) Abel. The Abels had immigrated to the United States in 1871 and then returned to England. They immigrated again in 1884 and settled in Salina, Kansas, where Annie joined them the following year. Abel graduated from Salina High School…
[ ah bel] (1802?29) Norwegian mathematician: pioneer of group theory; proved that no algebraic solution of the general fifth-degree equation exists. Abel was the son of a Lutheran minister. In 1821 he went to Oslo to study at the university, but his father?s death forced him to give this up in order to support the large family of which he was the eldest; he was extremely poor throughout his life. …
Abel, Carl Friedrich, German viola da gambist and composer; b. C?then, Dec. 22, 1723; d. London, June 20, 1787. He was the son of the viola da gambist and violinist Christian Ferdinand Abel (b. Hannover, c. 1683; d. C?then, 1737), with whom he most likely studied. By 1743 he was a viola da gambist in the Dresden court orch., and remained with it until about 1757. After traveling on the Continent, …
Abendroth, Hermann, prominent German conductor and pedagogue; b. Frankfurt am Main, Jan. 19, 1883; d. Jena, May 29, 1956. He studied in Munich with Wirzel-Langenham (piano), Motti (conducting), and Thuille (composition). In 1903-04 he conducted the Munich Orchestral Soc. In 1905 he went to L?beck as a sym. conductor (until 1911), and also conducted the City Theater (1907?11). After serving as musi…
Ralph David Abernathy was born on March 11, 1926, the tenth child of twelve children born to William L. Abernathy and Louivery Valentine Bell in Linden, Alabama. Shortly after his grandmother delivered him she told her daughter that he was a strange child and predicted that he would be known throughout the world. From the age of twelve he was called David, and indeed it is the name on his birth ce…
Abert, Hermann, eminent German musicologist, son of Johann Joseph Abert and father of Anna Amalie Abert; b. Stuttgart, March 25, 1871; d. there, Aug. 13, 1927. He studied with his father, and then with Beller-mann, Fleischer, and Friedlaender at the Univ. of Berlin (Ph.D., 1897, with the diss. Die Lehre vom Ethos in der griechischen Musik; publ. in Leipzig, 1899). He completed his Habilitation in …
The history of the movement to abolish slavery is virtually coeval with the establishment of racial slavery in the New World. In the Western Hemisphere, millions of enslaved Africans were embedded in the workforces of all of the Americas and the Caribbean Islands from 1502 to 1888. Unlike slavery elsewhere in the modern world, these societies had economies dependent on chattel slavery or the labor…
Abraham was the first Hebrew *patriarch; his life is described in Genesis chapters 11-25. Scenes from his life most often represented in early Christian and medieval art include his parting company with his nephew *Lot, his blessing by *Melchizedek, the visit he received from three *angels who announced that his barren wife *Sarah would bear a son, and *God?s testing of his faith by ordering him t…
Abraham was a full-blooded African slave who escaped and adapted himself to the customs and language of the Muskogee Seminole Indians living in Florida. As was their custom toward runaway slaves, the Seminoles? welcomed Abraham. Over time, Abraham?s relationship with the Seminole Indians evolved such that they regarded him as both a brother and ally. Eventually he became chief of Peliklakaha, one …
Abraham, Gerald (Ernest Heal), eminent English musicologist; b. Newport, Isle of Wight, March 9, 1904; d. Midhurst, March 18, 1988. A man of many and varied interests, he studied philology and mastered the Russian language. He was active with the BBC (1935^17) and served as ed. of the Monthly Musical Record (1945?60); after being the first prof. of music at the Univ. of Liverpool (1947?62), he ret…
Abrams (Abramovitch), Max, drummer, percussionist; b. Glasgow, Aug. 11, 1907; d. Eastbourne, East Sussex, England, Nov. 5, 1995. Abrams played in the local Boys? Brigade Band as a teenager. He worked in a juvenile group (Archie Pitt?s Busby Band) in the mid-1920s and with Chalmers Wood at Glasgow Locarno in 1928. He went to South Africa with saxophonist Vic Davis in 1930 and returned to Britain th…
Born Jeffrey Jacob Abrams, June 27, 1966, in New York, NY, to Gerald (a television producer) and Carol (a television producer) Abrams; married Katie McGrath (a public-relations executive), c. 1995; children: Henry, Gracie, August. Education: Attended Sarah Lawrence College, Bronxville, NY. Addresses: Agent ?David Lonner, c/o William Morris Agency, One William Morris Place, Beverly Hills, CA 90212.…
Abrams, Muhal Richard, pianist, composer, leader (also clarinet, saxophones); b. Chicago, Sep. 19, 1930. Abrams studied piano at Chicago Musical Coll. for four years beginning at age 17, but says he was essentially self- taught. He first worked professionally in 1948 and wrote arrangements for saxophonist King Fleming from 1950. Abrams frequently sat in with local and visiting musicians, including…
?br?nyi, Korn?l, Hungarian pianist, pedagogue, writer on music, and composer, grandfather of Emil ?br?nyi; b. Szengy?rgy?br?ny, Oct. 15, 1822; d. Budapest, Dec. 20, 1903. He came from a wealthy family originally named Eord?gh, which means ?devil.? His father changed the name to ?br?nyi, the name of his estate. He toured as a pianist throughout Hungary After studying piano with Fischhof in Vienna (…
Abravanel, Maurice, distinguished Greek-born American conductor of Spanish-Portuguese Sephardic descent; b. Saloniki, Jan. 6, 1903; d. Salt Lake City, Sept. 22, 1993. He attended the univs. of Lausanne (1919?21) and Z?rich (1921?22) before studying composition in Berlin with Kurt Weill. In 1924 he made his conducting debut in Berlin, and then conducted widely in Germany until he was compelled to g…
Absil, Jean, eminent Belgian composer and pedagogue; b. Bon-Secours, Oct. 23, 1893; d. Brussels, Feb. 2, 1974. After studying organ, piano, and composition with Alphonse Oeyen in Bon-Secours, he pursued training at the Brussels Cons, with Desmet (1 st prize in organ, 1916), Moulaert (piano), Lunssens (1 st prize in harmony, 1916), and DuBois (1 st prize in counterpoint and fugue, 1917). He complet…
The Theater of the Absurd grew as a response to what critics saw as the collapse of moral, religious, political, and social structures in the twentieth century. The primary aim of its plays was to point out the absurdity of life. Though it incorporated a diverse group of playwrights, each with his or her own set of beliefs, many influenced by the dadaist and surrealist movements, in general, they …
Mohamed Ali Abtahi is a ranking cleric, politician, and former vice president in the administration of Iranian president MOHAMMAD KHATAMI . Abtahi?s government career includes high positions with the Office of the President, the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, and the national broadcasting services. He is well-known for running a personal weblog while he was a member of the Office of the…
A Kuwaiti Islamist, Sulayman Abu Ghayth is best known as a spokesman for al-Qa?ida. Sulayman Abu Ghayth was born in Kuwait on 12 December 1965. He is a teacher and preacher with a long reputation as a strident Islamist voice in the emirate. He attracted attention by speaking out in the mosques in Kuwait against the Iraqi invasion in 1990, despite the danger of arrest by Iraqi troops. Following lib…
Hany Abu-Assad (also Hani Abu As?ad) is a Dutch-Palestinian film director. Born in Nazareth, Israel, he moved to the Netherlands as a young man, where he began his filmmaking career. A producer and director of both documentaries and feature films, Abu-Assad in his work incisively portrays the lives of those engulfed in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in his homeland. In 2005, he won international…
As?ad AbuKhalil (also Abu Khalil) is a Lebanese scholar based in the United States. He is a frequent commentator on Middle Eastern affairs, and he publishes a well-known blog, the Angry Arab News Service, on issues in this topic. AbuKhalil was born on 16 March 1960 in Tyre, Lebanon. His father?s family were Shi?ite Muslims, while his mother was a Sunni Muslim. His father was secretary-general of t…
AC/DC, American heavy metal band, formed 1974. M EMBERSHIP : Ronald Belford ?Bon? Scott, voc. (b. Kirriemuir, Scotland, July 9, 1946; d. there, Feb. 20, 1980); Angus Young, lead gtr. (b. Glasgow, Scotland, March 31, 1959); Malcolm Young, rhythm gtr. (b. Glasgow, Scotland, Jan. 6, 1953); Mark Evans, bs.; Phil Rudd, drm. Ron Scott was replaced by Brian Johnson (b. Newcastle, England, Oct. 5, 1947). …
A professor is a college or university teacher of the highest rank in a particular branch of learning. In Middle English, the word ?professor? meant either one who had taken the vows of a religious order or a public lecturer. From the very beginning, a professor was an individual who had taken religious orders to defend and discover the truth. The distinctive task of a professor is the discovery a…
The relationships between television viewing and the academic performance of children and teenagers have been the subject of great controversy. Popular opinion and some educators have held that television generally has had a detrimental effect?by taking up time that might be better spent acquiring basic skills or doing homework, by encouraging a preference for quick solutions and entertaining port…
MARGARET P. EVANS Shippensburg University In the fall of 1993, after 20 years of working with a variety of traditional photographic media, I enrolled in the first of four courses in digital photography at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). I was between teaching positions at the time. Previously, I had taught photography courses in two separate photography degree programs, using traditiona…
ACADEMY AWARDS. A gala awards ceremony held each year in Hollywood, California, by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Awards of merit are presented to film artists and technicians to recognize exceptional work within the industry. Up to five nominees in each specialty area are selected by members of 13 art and craft branches. Actors choose actors, directors choose directors, cinemato…
Ackerman, William, successful American composer, guitarist, and entrepreneur; b. Germany, Nov. 16, 1949. Ackerman was orphaned and subsequently adopted at the age of nine by a Stanford Univ. (Palo Alto, Calif.) professor. He soon began playing guitar, eventually mastering the folk, classical, and rock styles. He studied at Stanford Univ., dropping out just before graduation to become a carpenter; …
(CBS, 11/10/1979, 120 mins). Elizabeth Montgomery continued her dramatic gallery of resourceful put-upon women, here playing a liberal-minded, divorced newswriter who is the victim of a brutal mugging. Robbed of her confidence, she finds her life cloaked in fear and paranoia, causing her to reevaluate her lifelong beliefs. Original title: ?The Victim: An Anatomy of a Mugging.? Production Companies…
Definition: Active buffer management is used to adjust the contents of the buffer after execution of VCR functions in VoD systems. The problem of providing VCR functions with the traditional buffering schemes is that the effects of VCR actions in the same direction are cumulative. When consecutive VCR actions in the same direction are performed, the play point will ultimately move to a boundary of…
Acuff, Roy (Clayton), American country singer and fiddler; b. Maynardville, Tenn., Sept. 15, 1903; d. Nashville, Nov. 23, 1992. Acuff codified the old-time approach to country music from his position as host of the Grand Ole Opry, but he also effected a transition from the dominance of string bands to that of vocalists and introduced such innovations as the use of the dobro. His vocal style was br…
Ach?carro, Joaqu?n, le;2.375qSpanish pianist and teacher; b. Bilbao, Nov. 1, 1936. He revealed a talent for music as a child but first studied physics. After determining upon a career in music, he studied at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena. He won 1 st prize in both the Geneva and Viotti competitions, and then pursued further training in Germany and Switzerland. After completing his studi…
Founded in 2002 by Agung Laksano and Sandra Ang, Adam Air was an innovation in airlines. Agung Laksano was an Indonesian businessman as well as the speaker of the House of Representatives of Indonesia. After being established in 2003, it began operations with just two Boeing 737 aircrafts that it leased from the GE Commercial Aviation Services. Adam Air got its name from Adam Suherman, one of Ang?…
In Christian tradition, Adam and Eve were the parents of all other human beings. They are among the most frequently represented subjects in early Christian and medieval art in all media. Their story is recounted within and following the *Creation narratives and provided material for numerous commentaries and interpretations by theologians throughout the medieval period. Genesis 1:26-27 states that…
Adam, Adolphe (Charles), noted French composer, son of Jean (Louis) Adam; b. Paris, July 24, 1803; d. there, May 3, 1856. He was encouraged by his friend Harold to pursue a career as a composer. After studying piano with Lemoine, he entered the Paris Cons. at 17 and received training from Benoist (organ), Reicha (counterpoint), and Boieldieu (composition). In 1825 he won a 2 nd prize in the Prix d…
Adam, Claus, Austrian-born American cellist, pedagogue, and composer; b. Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (of Austrian parents), Nov. 5, 1917; d. N.Y., July 4, 1983. His father was an ethnologist. After studies at the Salzburg Mozarteum, he went to N.Y. in 1929 and became a naturalized citizen in 1935. He studied cello with Stoffnegen, Dounis, and Feuermann, conducting with Barzin, and composition with …
Adamberger, (Josef) Valentin, notable German tenor and teacher; b. Munich, July 6, 1743; d. Vienna, Aug. 24, 1804. He studied at the Jesuit Domus Gregoriana in Munich, where he received vocal instruction from J. E. Walleshauser. In 1760 he became a member of the Kapelle of Duke Clemens, and then of the Elector?s Hofkapelle in 1770. In 1777 he went to Italy, where he appeared in major opera serie r…
Born Donald James Yarmy, April 13, 1923, in New York, NY; died of lymphoma and a lung infection, September 25, 2005, in Los Angeles, CA. Actor. Though he got his start as a standup comedian, Don Adams is best known for his role as the dull-witted but dedicated secret agent Maxwell Smart on the 1960s sitcom Get Smart . The show, a spoof of James Bond, earned Adams three Emmys and became a cult clas…
Hannah Adams was born in Medfield, Massachusetts, to Thomas and Elizabeth (Clark) Adams on October 2, 1755. Although she had no formal education, her father was interested in education and read constantly. Hannah suffered from frail health, and he encouraged her, too, to read to make up for her sporadic schooling. When her father?s business failed, the family was forced to take in boarders; one ta…
(1819?92) British astronomer: predicted existence of Neptune. As the son of a tenant farmer, Adams had financial problems in entering Cambridge, but his career was successful and he remained there throughout his life. By 1820 it had become apparent to astronomers that the motion of Uranus could not be explained by law of gravitation and the influence of the known planets alone, since a small but i…
(1876?1956) US astronomer: discovered first white dwarf star. Adams was born in Syria, where his American parents were missionaries, but he returned with them when he was 9 and was educated in the USA and in Europe. Adams?s work was principally concerned with the spectroscopic study of stars. He showed how dwarf and giant stars could be distinguished by their spectra, and established the technique…
Adams, Bryan, hard-rocking Canuck who quit school at 16 to chase his rock and roll dreams, and 20 years later was singing duets with Barbra Streisand; b. Nov. 5, 1959, Kingston, Canada. The son of a Canadian diplomat, Bryan Adams went to boarding schools around the world. This only convinced him that he probably could do better without school. He spent the money put aside for college on a piano an…
Adams, John (Coolidge), prominent American composer and conductor; b. Worcester, Mass., Feb. 15, 1947. He studied clarinet with his father, and then with Felix Viscuglia of the Boston Sym. Orch. He pursued training in conducting with Mario di Bonaventura at Dartmouth Coll. (summer, 1965) and in composition with Leon Kirchner at Harvard Univ. (B.A., 1969; M.A., 1971). In 1970 Adams was composer-in-…
Adams, Pepper (Park III), jazz baritone saxophonist; b. Highland Park, Mich., Oct. 8, 1930; d. N.Y., Sept. 10, 1986. Although Adams was second in popularity to Gerry Mulligan, many musicians preferred him as an improviser. Adams was raised in Rochester, N.Y., where he first worked on tenor saxophone and clarinet. He moved to Detroit, where he made some unissued recordings in 1949 and became part o…
Definition: Adaptive educational hypermedia systems include adaptive functionality based on three components: the document space, observations, and the user model . To support re-usability and comparability of adaptive educational hypermedia systems, we give a component-based definition of adaptive educational hypermedia systems (AEHS), extending the functionality-oriented definition of adaptive h…
Adaskin, Murray, Canadian composer and teacher; b. Toronto, March 28, 1906. He studied violin in Toronto with his brother Harry Adaskin and with Luigi von Kunits, in N.Y. with Kathleen Parlow, and in Paris with Marcel Chailley. Returning to Toronto, he was a violinist in the Sym. Orch. there (1923?36). He then pursued training in composition with Weinzweig (1944?48), with Milhaud at the Aspen (Col…
Adderley, Cannonball (Julian Edwin), jazz alto saxophonist, one of the masters on his instrument; brother of Nat Adderley; b. Tampa, Fla., Sept. 15, 1928; d. Gary, Ind., Aug. 8, 1975. Nicknamed ?Cannonball? (originally ?Cannibal? due to his large appetite), Julian began playing saxophone in 1942. He was a precocious student and graduated from Fla. A & M. Coll. in 1946. The following year he began …
Adderley, Nat(haniel Sr.), jazz cornetist; brother of Cannonball Adderley; b. Tampa, Fla., Nov. 25, 1931; d. Lakeland, Fla., Jan. 3, 2000. Under his father?s and brother?s influence, Nat took up trumpet in 1946, switched to cornet in 1950, and played in an army band from 1951-53. After touring with Lionel Hampton (1954?55), he joined his brother?s first quintet until late 1957, then worked with J.…
Addison, Bernard (S.; Bunky), jazz guitarist, banjoist; b. Annapolis, Md., April 15, 1905; d. Rockville Centre, N.Y., Dec. 18, 1990. Addison played violin and mandolin as a child, and moved to Washington, D.C. in 1920. He was soon co-leading a band with Claude Hopkins, worked for a while in Oliver Blackwell?s Clowns, then went to N.Y. with Sonny Thompson?s Band and also worked in the Seminoie Sync…
MICHAEL R. PERES Rochester Institute of Technology At the time of purchase, many basic cameras come with a standard lens. Cameras that do not have a removable lens are the most common types of cameras sold and represent principally amateur and some prosumer camera models. Many special camera types may also have an attached lens. Single-use and some point-and-shoot cameras are examples of cameras…
Ade, Sunny (Prince Sunday Adeniyi Adegeye), major star of the urban Yoruba juju style and one of the few African musicians to gain a following overseas; b. Ondo, Nigeria, Sept. 1946 (exact date unknown). His father, Prince Samuel Adeniyi Adegeye, was a Methodist trader and amateur church musician. His mother, Princess Marian Adeniyi Adegeye, sang in chapel choirs. Ade dropped out of school at abou…
Ad?s, Thomas (Joseph Edmund), remarkable English composer and pianist; b. London, March 1, 1971. He studied piano with Paul Berkowitz and composition with Robert Saxton at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, and then pursued his training with Hugh Wood, Alexander Goehr, and Robin Holloway at King?s Coll., Cambridge (M.A., 1992) before taking his M.Phil, at St. John?s Coll., Cambridg…
Adkins, Cecil (Dale), American musicologist, organologist, and bibliographer; b. Red Oak, Iowa, Jan. 30, 1932. He was educated at the Univ. of Omaha (B.F.A., 1953), the Univ. of S.Dak. (M.M., 1959), and the Univ. of Iowa (Ph.D., 1963, with the diss. The Theory and Practice of the Monochord) . In 1963 he became director of the early music program at N. Tex. State Univ. (later renamed the Univ. of N…
Adler, Richard, American songwriter; b. N.Y., Aug. 3, 1921. With Jerry Ross, Adler wrote music and lyrics to several hit songs in the early 1950s, among them ?Rags to Riches.? The two then wrote the songs for two successful Broadway musicals, The Pajama Game (featuring ?Hey There? and ?Hernando?s Hideaway?) and Damn Yankees (featuring ?Heart? and ?Whatever Lola Wants?). Following Ross?s early deat…
Adler, Samuel (Hans), esteemed German-born American composer, conductor, and pedagogue; b. Mannheim, March 4, 1928. His father was a cantor and composer, and his mother an amateur pianist. Adler began violin study as a child with Albert Levy. In 1939 the family emigrated to the U.S. After composition lessons with Fromm in Boston (1941?46), he studied with Hugo Norden (composition) and Geiringer (m…
Adlung, Jakob, distinguished German music scholar and organist; b. Bindersleben, near Erfurt, Jan. 14, 1699; d. Erfurt, July 5, 1762. He began his music studies with his father, the teacher and organist David Adlung. While matriculating at the Erfurt Gymnasium (1713), he stayed with Christian Reichardt, who taught him organ. He then studied theology, philosophy, philology, and other subjects at th…
Adni, Daniel, Israeli pianist; b. Haifa, Dec. 6, 1951. He began his training in Haifa, where he made his debut when he was 12. He pursued training in piano with Perlemuter and studied solf?ge and sight reading at the Paris Cons. (1968?69), winning premiers prix in all three. In 1970 he completed his training with Anda in Zurich and made his London recital debut at Wigmore Hall. His debut as a solo…
Photoshop is used to edit images for paper printing and to produce images for the Internet. More recent versions include Adobe ImageReady which is meant for use in creating images to be posted to the internet. Photoshop is also tied in with various other Adobe software that assists with animation and editing, among other things. PSD is the native format for files saved in Photoshop. This format ca…
Public opinion of adolescent female sexuality in American society remains limited by the emphasis on adolescent sexual behaviors and the perceived negative outcomes of these behaviors (namely pregnancy). This understanding is also mired in racial stereotypes and myths about poor and working-class African-American, European-American, Latina, Native-American, and Asian-American girls. Although teen …
Markus Voeth University of Hohenheim, Germany Marcus Liehr University of Hohenheim, Germany Generally, two dimensions of the emergence of direct network effects are distinguished (Shy, 2001). On the one hand, network effects arise in the framework of active communication, that is, when contacting an individual in order to communicate with him or her. On the other hand, network effects also resul…
Matthew?s Gospel (2:1-12) tells the story of the ?wise men?who came ?from the east? after the birth of Jesus. Alerted by a star which had appeared in the sky, they journeyed to Jerusalem to pay homage to the ?King of the Jews.? They consulted King *Herod, who sent them to Bethlehem where they discovered and presented gifts to the infant Jesus. Warned by *God in a dream not to return to Herod with …
Adorno (real name, Wiesengrund), The odor, significant German social philosopher, music sociologist, and composer; b. Frankfurt am Main, Sept. 11, 1903; d. Visp, Switzerland, Aug. 6, 1969. He studied with Sekles (composition) and Eduard Jung (?piano) at the Hoch Cons. in Frankfurt am Main. He also took courses in philosophy, sociology, psychology, and musicology at the Univ. of Frankfurt am Main (…
(1889?1977) British neurophysiologist: showed frequency code in nerve transmission. Adrian began his research in physiology in Cambridge before the First World War, but in 1914 he speedily qualified in medicine and tried to get to France. In fact he was kept in England working on war injuries and his later work was a mixture of ?pure? research and applications to medical treatment. In the 1920s he…
B. 1903 D. 1959 Birthplace: Connecticut Awards: Coty American Fashion Critic?s Award, 1944 Gilbert Adrian, born Adolph Greenburg, is considered by many to be the greatest costume designer in Hollywood history. He was discovered by Natasha Rambove, the wife of Rudolph Valentino, who commissioned him to design costumes for Valentino. Thus began the career that landed him at MGM, where he practiced h…
(CBS, 2/14/1975, 120 mins). A luxury cruise ship is threatened with destruction with all aboard as part of a deadly vendetta against a multi-millionaire passenger in true Irwin Allen seagoing disaster style. The liner Queen Mary provided the backdrop for this suspense movie. Production Company Twentieth Century Fox Television. Director David Lowell Rich. Producer Irwin Allen. Teleplay John Gay. Ba…
Advertising is paid, nonpersonal communication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of persuasive communication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. Advertising may influence consumers in ma…
The notion of subliminal advertising, that is, that advertisers can influence the desirability or even purchase of a brand through using hidden, undetectable advertising stimuli, is one of the myths of twentieth-century popular culture. Martha Rogers and Kirk Smith (1993) have noted that while professional advertisers scoff at the idea and virtually no members of the academic advertising community…
DAVID MALIN Anglo-Australian Observatory, RMIT University DONALD L. LIGHT Airborne and Space Systems for Mapping and Remote Sensing Aerial photography has a surprisingly long history and reflects the photographer?s ever-present urge to seek a better vantage point for the camera. The possibility of a bird?s eye view proved irresistible, and in 1858, Gaspard Felix Tournachon (Nadar) took aerial …
Aerosmith, one of America?s most tenacious, iconic rock groups, originally formed in 1970, in Sunapee, N.H. M EMBERSHIP: Steve Tyler, lead voc. (b. Steve Tallarico, Yonkers, N.Y., March 26, 1948); Joe Perry, lead gtr. (b. Lawrence, Mass., Sept. 10, 1950); Brad Whitford, rhythm gtr. (b. Winchester, Mass., Feb. 23, 1952); Tom Hamilton, bs. (b. Colorado Springs, Colo., Dec. 31, 1951); Joey Kramer, dr…
Maja Pantic Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands We seem to be entering an era of enhanced digital connectivity. Computers and the Internet have become so embedded in the daily fabric of people?s lives that they simply cannot live without them (Hoffman et al., 2004). We use this technology to work, to communicate, to shop, to seek out new information, and to entertain ourselves. With t…
Affirmative action means taking positive steps to improve the material status of the less advantaged in society, usually through the provision of educational or economic benefits. In the United States, affirmative action usually takes place through the provision of government or private benefits in education, employment, or contracting. Affirmative action is controversial, particularly when the be…
Group formed in 1991 in Ukiah, CA; members include Hunter Burgan (born May 14, 1976), bass; Adam Carson (born February 5, 1975), drums; Davey Havok (born November 20, 1975, in Rochester, NY), vocals; Jade Errol Puget (born November 26, 1973), guitar. Addresses: Record company ?Interscope Records, 2220 Colorado Ave., Santa Monica, CA 90404. Website ?http://www.afireinside.net. Formed in Ukiah, Ca…
Belgium created two colonies in Africa: the entities now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly the Republic of Zaire) and the Republic of Rwanda, previously Ruanda-Urundi, a former German African colony that was given to Belgium to administer after the defeat of Germany in World War I. The scramble for colonies was the brainchild of Leopold II, king of Belgium. Belgium itself had…
Colonialism by its very nature has racist connotations. British colonialism in particular was structured as a dictatorship, using violence to pacify the colonial subjects and to maintain order. There was no input from the colonized in the way that they were governed: The British Colonial Office in London made all the decisions concerning the colonies. The British also tended to choose a preferred …
The construction of race in France?s African colonies arose out of the turbulent political, intellectual, and cultural contexts of nineteenth- and twentieth-century France, as well as the specific dynamics of each colony itself. An understanding of race and racism as operative conceptual categories in French political culture must pay particular attention to the specific colonial contexts in which…
Germany was a late entrant into the race for colonies in Africa. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck was initially not a colonial expansionist. His preoccupation was the unification of Germany and its attaining a preeminent role in European politics. However, following the unification of Germany in 1871, the issue of colonies began to preoccupy German society and leadership, and various lobbying groups e…
Italy was one of the European countries with colonies in Africa during the modern period. Lasting from 1890 to 1941, Italian colonialism in Africa included the presentday countries of Libya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia. Italian colonialism in Africa came to an end with the death of the Italian leader Benito Mussolini, the collapse of the Fascist regime, and the defeat of Italy in World War II. …
Portugal is noted as the first modern European country to have large numbers of black slaves. As one of the major sea powers of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, Portugal also shipped and sold large numbers of African slaves to other parts of the world. Not surprisingly, the issue of slavery has shaped racial tensions between Portugal and Africa. It dominated Portuguese colonial…
The African American experience, despite being centuries old, has had a relatively recent appearance in American literature, especially drama. Despite an African American tradition of minstrel shows and melodrama, with a few notable exceptions it was not until the surge of interest in African American culture, thought, and experience during the 1960s that serious plays by and about African America…
DAVID C. HART, PH.D. Cleveland Institute of Art By the end of the 19th century, African Americans in the United States had considerable experience with and access to the medium of photography allowing them, as image-makers and as subjects, a degree of control over their representations. The body of images that have come down to us by, and of, African American photographers over the course of the…
The concept of ?diaspora? suggests the spread or scattering of a specific population or race of people to different and far-flung places throughout the world. Without alluding to the earliest development of humans in Africa as the foundation of all human diasporas, the African continent, beginning in the fifteenth century at least, was the original source of a significant black diaspora, which in …
Globalization, race, and African economic development intersect in deep, intricate, complicated ways that can only be understood if a long view is taken on the nature of globalization. Further, the connections are best contextualized as an inquiry into Africa?s place in the world system. As Filomina Steady points out, many factors are involved, including the institutionalization of ?economic domin…
Between the 1440s and the 1860s, European traders and colonists shipped millions of people from sub-Saharan Africa to the Americas. The total number of Africans sent across the Atlantic is variously estimated to be no less than 12 million and no more than 20 million, making it by far the greatest forced migration of people the world has ever seen. Indeed, the long-term global impact of this massiv…
Documentation of women?s social activism and collective action in Africa dates as far back as the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century, women in North Africa and the Arab world owned and published feminist journals in which discussions of gender, as well as religious and nationalist struggles, were featured prominently. These feminist writings were projected and intensified in the twentie…
In the wake of the Anglo-Boer War (1899?1902), the impoverished and largely rural Afrikaners of present-day South Africa experienced an ethnic awakening, particularly regarding aspects of language, religion, and education. It was also, at first, largely an anti-English movement. In May 1918 a group of fourteen white men in Johannesburg formed an organization they called ?Jong Suid-Afrika.? On June…
[agasee] (1807?73) Swiss?US naturalist and glaciologist: proposed former existence of an Ice Age. Agassiz owed much of his scientific distinction to the chance of his birth in Switzerland. He studied medicine in Germany, but zoology was his keen interest. He studied under in Paris and then returned home and worked with enthusiasm on fossil fishes, becoming the world expert on them (his book descri…
Agazzari, Agostino, Italian organist, music theorist, and composer; b. Siena, Dec. 2, 1578; d. there, April 10(?), 1640. He went to Rome, where he was maestro di cappella at the Collegio Germanico (1602?03) and the Seminario Romano (1606?07). About 1606 he was made a member of the Accademia degli Intronati in Siena, where he was given the name Armonico Intronato. He then returned to Siena, where h…
Reinier Zwitserloot Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Maja Pantic Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Software agent technology generally is defined as the area that deals with writing software in such a way that it is autonomous. In this definition, the word autonomous indicates that the software has the ability to react to changes in its environment in a way that it c…
Modern Western culture has a disturbing tendency to idolize the young and reject the elderly, and a number of modern dramas have turned their attention to the issue of aging, both positively and negatively. Many comedies produced in the first half of the twentieth century featured stereotypes, such as the absent-minded or mean-spirited elderly person, as comic relief or as foil to a main character…
an yay zee] (1718?99) Italian mathematician and scholar: remembered in the naming of the cubic curve ?the Witch of Agnesi?. Born in Milan, Maria was one of the 24 children of a professor of mathematics at the University of Bologna. With his encouragement she spoke seven languages by the age of 11, and by the age of 14 she was solving problems in ballistics and geometry. Her interests covered logic…
An event close to the end of Jesus? life described (with some variation in details) in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, the agony ) in the garden of Gethsemane on the Mount of Olives is the episode in which Jesus prayed for deliverance from death but accepted it nonetheless. This is symbolized by the ?cup? which he asked to be taken away from him, but which he stated his willingness to acce…
Agricola(real name, Sore), Martin, German music theorist, teacher, and composer; b. Schwiebus, Jan. 6, 1486; d. Magdeburg, June 10, 1556. He settled in Magdeburg in 1519?20, where he taught music privately and at a parish school. About 1525 he became choirmaster at the Protestant Latinschule. He embraced the Lutheran faith and became one of the earliest Protestant school musicians in his homeland.…
Lat ), Georg Bauer ( Ger ) [a gri kola] (1494?1555) German mineralogist, geologist and metallurgist: described mining and metallurgical industries of 16th-c. Born in Saxony, Agricola trained in medicine in Leipzig and in Italy. The link between medicine and minerals led to his interest in the latter, and his work as a physician in Saxony put him in ideal places to develop this interest and to exte…
Henricus Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim, a flamboyant and paradoxical German scholar and adventurer, was born near Cologne and was educated at the Universities of Cologne and Paris. Though he may have exaggerated his social standing and formal education to impress potential patrons, his extraordinary erudition in law, languages, medicine, and especially magic and the occult brought him internati…
Ahlgrimm, Isolde, eminent Austrian fortepianist, harpsichordist, and pedagogue; b. Vienna, July 31, 1914. In 1921 she entered the Vienna Academy of Music, graduating in 1932 in the piano class of Viktor Eben-stein; completed her studies in the master classes there of Emil von Sauer and Franz Schmidt (1932?34). In 1935 she attracted notice at the Hamburg International Music Festival. After making h…
The 2006 Time magazine person of the year, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has rapidly grown in stature from a virtually unknown entity to one of the most well-known political leaders on the world stage. The current president of Iran, Ahmadinejad is arguably the most controversial personality in Middle East politics. Whether as a result of his incendiary claims about the falsity of the Holocaust or because of…
Born Mahmoud Saborjhian, October 28, 1956, in Aradan, Iran; son of a blacksmith; married to a university lecturer; children: two sons, one daughter. Education: Iran University of Science and Technology, Ph.D., 1987. Addresses: Home?Tehran, Iran. Served in the Islamic Revolutionary Guards, late 1980s; lecturer, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), c. 1989?93 and 1997?2003; appointed go…
Ahrens, Joseph (Johannes Clemens), German organist, pedagogue, and composer; b. Som-mersell, April 17, 1904; d. Berlin, Dec. 21, 1997. He was a student of Volbach in M?nster and of Sittard and Seiffert in Berlin, where he then pursued his career. In 1928 he became a teacher and in 1936 a prof. at the Akademie f?r Kirchen-und Schulmusik, and also a teacher of church music at the Hochschule f?r Musi…
Aichinger, Gregor, important German composer; b. Regensburg, 1564 or 1565; d. Augsburg, Jan. 20 or 21, 1628. He entered the Univ. of Ingolstadt in 1578. In 1584 he became household organist to the Frugger family in Augsburg, and also served as organist at St. Ulrich there until his death. He visited Italy in 1584, and then studied with Giovanni Gabrieli in Venice, attended the Univ. of Siena (1586…
Ainsley, John Mark, English tenor; b. Crewe, July 9, 1963. He studied at Magdalen Coll., Oxford, and with Anthony Rolfe Johnson. After making his professional debut as a soloist in Stravinsky?s Mass at London?s Royal Festival Hall in 1984, he appeared frequently as a soloist with many early music groups from 1985. He made his first appearance with the English National Opera in London as Eurillo in…
[ ay ree] (1801?92) British geophysicist and astronomer: proposed model of isostasy to explain gravitational anomalies. Airy was successful early in life, his talent and energy leading to his appointment as Astronomer Royal in 1835, a post he held for 46 years. He much extended and improved the astronomical measurements made in Britain. Airy?s researches were in the fields of both optics and geoph…
0Aitken, Robert (Morris), Canadian flutist, pedagogue, and composer; b. Kentville, Nova Scotia, Aug. 28, 1939. He studied flute with Nicholas Fiore at the Royal Cons. of Music of Toronto (1955?59); concurrently received lessons in composition from Pentland at the Univ. of British Columbia; then studied electronic music with Schaeffer and composition with Weinzweig at the Univ. of Toronto (B.Mus., …
Nancy Ajram is a popular Lebanese pop singer and dancer. The winner of a Lebanese television musical competition at the age of twelve in 1995, she achieved stardom, complete with lucrative commercial endorsements, after releasing a hit album in 2003. Ajram was born on 16 May 1983 in Ashrafiyya, in the eastern part of Beirut, Lebanon to a Maronite Catholic family who nurtured her musical ability fr…
Akagi, Kei, extremely versatile Japanese keyboard player with a highly individual style and lengthy resume; b. Japan, March 16, 1953. Akagi maintains his own sound no matter what the context. In the last two decades his credits include significant stints with Miles Davis, Stanley Turrentine, Art Pepper, Slide Hampton, Joe Farrell, Airto Moreira, James Newton, Sadao Wa-tanabe, and fusion stalwarts …
Akhenaten was the second son of King Amenhotep III (r. 1390?1352 B.C.E. ) of the Eighteenth Dynasty and his wife Tiye. When his older brother Thutmose died young, Akhenaten became the crown prince. It is possible that Akhenaten served for a time as co-regent (co-king) with his father, but the evidence for a co-regency is disputed. When his father died around 1352 B.C.E. , he ascended to the throne…
Akiyoshi, Toshiko, outstanding Chinese jazz artist; b. Darien, Manchuria, China, Dec. 12, 1929. Toshiko Akiyoshi is living proof that jazz is a world-wide phenomenon. Born in China and raised in Japan, Akiyoshi was introduced to jazz when she was still in her teens through the recordings of Teddy Wilson. While in her twenties and performing around Tokyo, she was heard by Oscar Peterson, who then t…
Moustapha Akkad (also Mustafa) was one of the few Syrians to reach international stardom as a producer and director in Hollywood from the 1970s until his death in a terrorist bombing in Amman, Jordan in 2005. He produced two classics; one on the early years of Islam under the Prophet Mohammad, and the other a Libyan-funded film about resistance leader, Omar al-Mukhtar, of the 1920s and 1930s. Both…
Badr bin Hamad bin Hamood Al Bu Sa?id is undersecretary of foreign affairs of the Sultanate of Oman. One of the leading diplomats of the Middle East and a negotiator of many important international trade and political agreements, he has played a central role in formulating and implementing Omani foreign policy since the early 1990s. Badr bin Hamad bin Hamood Al Bu Sa?id was born in 1960 in Muscat,…
Omani political figure Qaboos (also Qabus) bin Sa?id Al Bu Said is, from 1970 on, the sultan of Oman. Qaboos is credited with the Omani Renaissance: the political, economic, and cultural rebirth of the country in the late twentieth century following the long period of political repression, instability and economic depression under his father, Sultan Sa?id bin Taymur Al Bu Sa?id (1932?1970). Qaboos…
Shaykh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa became the emir of the state in Bahrain following the death of his father Isa bin Salman on 9 March 1999, and the supreme commander of Bahrain Defense Force. In addition, Hamad holds the titles of field marshal, Royal Bahrain Army; admiral of the fleet, Royal Bahrain Navy; and marshal of the Royal Bahrain Air Force. On 14 February 2002, Hamad proclaimed a new consti…
Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa has been prime minister of Bahrain since its independence from Britain in 1971. A businessman with real estate and other interests in Bahrain, Southeast Asia and the U.K., he is said to be the wealthiest individual in the kingdom. Khalifa bin Salman was born 24 November 1935 in Al Jasra, one of the ruling family?s seaside retreats, outside Manama, the capital. He is t…
Ruler of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi since 2004, Khalifa bin Zayid Al Nahyan is also the president of the United Arab Emirates. Shaykh Khalifa bin Zayid Al Nahyan has been president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the Emir and ruler of Abu Dhabi since 2004. As chairman of Abu Dhabi?s Supreme Petroleum Council, he is also responsible for management of Abu Dhabi?s massive share of the country?s c…
Shaykh Muhammad bin Zayid Al Nahyan is the Crown Prince of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Chairman of Abu Dhabi?s Executive Council, and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces. Shaykh Muhammad was born in 1961 in Abu Dhabi, the third son of Shaykh Zayid (also Zayed) bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Shaykh Zayid served as Ruler of Abu Dhabi, beginning in 1966, and UAE Pr…
An internationally prominent businessman and investor, Saudi Prince Al-Walid (also Alwaleed) bin Talal bin Abd al-Aziz Al Sa?ud is the largest single foreign investor in the United States economy in the early twenty-first century. Prince Al-Walid is an internationally prominent investor as well as a nephew of the late King Fahd of Saudi Arabia (r. 1982?2005) and the incumbent monarch, King ABDULLA…
Sultan bin Salman bin Abd al-Aziz Al Sa?ud is the first Saudi, first Arab, first Muslim, and first Middle Easterner in space. Prince Sultan was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on 27 June 1956. A prince of the Saudi royal family, he is the grandson of the founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, King Abd al-Aziz Al Sa?ud. His father, Prince Salman bin Abd al-Aziz, has been the governor of the Riyadh p…
A Kuwaiti businessman and government official, Nasir al-Sabah al-Ahmad Al Sabah is also an art patron. Nasir al-Sabah was born in Kuwait in 1948, and was educated there and in Jerusalem. He is the son and grandson of Kuwait?s ruling emirs. His grandfather, Emir SABAH AL-AHMAD AL-JABIR AL SABAH , ruled from 1921 to 1950, and his father, Emir Sabah al-Ahmad, has ruled since 2006. In 1969, Nasir al-S…
Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah is the emir of Kuwait. A senior and long the most powerful member of the ruling family, Shaykh Sabah served as foreign minister (1963?2003) and prime minister (2003?2006) before acceding to the throne as Sabah IV in 2006. Shaykh Sabah was born in Kuwait on 6 June 1929, the fourth son of the late ruler Ahmad al-Jabir (r.1921?1950), and a brother of Jabir al-Ahmad al…
Hamad bin Jasim bin Jabr Al Thani (HBJ), Qatar?s foreign minister, has served the state since 1982. In the 1980s, he took the sensitive job of overseeing the ruling family trust from oil revenues. He rose through the ranks rapidly; appointed minister of municipalities and agriculture, then acting minister of electricity and water, he became foreign minister in 1992 at the age of 33. His close pers…
Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, known as Shaykh Hamad, is the ruler of the Emirate of Qatar. The current emir of Qatar, the seventh to rule, is a descendant of the state?s founder, Shaykh Muhammad bin Thani Al Thani, who in the 1870s defeated the Bahrainis who were then in possession of the region. Shaykh Hamad finished his primary and secondary schooling in Doha, and then attended the British Royal M…
A native of Qatar, Sa?ud (also Saud) bin Muhammad bin Ali Al Thani has been described as one of the foremost art collectors in the world. A cousin of the emir of Qatar, although from the rival al-Ahmad branch of the family, Al Thani was born in 1964. By the turn of the twenty-first century, Shaikh Sa?ud had established an international reputation as an avid art collector, both for his own collecti…
London-based Jananne Al-Ani is an Iraqi-Irish multimedia artist. Al-Ani was born in 1966 in Kirkuk, Iraq to an Iraqi father and an Irish mother. She is primarily a video and video installation artist and emigrated from northern Iraq to England in 1980 where she trained at the Byam Shaw School of Art, earning a fine art diploma in 1989. Al-Ani earned a B.A. in Arabic from the University of Westmins…
A noted Syrian intellectual, Sadik Al-Azm is one of the great scholarly minds of the past four decades in the Arab world. Sadik Jalal Al-Azm was born in 1934 in Damascus, Syria, to a distinguished Sunni Muslim Damascene family. He completed his Ph.D. at Yale University in 1963 and thereafter began teaching at The American University of Beirut. He taught for many years at the University of Damascus…
[al-khwah riz mee] ( c .800? c .850) Persian mathematician: introduced modern number notation. Little is known of al-Khwarizmi?s life; he was a member of the Baghdad Academy of Science and wrote on mathematics, astronomy and geography. His book Algebra introduced that name, although much of the book deals with calculations. However, he gives a general method (al-Khwarizmi?s solution) for finding t…
William Alabaster lived at least two lives: he is known to us both as a recusant poet of the Elizabethan era and as an eccentric but avowedly Anglican chaplain to King James I.* His vacillation between his country?s religion and that of Rome is summed up in the fact that he is the only English poet to be imprisoned both by officers of Queen Elizabeth* and by ministers of the Inquisition. Alabaster…
Women?s rights activist Azam Alaee Taleghani (also Azam Taleghani, Taleqani) is an Iranian women?s rights activist who has played an important role in women?s rights and democracy issues in Iran since the 1960s. She is the daughter of Ayatollah Said Mahmoud Taleghani, who fought against the Pahlavi Shah Mohammad Reza in the 1970s and died after the 1979 revolution. Alaee Taleghani was a Member of …
Alagna, Roberto, prominent Italian tenor; b. Clichy-sur-Bois, France, June 7, 1963. He received vocal training from Raphael Ruiz. In 1988 he won the Pavar-otti Competition in Philadelphia and then made his operatic debut with the Glyndebourne Touring Opera in Plymouth as Alfredo. His first appearance at London?s Covent Garden followed in 1990 as Rodolfo. In 1991 he made his debut at Milan?s La Sca…
B. 1940 Birthplace: Tunis, Tunisia Awards: Designer of the Year, French Ministry of Culture, 1985 To those familiar with his work, it is not surprising that Azzedine Ala?a originally planned to become a sculptor. His garments are known for their sensuous tension, their voluptuization of the female form, and their accentuation of womanly curves. In other words, the ?King of Cling,? as he is called,…
Massively popular throughout the Arab world, Lebanese singer Ragheb (also Raghib) Alama has been a topping the Arab billboards since the early 1980s when he broke into the music business at the age of eighteen. He has released more than fourteen albums, with many singles reaching number one on the charts. His music tends to blend traditional rhythms with a synthesized sound to produce popular danc…
The Alamo, located in the heart of the city of San Antonio, Texas, is one of the most recognized symbols and most visited historic sites in the world. Between four and five million people per year pass through the partially restored ruins of the mission of San Antonio de Valero, which was founded by Spanish Franciscans in 1718. Labeled by the Daughters of the Republic of Texas? legal caretakers of…
Alarie, Pierrette (Marguerite), Canadian soprano and teacher; b. Montreal, Nov. 9, 1921. She studied voice and acting with Jeanne Maubourg and Albert Roberval. After appearing on radio as an actress and singer of popular music, she continued vocal training with Salvator Issaurel (1938?43) and as a scholarship student with Elisabeth Schumann at the Curtis Inst. of Music in Philadelphia (1943?46). I…
Albanese, Licia, noted Italian-born American soprano; b. Bari, July 22, 1909. She studied with Emanuel de Rosa in Bari and Giuseppina Baldassare-Tedeschi in Milan. In 1934 she made an unexpected operatic debut at Milan?s Teatro Lirico when she was called in to substitute as Cio-Cio-San for the 2 nd act of Madama Butterfly . In 1935 she made her first appearance at Milan?s La Scala as Puccini?s Lau…
Albani (real name, Lajeunesse), Dame (Marie Louise C?cile) Emma, famous Canadian soprano; b. Chambly, near Montreal, Nov. 1, 1847; d. London, April 3, 1930. In childhood she studied piano with her mother, and then piano, harp, and singing with her father. In 1856 she made her first public appearance in Montreal as a pianist and singer. In 1860 she sang for the visiting Prince of Wales there. In 18…
Albani, Mattia (real name, Mathias Alban), violin maker; b. S. Niccolo di Kaltern (Alto Adige), March (baptized, March 28) 1621; d. Bolzano, Feb. 7, 1712. He was a pupil of Jakob Stainer. Violins of Albani?s are extant dating from as early as the end of 1644. His best examples date from 1680 onward. The great vogue his violins enjoyed spawned many forgeries; false Albani labels have been discovere…
Albany, Joe (Joseph; possibly Albani), bebop pianist; b. Atlantic City, N.J., Jan. 24, 1924; d. N.Y., Jan. 12, 1988. After playing accordion as a child, Albany switched to piano in high school and in 1942 joined Leo Watson?s group. He worked briefly with Benny Carter, Max Kaminsky, and Rod Cless (at the Pied Piper in N.Y.), as well as Ge?rgie Auld, Boyd Raeburn, and Charlie Parker. His Los Angeles…
Alb?niz, Isaac (Manuel Francisco), eminent Spanish composer and pianist; b. Camprod?n, May 29, 1860; d. Cambo-les- Bains, May 18, 1909. He began piano lessons at a very early age with Narciso Oliveros in Barcelona. He was only 4 when he made his first public appearance as a pianist there with his sister Clementina. In 1867 the family went to Paris, where he had some instruction from A.-F. Marmonte…
Folk and pop singer-guitarist Chava (also Hava) Alberstein is one of Israel?s most important, respected, and prolific entertainers; one of the few Israeli artists whose popularity spans decades both in her native country and abroad. Her career resembles that of other female folk singers such as the American Joan Baez and the Argentinian Mercedes Sosa, illustrating the connection between folk music…
Albert, Don (Dominique, Albert Don), jazz trumpeter, bandleader; b. New Orleans, Aug. 5, 1908; d. San Antonio, Tex., March 4, 1980. Albert was a nephew of Natty Dominique and a relative of Barney Bigard. After some parade work in New Orleans, he toured in 1925 with Trent?s Number Two Band, and joined Troy Floyd in San Antonio (1926?29), where he also recorded with blues singers. He then returned t…
Albert, Heinrich, German organist and composer; b. Lobenstein, Saxony, July 8, 1604; d. K?nigsberg, Oct. 6, 1651. He went to Dresden in 1622, where he worked with his cousin Heinrich Sch?tz. He then went to Leipzig to study law at the Univ. (1623?26), and also came into contact with Schein. In 1627 he went to Warsaw with a peace delegation, but was seized as a prisoner of war by the Swedes. Upon h…
Albert, Stephen (Joel), distinguished American composer and teacher; b. N.Y., Feb. 6, 1941; d. in an automobile accident in Truro, Mass., Dec. 27, 1992. He studied piano, horn, and trumpet in his youth. He received training in composition from Siegmeister in Great Neck, N.Y. (1956?58), from Milhaud at the Aspen (Colo.) School of Music (summer, 1958), and from Rogers at the Eastman School of Music …
Albinoni, Tomaso Giovanni, esteemed Italian composer; b. Venice, June 8, 1671; d. there, Jan. 17, 1751. He was the son of a wealthy paper merchant. Although apprenticed to his father, he also received training in violin, singing, and composition. The lure of music led him to pursue the career of a dilettante (in the best sense of the word) composer. He first attracted attention with the premiere o…
Alboni, Marietta (actually, Maria Anna Marzia), famous Italian contralto; b. Citt? de Castello, March 6, 1823; d. Ville d?Avray, France, June 23, 1894. She studied with Mombelli, Bertinotti, and Rossini. On Oct. 3, 1842, she made her operatic debut as Climene in Pacini?s Saffo in Bologna. On Dec. 30, 1842, she made her first appearance at Milan?s La Scala in Rossini?s Assedio de Corinto . In 1843 …
Born Sophie Haggiag in 1967, in Paris, France; daughter of Yvan (a clothing-company executive) and Nicole (a clothing designer) Haggiag; married Franck (a clothing company executive; separated); children: Adrian Joseph, Paul. Education: Studied management at the Sorbonne; attended the Institut Fran?ais de la Mode. Addresses: Home ?Paris, France. Office ?c/o Paul & Joe, 46 rue Etienne Marcel, Paris…
Albrecht, family of German-Russian musicians: (1) Karl (Franz) Albrecht, conductor and composer; b. Posen, Aug. 27, 1807; d. Gatchina, near St. Petersburg, March 8, 1863. He studied harmony and counterpoint with Josef Schnabel in Breslau, and also learned to play string and wind instruments. In 1825 he became 1 st violinist in the Breslau Theater orch. He went to Dusseldorf as r?p?titeur at the Op…
Albrecht, George Alexander, German conductor; b. Bremen, Feb. 15, 1935. He received his training from Hermann Grevesm?hl (1942?54), Paul van Kempen at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena and in Hilversum (1954?55), and Rudolf Hindemith (1956?58). In 1961 he was named to the position of 1 st conductor of the Hannover State Opera, where he subsequently was its Generalmusikdirektor from 1964 to …
Albrecht, Gerd, German conductor, son of Hans Albrecht; b. Essen, July 19, 1935. He studied conducting with Br?ckner-R?ggeberg at the Hamburg Hochschule f?r Musik and musicology at the univs. of Kiel and Hamburg. After winning the Besan?on (1957) and Hilversum (1958) conducting competitions, he conducted at the W?rttemberg State Theater in Stuttgart (1958?61). He was 1 st conductor in Mainz (1961?…
Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg, famous Austrian organist, music theorist, pedagogue, and composer; b. Klosterneuburg, near Vienna, Feb. 3, 1736; d. Vienna, March 7, 1809. He studied organ and figured bass with Leopold Pittner, the dean of the Augustinians in Klosterneuburg, then was a choirboy at the Melk Abbey (1749?54), where he received instruction in organ and composition from Marian Gurtler, i…
Albrici, Vincenzo, Italian organist, harpsichordist, and composer; b. Rome, June 26, 1631; d. Prague, Aug. 8, 1696. He was the son of Domenico Albrici, an alto singer. He began his career in Rome as a boy soprano at the Collegio Germania under his mentor Carissimi (1641?46), and then was organist and maestro di cappella at the Chiesa Nuovo. In 1652-53 he was at the Swedish court of Queen Christina…
Albright, William (Hugh), American pianist, organist, teacher, and composer; b. Gary, Ind., Oct. 20, 1944; d. Ann Arbor, Sept. 17, 1998. He studied with Rosetta Goodkind (piano) and Hugh Aitken (theory) at the Juilliard Preparatory Dept. in N.Y. (1959?62), and then was a student in composition of Finney and Bassett and in organ of Marilyn Mason at the Univ. of Mich. (1963?70). He also received tra…
Alc?ntara, Theo, Spanish-born American conductor; b. Cuenca, April 16, 1941. He obtained diplomas in piano and composition at the Madrid Cons., and in conducting at the Salzburg Mozarteum. After conducting at the Frankfurt am Main Opera (1964?66), he was director of the opera workshop and sym. orch. at the Univ. of Mich. (1967?74). From 1973 to 1978 he was music director of the Grand Rapids Sym. O…
DEFINITION. Those who practiced alchemy claimed it was a science and speculative philosophy which aimed to change base metals into gold, discover a universal cure for disease, and prolong life indefinitely. The earliest al-chemical texts claim an origin in ancient Egypt. In fact, the oldest known alchemical text was written by Zosimus of Panopolis, who lived in the fourth century C.E. in a town i…
One of the ways in which communication functions is in the creation and maintenance of the ways in which using and abusing substances, especially alcohol, are talked about and treated. When, for example, society considered the use of alcohol to be a social sin, its use was banned. ?Prohibition? is the name given to the era during which it was illegal in the United States to buy, sell, and drink al…
The presentation of alcohol and other drugs in the media has received both scrutiny and criticism. As a result, researchers have started to explore the types of portrayals of, in particular, alcohol use in television programs and advertisements and the influence of those portrayals on adolescents. Multiple studies indicate an abundance of alcohol use in entertainment programming. In their review o…
Alcorn, Alvin (Elmore), jazz trumpeter; b. New Orleans, Sept. 7, 1912; d. there, 1981. Alcorn was taught musical theory by his sax-playing brother Oliver (born in 1910), then studied trumpet with George McCullum Jr. From around 1928 he played with violinist Clarence Desdune, led his own band, and worked with Armand Pir?n and with The Sunny South Syncopators (1931). He toured with Don Albert from 1…
[dal?bair] (1717?83) French mathematician: discovered d?Alembert?s principle in mechanics. D?Alembert?s forename comes from that of the church, St Jean le Rond, on whose steps he was found as a baby. He was probably the illegitimate son of a Parisian society hostess, Mme de Tenzin, and the chevalier Destouches; the latter paid for his education while he was brought up by a glazier and his wife. He…
Alessandri, Felice, Italian composer; b. probably in Rome, Nov. 24, 1747; d. Casinalbo, near Modena, Aug. 15, 1798. He received his training in Naples, and then began his career as a harpsichordist and conductor in Turin and Paris. About 1767 he married the singer Maria Lavinia Guadagni (b. Lodi, Nov. 21, 1735; d. Padua, c. 1790), the sister of Gaetano Guadagni . The couple found employment at the…
The life and deeds of Alexander III of Macedon (356?323 B.C. ) were recorded soon after his *death and expanded and translated through the late classical and early Christian period. Various fantastic stories evolved which provided the foundation for the continuing fascination with Alexander during the Middle Ages. Poems and prose narratives were produced in Latin and numerous vernacular languages …
Archer Alexander was the model for the slave depicted in the Lincoln Freedmen Memorial in Lincoln Park, Washington, D.C. Thought to be the last slave captured in Missouri under the terms of the Fugitive Slave Act, Alexander was working at the time for William Greenleaf Eliot, a minister in the Unitarian Church and grandfather of poet T S. Eliot. Reverend Eliot was a staunch abolitionist who put up…
After the dean of the engineering school at the State University of Iowa told him that he had never heard of a Negro engineer and tried to persuade him to find another career choice, Archie Alexander became more determined than ever to pursue his professional goal. Although denied employment with white architectural firms early in his career, Alexander remain steadfast and later became a successfu…
John Hanks Alexander was the second black graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point following Henry O. Flipper and preceding Charles Young, the third graduate. He was the first black officer to hold a regular command post in the U.S. Army. In 1894 he received military orders to serve as professor of military science and tactics at Wilberforce University, a black institution in O…
ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1916?1991). Producer. He was born in Denver , Colorado , and educated at Colorado State University and the University of Chicago . During World War II, Alexander became the official state filmmaker for Ethiopia under Emperor Haile Selassie, and also did film work for Liberia under President William S. B. Tubman. He was an organizer of the Associated Producers of Negro Motion Pi…
Alexander, Monty (Montgomery Bernard), jazz pianist; b. Kingston, Jamaica, June 6, 1944. A fresh, delightful, and hard-swinging improvisor, Alexander began playing piano and accordion at age six. He enjoyed local styles such as the calypso, and listened to North American popular music on radio, in movies, and at concerts by Fats Domino, Ray Charles, Louis Armstrong, Professor Longhair, and Nat Kin…
Alexander, Roberta, admired black American soprano; b. Lynchburg, Va., March 3, 1949. She was reared in a musical family; studied at the Univ. of Mich, in Ann Arbor (1969?71; M.Mus., 1971) and with Herman Wolt-man at the Royal Cons, of Music at The Hague. She appeared as Pamina at the Houston Grand Opera in 1980, as Daphne in Santa Fe (1981), and as Elettra in Idomeneo in Z?rich (1982). Following …
(NBC, 5/16/1977, 120 mins). A male hustler has no end of trouble trying to find legitimate work in this sequel to ?Dawn: Portrait of a Teenage Runaway? (1976), and he soon finds himself involved with a gay football pro. Production Companies Douglas S. Cramer Productions, NBC Productions. Director John Erman. Executive Producer Douglas S. Cramer. Producer Wilford Lloyd Baumes. Teleplay Walter Dalle…
Alfano, Franco, eminent Italian composer and teacher; b. Posilippo, March 8, 1875; d. San Remo, Oct. 27, 1954. He studied composition with Serrao in Naples, and with Jadassohn and Sitt in Leipzig. From the beginning of his musical career, Aliano was interested in opera. His first stage work, Miranda, was written when he was barely 20; another opera, La fonte di Enchir, followed (Breslau, Nov. 8, 1…
(1930? ) Russian physicist: devised improved transistors, and semiconductor lasers. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer (1928? ) were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 2000, together with . Alferov was born in Belorussia in 1930, graduating from the Electrotechnical Institute in Leningrad in 1952. Kroemer obtained his doctorate in theoretical physics from G?ttingen in the same year, and five …
Alfonso X ( ?El Sabio,? the Learned, or Wise, 1221?1284), king of Castile and Leon from 1252, reigned during a complex and troubled period. Although elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1257, he was unable to gain recognition for this appointment; his son Sancho rebelled against him in 1282 in dispute over the succession, and Alfonso died during the ensuing civil war. Despite the tumultous political situ…
Alfv?n, Hugo (Emil), eminent Swedish composer and choral conductor; b. Stockholm, May 1, 1872; d. Falun, May 8, 1960. He was a student of Johan Lindberg (violin) and Aron Bergenson (harmony) at the Stockholm Cons. (1887?90); during this period, he also pursued training in painting with Otto Hesselbom and Oscar T?orn?. From 1890 to 1897 he was a violinist in the Royal Opera Orch. in Stockholm. He a…
Algarotti, Francesco, Italian scholar; b. Venice, Dec. 11, 1712; d. Pisa, May 3, 1764. He was educated in Rome, Bologna, and Florence, and acquired a notable reputation as a scholar of the arts and sciences. In 1740 Friedrich II the Great of Prussia called him to Berlin and made him a Count, and, in 1747, a Chevalier de Tordre pour le m?rite. He also was an advisor to Augustus III, Elector of Saxo…
Abu al-Hassan ibn al Haytham ( Arabic ) [alha zen ] ( c .965?1038) Egyptian physicist: made major advances in optics. Alhazen rejected the older idea that light was emitted by the eye, and took the view that light was emitted from self-luminous sources, was reflected and refracted and was perceived by the eye. His book The Treasury of Optics (first published in Latin in 1572) discusses lenses (in…
Born in 1967, in Dhaka, Bangladesh; emigrated to Britain, 1971; daughter of Hatem (a teacher) and Joyce (a counselor) Ali; married Simon Torrance (a management consultant); children: Felix, Shumi (daughter). Education: Earned PPE (philosophy, politics, and economics) degree from Wadham College, Oxford University. Addresses: Home ?Dulwich, England. Office ?c/o Doubleday (UK), c/o Transworld Publish…
Ali, Rashied (originally Patterson, Robert), jazz drummer; b. Philadelphia, July 1, 1935. Ali is best known for his freestyle work with John Coltrane. He came from a musical family; his mother sang with Jimmie Lunceford (perhaps as part of a vocal group). Ali did some studying at the Granoff School, played in the army, and on return started gigging with rhythm and blues and rock groups, such as Di…
Aliabiev, Alexander (Nikolaievich), ! Russian composer; b. Tobolsk, Siberia, Aug. 15, 1787; d. Moscow, March 6, 1851. His father was the governor of Tobolsk, and Aliabiev spent his childhood there. The family went to St. Petersburg in 1796, and in 1804 settled in Moscow. He studied music in Moscow and had his first songs publ. in 1810. During the War of 1812, he served in the Russian army, and par…
(ABC, 1/5/1971, 120 mins). A lighthearted Western about a pair of notorious outlaws who take the governor?s offer of amnesty, offered through a lawman friend, if they?ll bring in a vicious desperado and his gang?and then discover that their amnesty has other strings attached. A series of the same name with Peter Deuel and Ben Murphy followed, beginning several weeks after the initial showing of th…
ALICE, MARY (1941?). Actress. The Mississippi-born Alice began her career with the Negro Ensemble Company and played many roles off-Broadway. Later, she won a Tony Award for her performance in the August Wilson play Fences , and played Broadway in Having Our Say: The Delaney Sisters? First 100 Years , with veteran actress Gloria Foster. Her television credits include guest spots on Sanford and Son…
Private ownership of land occupies a central position in American law. In the nineteenth century a link emerged in West Coast states between property ownership and race, exemplified by the 1859 Oregon Constitution, which declared that no ?Chinaman? could ever own land in Oregon. During this period, ?race? was legally constructed along a white-nonwhite binary, with Chinese immigrants categorized as…
Since xenophobia, or hatred of strangers, is a feature of most societies, terms for aliens tend to form a notable word stock in the vocabulary of swearing and vituperation. Various stereotypical behaviors are attributed to aliens. These include barbarism, savagery, sexual perversion, paganism, stupidity, lack of hygiene, dishonesty, unscrupulous business practices, strange clothes and eating habit…
Alkan (real name, Morhange), Charles-Valentin, remarkable and eccentric French pianist and composer; b. Paris, Nov. 30, 1813; d. there, March 29, 1888. His father, Alkan Morhange (1780?1855), operated a music school in Paris; his brothers, Ernest (1816?76), Maxime (1818?91), Napoleon (1826?1906), and Gustave (1827?86), all became well-known musicians; all 5 adopted their father?s first name as the…
(NBC, 2/4/1975, 120 mins). A gentle, episodic account of author James Herriot?s apprenticeship in the mid-1930s to an eccentric rural English veterinarian and his awkward courtship of a farmer?s daughter. Based on Herriott?s novels ?If Only hey Could Talk? and ?And It Shouldn?t Happen to a Vet.? The film was tested briefly following its TV premiere in theatrical release in the U.S. after a semi-su…
(CBS, 11/14/1979, 180 mins). Acclaimed three-hour TV remake of the 1930 film classic about a young generation?s disillusionment and eventual destruction by war. Richard Thomas and Ernest Borgnine took the roles played in the original by Lew Ayres and Louis Wolheim. This version received seven Emmy Award nominations: Outstanding Drama, supporting actor (Borgnine), supporting actress (Patricia Neal)…
The term All Saints refers to all the Christian saints-both known and unknown. References to the liturgical commemoration of the feast of All Saints date from the fourth century in the east and from at least the early seventh century in the west. The feast was officially established in the western church calendar in the early ninth century. Illustrations of All Saints occur in hagiographic and lit…
(ABC, 2/5/1975, 90 mins). Family drama inspired by the actual story of four orphaned children who have 30 days to prove they can remain together as a family without adult supervision. John Rubinstein (son of legendary pianist Artur Rubinstein) stars as the oldest, and he also wrote the film?s music. Two other second generation actors also appear: Adam Arkin (son of Alan) and Larry Bishop (son of J…
Allard, Joe (Joseph A.), saxophone teacher; b. Lowell, Mass., Dec. 31, 1910; d. 1991. Allard enjoyed legendary status as an educator. He studied clarinet at the New England Cons., took saxophone lessons from Rudy Wiedoeft, and played alto saxophone with Red Nichols before settling in N.Y. in the late 1930s. He was bass clarinetist with Arturo Toscanini and The NBC Sym. and played first clarinet on…
Allegri, Gregorio, Italian singer and composer; b. Rome, 1582; d. there, Feb. 7, 1652. He was a choirboy at S. Luigi de Francesi in Rome (1591?96), and then a tenor there until 1604. He also received instruction from G. M. Nanino (1600?07). After serving as a chorister at Fermo Cathedral (1607?21), he was maestro di cappella at S. Spirito in Sassia (1628?30) and then a member of the papal choir in…
ALLEN, DEBBIE (1950?). Dancer, actress, producer, director, choreographer. She was born in Houston, Texas, and educated at Howard University in Washington, D. C. Allen began her dancing career in Broadway musicals before moving on to television and films. Her performance in the 1979 stage production of West Side Story earned her a Drama Desk Award, plus a Tony Award nomination. She received a seco…
Hope Emily Allen, known as an ?independent scholar,? was born in Kenwood, Oneida, New York, in 1883. She attended Niagara Falls (Ontario) Collegiate Institute, then graduated with distinction from Bryn Mawr College in 1905 with a B.A. degree. She continued her master?s work at Radcliffe College and Newn-ham College at the University of Cambridge. Allen?s main area of interest was mystical literatu…
Macon Bolling Allen was the first recorded licensed African American lawyer in the United States. He was a self-taught lawyer who gained his knowledge and legal skills by serving as an apprentice and law clerk to practicing white lawyers in the pre-Civil War era. Negro professionals received their training by apprenticeship; however, they could not depend upon the practice of law for a living. The…
(1953-) Paul Allen Group Paul Allen cofounded Microsoft Corporation with his childhood friend Bill Gates. Together, they built Microsoft into a multibillion-dollar empire by developing software that revolutionized the world of personal computing. Allen left the company in 1982 due to ill health and has subsequently pursued investments in high technology, entertainment, and sports. Paul Allen was…
Richard Allen was an abolitionist and the first bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. Allen was born a slave on February 14, 1760, in Philadelphia to parents owned by Benjamin Chew, the colony?s attorney general and chief justice of the High Court of Appeals. Allen later remembered Chew as a kind master, but the attorney?s practice faltered when Allen was seventeen, and Allen, hi…
Allen, Betty, black American mezzo-soprano, teacher, and administrator; b. Campbell, Ohio, March 17, 1930. She attended Wilberforce Univ. (1944?46), the Hartford School of Music (1950?53), and the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood; among her mentors were Sarah Peck More, Zinka Milanov, and Paul Ulanowsky She made her N.Y.C. Opera debut as Queenie in Showboat (1954). She made her N.Y. recital de…
Allen, Geri, jazz pianist and composer; b. Pontiac, Mich., June 12, 1957. Allen is an acclaimed soloist and composer who began attracting attention in the early 1980s in non-traditional contexts. Raised in Detroit, she was classically trained and later became immersed in jazz, at which point Marcus Belgrave became a mentor at Cass Technical H.S. After graduating with a degree in jazz studies from …
Allen, Sir Thomas (Boaz), notable English baritone; b. Seaham, Sept. 10, 1944. He studied organ and voice at the Royal Coll. of Music in London (1964?68). After singing in the Glyndebourne Festival Chorus (1968?69), he made his operatic debut as Rossini?s Figaro at the Welsh National Opera in Cardiff in 1969, where he sang until 1972. In 1971 he made his first appearance at London?s Covent Garden …
Born Robert Mark Allenby, July 12, 1971, in Melbourne, Australia; son of Don and Sylvia Allenby; married Sandy, 1999; children: Harry Jack, Lily Bela. Addresses: Contact ?PGA Tour, 112 TPC Blvd., Ponte Vedra Beach, FL 32082-3046. Contact ?Challenge House, 529-535 King St., West Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3003. Home ?Melbourne, Australia, and Jupiter, Florida. International victories include: …
Allison, Ben, jazz bassist/composer; b. New Haven, Conn., Nov. 17, 1966. Allison is artistic director and one of five composers-in-residence of the Jazz Composers Collective, a group that presents new music according to the vision of the composers. The Collective presents a concert series and publishes a newsletter, which is distributed at no charge. Allison is also coleader of The Herbie Nichols …
Allison, Mose (John Jr.), jazz-pop pianist, singer, writer; b. Tippo, Miss., Nov. 11, 1927. Allison is a distinctive jazz pianist, a sly and charming singer primarily in a smooth blues idiom, and a witty and perceptive poet writing such lyrics as, ?Ever since the world ended/I don?t go out as much.? His father was a cotton farmer and storekeeper and amateur stride pianist. Mose heard blues on the …
Swearing employs various kinds of phonetic emphasis, notably alliteration (the repetition of a particular consonant) and rhyme (the repetition of a vowel sound). Historically, alliteration, not rhyme, was the staple poetic arrangement of words in Anglo-Saxon and much medieval poetry. Although it no longer has this literary status, alliteration continues to be a notable feature of swearing. A numbe…
Allman Brothers Band, The, southern rock band, formed 1969. M EMBERSHIP: Duane Allman, 1st lead and slide gtr., voc. (b. Nashville, Nov. 20, 1946; d. Macon, Ga., Oct. 29, 1971); Gregg Allman, kybd., gtr., voc. (b. Nashville, Dec. 8, 1947); Richard ?Dickey? Betts, 2nd lead and slide gtr., dobro, voc. (b. West Palm Beach, Fla., Dec. 12, 1943); Berry Oakley, bs. (b. Jacksonville, Fla., April 4, 1948;…
Born Eleanor Geisman, October 7, 1917, in the Bronx, NY; died of pulmonary respiratory failure and acute bronchitis, July 8, 2006, in Ojai, CA. Actress. Screen actress June Allyson was best known for her roles in MGM films of the 1940s and 1950s. She played the ideal girlfriend in musicals in the 1940s, then progressed to playing the faultless wife in the 1950s. Allyson was a perky blonde whose hu…
Gila Almagor is an Israeli film and theater actress, the first and only Israeli female film star. She has rendered a rich portrayal of women of diverse ethnicities and social classes in an acting career lasting for nearly fifty years. She is the author of two successful semi autobiographical novels, which she also adapted to the screen. She won the prestigious Israel Prize in 2004. Almagor (born A…
Almanac Singers, The, political American folksinging group. Although they existed only from 1941 to 1943, The Almanac Singers profoundly influenced the development of topical songwriting. Their impact was felt especially in the folk revival of the late 1950s and early 1960s. The Almanac Singers was more a musical collective than a set group; a large number of full- and part-time members participat…
Almenr?der, Carl, German bassoonist, inventor, and composer; b. Ronsdorf, Oct. 3, 1786; d. Biebrich, Sept. 14, 1843. He studied with his father, but was autodidact as a bassoonist. After training in theory from Bernhard Klein, he turned his attention to his career as a bassoonist. In 1810 he became a teacher of bassoon at the new Cologne School. After playing bassoon in the orch. of the Frankfurt …
CBS, 10/11/1974, 120 mins). A young schoolteacher (Sally Struthers) in Hawaii fights for her life against both a rare blood disease and an unscrupulous surgeon (James Franciscus) in need of a heart-transplant donor. Production Company Universal Television. Director David Lowell Rich. Executive Producer David Lowell Rich. Producer Sam Strangis. Teleplay Joseph Stefano. Based on a Novel by Naomi A H…
Alpert, Herb, the trumpet player who translated mariachi music into a half-billion dollars; b. Los Angeles, Calif., March 31, 1935. Herb Alpert?s father, Louis Goldberg, was a tailor, an immigrant from Kiev who settled in the Fairfax area of Los Angeles. His mother, Tillie, encouraged his classical trumpet studies, which he started in elementary school. He started exploring other avenues after see…
This entry, in fact, this entire encyclopedia, would be a very different object if there were no alphabet. Although there are nonalphabetic writing systems and there are ways to communicate other than through writing, an alphabet is one of the most powerful tools for the easy expression of a diverse range of ideas. An alphabet facilitates a print culture, one in which permanent records can be main…
(1921? ) US physicist: (with Robert Herman) predicted microwave background radiation in space; and synthesis of elements in early universe. A civilian physicist in the Second World War, Alpher afterwards worked in US universities and in industry. He is best known for his theoretical work concerning the origin and evolution of the universe. In 1948, Alpher, together with and , suggested for the f…
Alsop, Marin, American conductor; b. N.Y., Oct. 16, 1956. She pursued music training at the Juilliard School in N.Y. (B.M., 1977; M.M., 1978). During the summers of 1988 and 1989, she held the Leonard Bernstein Conducting Fellowship at the Tanglewood Music Center, where she was a student of Bernstein, Ozawa, and Gustav Meier. In 1989 she became the first woman to receive the Koussevitzky conductin…
Altenburg, Detlef, German musicologist; b. Bad Hersfeld, Jan. 9, 1947. He was educated at the Univ. of Cologne (Ph.D., 1973, with the diss. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Tr?mpete im Zeitalter der Clarinblaskunst (1500?1800); publ. in Regensburg, 1973; Habilitationss-chrift, 1980, Studien zum Musikdenken und zu den Reform-planen von Franz Liszt) . From 1983 he was a prof. at the Univ.- Gesamtho…
Altmann, Wilhelm, German music librarian and scholar; b. Adelnau, near Posen, April 4, 1862; d. Hildesheim, March 25, 1951. He studied with Otto Lustner (violin and theory) in Breslau, took courses in medieval history and classical philology in Marburg and Berlin (1882?85), and received training in library science at the Royal Univ. Library in Breslau. He was a librarian (1889?1900) and a lecturer…
al toon yan] (1922?87) British medical pioneer; introducer of the anti-asthma drug sodium cromoglycate. Of Irish?Armenian and English parentage, he was also the grandson of W G Collingwood (1854?1932), the friend and biographer of John Ruskin (1819?1900). Roger Altounyan was born in Syria, but spent summer holidays sailing in the Lake District with his sisters. Here the family met Arthur Ransome (…
Alva, Luigi(real name, Luis Ernesto Alva Talledo), noted Peruvian tenor; b. Lima, April 10, 1927. He was a pupil of Rosa Morales in Lima, where he made his operatic debut as Beppe in 1950. He then completed his training at the La Scala opera school in Milan. In 1954 he made his European operatic debut as Alfredo at Milan?s Teatro Nuovo, and then sang Paolino in II matrimonio segreto at the opening…
[al vah rez] (1911?88) US physicist: developed the bubble-chamber technique in particle physics. Alvarez was a student under , and then joined at the University of California at Berkeley in 1936. He remained there, becoming professor of physics in 1945. Alvarez was an unusually prolific and diverse physicist. He discovered the phenomenon of orbital electron capture, whereby an atomic nucleus ?capt…
Alvin, Danny (originally Viniello, Daniel Alvin), jazz drummer; b. N.Y., Nov. 29, 1902; d. Chicago, Dec. 6, 1958. The father of the late Teddy Walters (vocals/guitar), Alvin?s first professional work was accompanying ?Aunt Jemima? at the Central Opera House, N.Y. in 1918. During the following year he began a three-year spell accompanying vocalist Sophie Tucker. Alvin moved to Chicago in 1922 and j…
Alvis, Hayes (Julian), jazz tuba player, string bassist; b. Chicago, May 1, 1907; d. N.Y., Dec. 29, 1972. Originally a drummer, Alvis played in The Chicago Defender Boys? Band. He played drums and tuba with Jelly Roll Morton on tour dates from 1927 to early 1928, then concentrated mainly on tuba, gigging with many bands in Chicago, then with Earl Hines from late 1928 to 1930. Switching to string b…
Amacher, Maiyanne, ingenious American composer and sound installation artist; b. Kates, Pa., Feb. 25, 1943. After piano studies at the Philadelphia Cons, of Music, she studied music in Salzburg and England as an Inst. for International Education Fellow; she also studied with Stockhausen. She trained in both music and computer science at the Univ. of Pa. (B.F.A., 1964), where she received the Hugh …
Amadle, Jimmy (James), jazz pianist, educator; b. Philadelphia, Jan. 5, 1937. Beginning in the late 1950s, Amadie jammed regularly around Philadelphia, and worked with Mel Torme (recording with him in 1963), Woody Herman, Red Rodney, and Charlie Ventura. He was, for a time, house pianist at the Red Hill Inn in Pennsauken, N.J., where leading names played, and in 1960 he led the house trio at N.Y.?…
Amara (real name, Armaganian), Lucine, American soprano; b. Hartford, Conn., March 1, 1925. She studied with Stella Eisner?Eyn in San Francisco, and attended the Music Academy of the West in Santa Barbara (1947) and the Univ. of Southern Calif, in Los Angeles (1949?50). She also studied with Bobbi Tillander. In 1945 she became a member of the San Francisco Opera chorus. She made her concert debut …
Raja Amari is a Tunisian film director. Born in 1971 in Tunis, Tunisia, Amari trained as a belly dancer at the Conservatoire de Tunis (Tunis conservatory) and also received a degree in Romance languages with an emphasis on art history from the University of Tunis. After working as a film critic for Cin?crit (1992?1994) she moved on to film studies in Paris at the Institut de Formation et d?Enseign…
(NBC, 1/8/1979, 120 mins). Comedy/drama, similar to Robert Altman?s ?Nashville,? surrounding the preparations by employees, patrons and hopefuls in a roadhouse country-and-western talent show. Production Companies Motown Productions, Universal Television. Director Joel Schumacher. Executive Producer Rob Cohen. Producer Lauren Schuler. Teleplay Joel Schumacher. Photography Ric Waite. Music Craig Br…
Amati, renowned family of Italian violin makers working at Cremona. Andrea Amati (b. between 1500 and 1505; d. before 1580) was the first violin maker of the family. He established the prototype of Italian instruments, with characteristics found in modern violins. His sons were Antonio Amati (b. c. 1538; d. c. 1595), who built violins of varying sizes, and Girolamo Amati (b. c. 1561; d. Nov. 2, 16…
Amato, Pasquale, remarkable Italian baritone; b. Naples, March 21, 1878; d. N.Y., Aug. 12, 1942. He studied at the Naples Cons. (1896?99). In 1900 he made his operatic debut as Germont at the Teatro Bellini in Naples, and then sang in other Italian music centers. In 1904 he sang Amonasro at his debut at London?s Covent Garden. In 1907-08 he appeared at Milan?s La Scala. On Nov. 20, 1908, he made h…
The concepts of ambition and fame are ones that have often troubled modern dramatists, especially those who have felt pulled by the former and restricted by the latter. Because ambition can be viewed both positively and negatively, dramas have reflected the consequences of both too little and too much ambition, as well as showing the damage caused by those ambitious for the wrong things. Ambition …
Saint Ambrose is one of the four Latin *Doctors of the Church. Born in Trier, educated in Rome, he became a successful lawyer and was appointed a provincial governor, based in Milan. Upon the *death of the Arian bishop of Milan in 374, Ambrose was unwillingly but unanimously elected by the people as the next bishop, which position he held until his death. Extremely involved with contemporary polit…
Ame, Michael, English composer and keyboard player, illegitimate son of Thomas Augustine Arne; b. London, c. 1740; d. there, Jan. 14, 1786. He was reared by his aunt, Susanne Maria Cibber. His musical talent manifested itself at an early age and, while still young, he publ. The Floweret (1750), the first of seven song collections, which included the highly popular song The Highland Laddie . Arne b…
(NBC, 10/25/1976, 180 mins). An ambitious three-hour movie biography of the famed aviatrix and her marriage to a noted publisher. Emmy nominations went to Susan Clark as Best Actress, Susan Oliver as Best Supporting Actress, and William Tuntke and Richard Freedman for their art direction and set decoration. Production Company Universal Television. Director George Schaefer. Producer George Eckstein…
Ameling, Elly (actually, Elisabeth Sara), outstanding Dutch soprano; b. Rotterdam, Feb. 8, 1934. After studies in Rotterdam and The Hague, she completed her training with Bernac in Paris; won the ?s-Hertogenbosch (1956) and Geneva (1958) competitions, then made her formal recital debut in Amsterdam (1961). Subsequent appearances with the Concertgebouw Orch. in Amsterdam and the Rotterdam Phil. sec…
(1943-) Gil Amelio took over a struggling Apple Computer Corporation in 1996 as president and CEO, and helmed the sinking ship for 17 months before being unceremoniously fired. Amelio, an expert in semiconductor technology and a respected Silicon Valley executive, later wrote a book about his experience at the computer industry?s most legendarily rebellious innovator. Amelio was born in New York C…
Ameln, Konrad, German musicologist and choral conductor; b. Neuss am Rhein, July 6, 1899; d. L?denscheid, Sept. 1, 1994. He studied at the Univ. of G?ttingen (1919?21) and with Gutlitt at the Univ. of Freiburg im Breisgau (Ph.D., 1924, with the diss. Beitr?ge zur Geschichte der Melodien ?Innsbruck, ich muss dick lassen? und ?Ach Gott, von Himmel sieh darein?) . After serving as a music consultant …
As is true with most ancient Egyptian individuals, little is known of Amenemhab?s personal life. He lived during the reign of Amenhotep III, the father of Akhenaten. Akhenaten was the first king to radically alter Egyptian religion by proclaiming that only the sun should be worshipped as the god Aten. Amenemhab anticipated Akhenaten?s beliefs with the song he sang about the sun-god Re. Amenemhab m…
Late in the reign of Thutmose III (1479?1425 B.C.E.?Early in the reign of Tutankhamun (1332?1322 B.C.E.) Scribe Chief of the King?s Works Amenhotep son of Hapu was born in the Nile delta late in the reign of Thutmose III. His father, Hapu, was a commoner. Amenhotep?s first known official position was royal scribe. He was thus an embodiment of the Egyptian belief that education was the key to…
Amenhotep, son of Hapu, was born during the reign of pharaoh Thuthmosis III in the town of Athribis, in the Delta. His father was Hapu, and his mother was Itu. As a young man, he attended the temple school and learned ?the words of Thoth? (hieroglyphs). Amenhotep served as an official under King Amenhotep III (r. 1390?1352 B.C.E. ) of the Eighteenth Dynasty. He was first appointed as a royal scrib…
Ghada Amer is an acclaimed Egyptian avant-garde artist working in New York, and one of the best known Arab contemporary artists working in the West today. Amer was born in 1963 in Cairo, Egypt, to a family of Muslim Egyptians. In 1974 her family moved to France, and she obtained a B.F.A. in 1986 and an M.F.A. in 1989 from ?cole Pilote Internationale d?Art et de Recherche, Villa Arson, Nice, France…
Principal social theme: immigration Warner Brothers. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Stathis Giallelis, Frank Wolff, Elena Karam, Lou Antonio, John Marley, Estelle Helmsley, Robert H. Harris, Gregory Rozakis, Salem Ludwig, Linda Marsh, Paul Mann, Joanna Frank, Harry Davis. Written by Elia Kazan. Cinematography by Haskell Wexler. Edited by Dede Allen. Music by Manos Hadjidakis. Produced by Charles H. Ma…
AMERICA ?S DREAM . 1995. (PG-13) 87 min. Drama. Three short stories exploring a glimpse of the African American experience between 1938 and 1958. Long Black Song is from a short story by Richard Wright. A hardworking Alabama farmer goes to town for supplies. In his absence, a white traveling salesman pays a visit to his farm, meets the farmer?s wife, and takes advantage of their mutual attraction,…
The American Anti-Slavery Society played a significant role in furthering the cause of abolition during the decades leading up to the Civil War. The society was founded in 1833 in Philadelphia by the white abolitionists Theodore Dwight Weld, Arthur Tappan, and Arthur?s brother Lewis. Its most prominent member was William Lloyd Garrison, who served until 1840 as the society?s first president. Notew…
The American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Color of the United States was organized on December 21, 1816, in the Davis Hotel in Washington, D.C. The stated purposes of the organization, which was commonly known as the American Colonization Society (ACS), were threefold: (1) to create an unfettered haven for free blacks whose continued presence in the United States was seen as posing in…
Principal social themes: hate groups, violence/gangs, racism/civil rights, immigration New Line Cinema. R rating. Featuring: Edward Norton, Edward Furlong, Avery Brooks, Stacy Keach, Beverly D?Angelo, Jennifer Lein, Fairuza Balk, Elliott Gould, William Russ, Joe Cortese, Ethan Suplee, Guy Tory, Giuseppe Andrews, Anne Lamblon, Alex Sol, Jim Norton, Paul LeMat; Written by David McKenna. Cinematograp…
The figure of the American Indian is possibly the most stereotyped in American history. The stereotypes range from the early settlers? descriptions of American Indians as childlike savages engaged in hedonistic lifestyles to exotic images of natural figures free of civilization, the numerous sensationalist dramatizations on stage and in film of the ?seductive squaw? enamored of white men, the ?Nob…
The American Indian Movement (AIM) is an activist organization dedicated to protecting indigenous peoples? rights around the world. AIM?s founders and continuing leadership have been American Indians, however, and its agenda and protests have focused primarily on issues of concern to Native North Americans. AIM was founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1968 as an Indian rights organization that mo…
The American Kennel Club is one of a number of registries for purebred dogs, however it remains the most recognized registry in America. In order for a dog to be eligible to be registered with the American Kennel Club, its parents must also be registered as the same breed. The litter the dog was born into must also be registered with the American Kennel Club. If this can be arranged, the dog can t…
The American Negro Academy (ANA), founded on March 5, 1897, in Washington, D.C., was the first national African-American learned society. Although American blacks had established numerous local literary and scholarly societies beginning in the late 1820s, the goals and membership of the American Negro Academy made it a distinct and original endeavor. The academy?s constitution defined it as ?an or…
American Quartet, The, second only to The Peerless Quartet as the most popular vocal quartet of the second decade of the 20th century, its specialties were ragtime and comic numbers; formed 1910. M EMBERSHIP: Billy Murray (the group?s leader, who sometimes was billed before its name), John Bieling, Steve Porter, and William F. Hooley. Bieling and Hooley were also members of the Haydn Quartet. The …
Amfitheatrof, Daniele (Alexandrovich), Russian-born American composer and conductor; b. St. Petersburg, Oct. 29, 1901; d. Rome, June 7, 1983. He was a son of a famous Russian journalist. He studied composition with Wihtol and Shcherbachov at the St. Petersburg Cons., with Kricka in Prague, and with Respighi at the Cons, di Santa Cecilia in Rome (diploma, 1924); also organ at Rome?s Pontifical Acad…
[a mee chee] (1786?1868) Italian microscopist: improved the compound microscope. Amici trained as an engineer and architect in Bologna; he became a teacher of mathematics but was soon invited to Florence to head the observatory and science museums there. His interest from his youth was in optical instruments, especially microscopes. At that time compound microscopes were inferior to simple types, …
B. July 17, 1909 Birthplace: London, England Awards: Harper?s Bazaar Award, 1962 ???????? Caswell-Massey International Award, 1962, 1964, 1968 ???????? Ambassador Magazine Award, 1964 ???????? The Sunday Times Special Award, London, 1965 ???????? Personnalit? de l?Ann?e (Haute Couture), Paris, 1986 ???????? British Fashion Council Hall of Fame Award, 1989 Amies, who became dressmaker to …
Galal (also Jalal) Ahmad Amin is a noted Egyptian economist, professor, author, and commentator. Amin was born in Egypt in 1935. His father, Ahmad Amin, was a prominent writer, judge, and professor. Galal Amin studied at Cairo University, receiving his LL.B. degree there in 1955, a diploma in economics in 1956, and a diploma in public law in 1957. Amin then traveled to Britain in 1958 to study on …
Umar (Omar) Amiralay is a prominent Syrian filmmaker and producer as well as a civil rights activist. His distinctive and prolific body of work includes documentaries and feature films. Most of his films are potent critiques of the sociopolitical status quo in Syria and a few have been banned by that country?s government. Amiralay has been an outspoken critic of dictatorship and the lack of basic …
Amirkhanian, Charles (Benjamin), American avant-garde composer, influential radio producer, and arts administrator of Armenian descent; b. Fresno, Calif., Jan. 19, 1945. He studied English literature at Calif. State Univ. at Fresno (B.A., 1967), interdisciplinary creative arts at San Francisco State Coll. (M.A., 1969), and electronic music and sound recording at Mills Coll. (M.F.A., 1980). In his …
Amirov, Fikret (Meshadi Jamil), Azerbaijani composer; b. Gyandzha, Nov. 22, 1922; d. Baku, Feb. 20, 1984. He studied with his father, a tar player and singer, and pursued training in the tar at the Gyandzha Music Coll. After composition study at the Baku Coll., he studied composition with Zeydman at the Azerbaijan State Cons., where he was awarded his diploma for his opera Ulduz in 1948. He was ar…
Ammons, Albert (C.), boogie-woogie pianist, father of Gene Ammons; b. Chicago, Sept. 23, 1907; d. Chicago, Dec. 2, 1949. Ammons was a leader of the boogie-woogie movement for solo piano from the late 1930s on, often paired in concert and on recordings with Pete Johnson. He began playing piano at age ten, and later worked as a soloist before touring with territory bands, including Fran?ois Moseley?…
(1936-) Uncle Noname Cookie Company Wally Amos gained prominence as an entrepreneur in the mid-1970s when he developed and marketed a brand of chocolate-chip cookies under the name ?Famous Amos.? In a world of mass-produced food products, Amos seemingly hit upon the universal ?soul food?: the American home-style chocolate-chip cookie. Two years after opening his first store in Los Angeles, Amo…
Amoyal, Pierre, distinguished French violinist and teacher; b. Paris, June 22, 1949. He entered the Paris Cons, at the age of 10 and took the premier prix when he was only 12. In 1963 he won the Ginette Neveu Prize, in 1964 the Paganini Prize, and in 1970 the Enesco Prize. From 1966 to 1971 he pursued intensive studies with Heifetz in Los Angeles. In 1971 he made his debut as soloist in the Berg C…
[?pair] (1775?1836) French physicist and mathematician: pioneer of electrodynamics. Amp?re was a very gifted child, combining a passion for reading with a photographic memory and linguistic and mathematical ability. He was largely self-taught. His life was disrupted by the French Revolution when, in 1793, his father, a Justice of the Peace, was guillotined along with 1500 fellow citizens in Lyon. …
Amram, David (Werner III), versatile American instrumentalist, conductor, and composer; b. Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1930. He studied horn at the Oberlin (Ohio) Coll. Cons, of Music (1948) and pursued his education at the George Washington Univ. (B.A. in history, 1952). After playing horn in the National Sym. Orch. in Washington, D.C. (1951?52) and the 7 th Army Sym. Orch. in Europe, he completed his…
Amsallem, Franck, jazz pianist; b. Oran, Algeria, Oct. 25, 1961. Amsallem was raised in Nice. He had early music lessons from an old woman who was a friend of the family, but at 14 he wanted to play an instrument seriously. The Nice Cons, thought he had started too late to play classical piano, so they suggested the saxophone, which he played while he continued to play piano on his own, working wi…
Principal social themes: AIDS, suicide/depression, homosexuality NBC Productions. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Aidan Quinn, Gena Rowlands, Ben Gazzara, Sylvia Sidney, John Glover, Terry O?Quinn, D. W. Moffett, Sydney Walsh, Bill Paxton, Cheryl Anderson, Christopher Bradley, Sue Ann Gilfillan, Don Hood, Barbara Iley, Scott Jacek, John Lafayette. Written by Ron Cowen and Daniel Lipman based on a story…
T he home office of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was located at 1600 Broadway, a midtown Manhattan office tower not far from several of Universal?s eastern studios and the company?s laboratory in Bayonne, New Jersey. On a cold Saturday morning in March 1915, two hundred of the company?s employees gathered on a platform at Grand Central Terminal. Their boss, Carl Laemmle, was about to l…
Shin?ichi Satoh National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan Definition: Analyzing person information in news video includes the identification of various attributes of a person, such as face detection and recognition, face-name association, and others. Person information analysis for news videos, including face detection and recognition, face-name association, etc., has attracted many resear…
Anastasis is the Greek term for ?Resurrection.? It refers, in general, to Christ?s triumph over death as well as to specific events which took place during the three-day span of time between Christ?s *Entombment and his resurrected reappearance on earth before his *Ascension to heaven. Several New Testament passages imply that Christ descended into the realm of the dead during this period after hi…
Today the use of names of parts of the body as lexical items in swearing and in strong language is so entrenched that it is natural to assume that it has always been so. (One is focusing here on the direct usage, such as ?You prick!,? and the personal insult by indirect reference, as in ?major league asshole!?) In fact, this is a comparatively recent convention, historically speaking, even though …
(CBS, 5/8/1979, 120 mins). Romantic drama about the love affair between a divorced woman and the college-age son of her best friend, alienating her teenage son who is just a few years younger than her lover. Production Companies Moonlight Productions, Filmways. Director Steven Hilliard Stern. Producer Frank von Zerneck. Teleplay Alison Cross. Photography Howard R Schwartz. Music Hagood Hardy. Song…
Ancerl, Karel, eminent Czech conductor; b. Tu-capy, April 11, 1908; d. Toronto, July 3, 1973. He studied at the Prague Cons. (1925?29) with ?ourek (percussion) and with Kricka and A. Haba (composition); under H?ba?s tutelage, he composed a Suite for Quarter Tone Piano (1928) and Music for String Orch. in quarter tones (1928?29); he also studied conducting with Scherchen in Strasbourg, serving as h…
Ancona, Mario, notable Italian baritone; b. Livorno, Feb. 28, 1860; d. Florence, Feb. 22, 1931. He studied with Giuseppe Cima in Milan. After making his operatic debut as Scindia in Le Roi de Lahore in Trieste in 1889, he made his first appearances at Milan?s La Scala as the King in Le Cid in 1890. On May 22, 1892, he created the role of Silvio in Pagliacci at Milan?s Teatro dal Verme. He made his…
Ancot, family of South Netherlands musicians: (1) Jean Ancot , p?re, pedagogue and composer; b. Bruges, Oct. 22, 1779; d. there, July 12, 1848. After studying in Paris (1799?1804) with Baillot, Kreutzer (violin), and Catel (harmony), he returned to Bruges as a teacher of violin and piano. Among his extant works are 4 violin concertos, overtures, marches, and sacred music. His 2 sons were also musi…
(NBC, 10/22/1979, 120 mins). A middle-aged couple with three grown children discover they soon will be parents once more and face a variety of emotional responses from family and friends. Timothy Hutton, on the brink of major screen stardom, is their teenage son in this one, a sequel to which ?Baby Comes Home? turned up a year later. Production Company Alan Landsburg Productions. Director Waris Hu…
Principal social themes: AIDS, homosexuality HBO. PG rating. Featuring: Matthew Modine, Alan Alda, Patrick Bauchau, Nathalie Baye, Ian McKellen, Charles Martin Smith, Richard Gere, Anjelica Huston, David Dukes, Alex Courtney, David Marshall Grant, Stephen Spinella, Lily Tomlin, Swoosie Kurtz, Bud Cort, Phil Collins, Christian Clemenson, David Clennon, Ronald Guttman, Ken Jenkins, Tcheky Karyo, Jef…
(1885-1947) Andersen Worldwide Arthur Andersen was the founder and senior partner of Arthur Andersen and Company, now the second largest of the Big Five accounting firms. His Chicago-based firm offered a full range of financial services including auditing, tax services, and specialty consulting in areas such as technology applications. Andersen established the company?s focus on maintaining a st…
Born Bradbury H. Anderson, April 29, 1949, in Sheridan, WY; son of Marbury Anderson (a Lutheran minister); married Janet; children: two sons. Education: Attended Waldorf College; earned degree from the University of Denver, c. 1972; attended Northwestern Seminary, c. 1972?73. Addresses: Office ?Best Buy Co., Inc., 7601 Penn Ave. South, Richfield, MN 55423-3645. Began career as salesperson with Sou…
(1905?91) US physicist: discovered the positron and the muon. Anderson, the only son of Swedish immigrants, was educated in Los Angeles and at the California Institute of Technology, where he remained for the rest of his career. Anderson discovered the positron accidentally in 1932 (its existence had been predicted by in 1928). As a result, Dirac?s relativistic quantum mechanics and theory of the …
n?e Garrett (1836?1917) British physician; pioneered the acceptance of women into British medical schools. Elizabeth Garrett was born in London, where her father had a pawnbroker?s shop. He later built an expanding business malting grain at Snape in Suffolk. Educated by a governess at home, followed by boarding school in London, she settled to the duties of daughter at home, helping to run the lar…
Eva Greenslit Anderson was born on May 20, 1889, in Surprise, Nebraska, to Walter Henry and Catherine (Ammerman) Greenslit. She received a B.A. from Nebraska Wesleyan University in 1910, then moved to Washington State in 1912 to teach high school in Wenatchee. She married Leonard O. Anderson on June 10, 1915. Eva was superintendent of the Douglas County School from 1919 to 1921, then superintenden…
Michael P. Anderson was one of seven astronauts on the space shuttle Columbia , which disintegrated over Texas 16 minutes before its scheduled landing on February 1, 2003. Anderson was the sole African American on the mission, which also included the first Israeli astronaut, Col. Ilan Ramon, and the first Indian-born female in space, Dr. Kaplana Chawla. His childhood dream of becoming an astronaut…
(1923?95) US physicist: discovered aspects of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems. Anderson studied at Harvard, doing doctoral research with and spending 1943?45 involved in antenna engineering at the Naval Research Laboratory. Anderson?s career was largely with Bell Telephone Laboratories, but he became professor of physics at Princeton in 1975, and he also held a visiting…
Tom Anderson born October 13, 1975; son of an entrepreneur. Chris DeWolfe born c. 1967; son of teachers; married; children: one. Education: Anderson: University of California?Berkeley, B.A., 1998; University of California?Los Angeles, M.F.A., 2000. DeWolfe: University of Washington, B.A.; University of Southern California?s Marshall School of Business, M.B.A. Addresses: Office ?MySpace/Fox Interac…
Bishop Vinton Randolph Anderson has made the United States his home since 1947 when he migrated from Bermuda, a small island in the Caribbean, where he was born in Somerset, on July 11, 1927. Anderson is a religious stalwart, who was involved in the social, educational, and economical well being of the African American communities he served. In 1972 Anderson was nominated as the 92nd bishop of the…
Anderson, (Evelyn) Ruth, American composer, orchestrator, flutist, and teacher; b. Kalispell, Mont., March 21, 1928. She received a B.A. in flute (1949) and an M.A. in composition (1951) from the Univ. of Wash., and then pursued postgraduate work in the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Studio and at Princeton Univ. She received private training in composition from Darius Milhaud and Nadia Boula…
Anderson, Chris, jazz pianist, composer, singer; b. Chicago, Feb. 16, 1926. Anderson?s offbeat style is little known, but had a major impact on Herbie Hancock, who is said to have studied with him in 1960. A fan of film music as a child, Anderson began to play the family piano at age 10. A few years later, after school, he played the blues in South Side bars. He worked in a record store, where he …
Anderson, Ed(ward) (?Andy?), jazz trumpeter; b. Jacksonville, Fla., July 1, 1910. Anderson is best known for his work on Clarence Williams?s recordings. He began playing trumpet at age ten, taking his first lessons with the bandmaster at Fla. State Coll. At 15 he went to St. Emma Coll. in Belmead, Va., and was principal trumpet in the college band. He played with Luckey Roberts at the Everglades C…
Anderson, Ivie (Marie; ?Ivy?), jazz vocalist associated with Duke Ellington; b. Gilroy, Calif., July 10, 1905; d. Los Angeles, Dec. 28, 1949. Anderson?s lively, bubbling sound was a key part of Duke Ellington?s sound between 1931 and 1942. From ages 9 to 13 she received vocal training at the local St. Mary?s Convent, then studied for two years in Washington, D.C., with Sara Rilt. Anderson began pr…
Anderson, June, admired American soprano; b. Boston, Dec. 30, 1952. She received singing lessons as a child and at age 14 made her first appearance in opera in a production of Toch?s Die Prinzessin aufder Erbse . In 1970 she was the youngest finalist in the Metropolitan Opera National Auditions. After taking her B.A. in French literature at Yale Univ. in 1974, she pursued vocal training in N.Y. wi…
Anderson, Laurie, imaginative American performance artist and composer; b. Chicago, June 5, 1947. Anderson received violin lessons before studying art history at Barnard Coll. (B.A., 1969) and sculpture at Columbia Univ. (M.F.A., 1972), and then had training from the painter Sol Lewitt. From 1973 to 1975 she taught art history at City Coll. of the City Univ. of N.Y. In 1983 she held a Guggenheim f…
Anderson, Marian, celebrated black American contralto; b. Philadelphia, Feb. 27, 1897; d. Portland, Oreg., April 8, 1993. She was the aunt of the greatly talented black American conductor James (Anderson) DePreist (b. Philadelphia, Nov. 21, 1936). She gained experience as a member of the Union Baptist Church choir in Philadelphia. After studies with Giuseppe Boghetti, she pursued vocal training wi…
Anderson, T(homas) J(efferson Jr.), black American composer and teacher; b. Coatesville, Pa., Aug. 17, 1928. He studied at W.Va. State Coll. (B.Mus., 1950) and at Pa. State Univ. (M.Ed., 1951) before pursuing training in composition with Huston at the Univ. of Cincinnati Coll.-Cons. of Music (1954), Bezanson and Hervig at the Univ. of Iowa (Ph.D., 1958), and Milhaud at the Aspen (Colo.) School of …
Anderson, ?Buddy? (Bernard Hartwell), swing band trumpeter, pianist; b. Oklahoma City, Oct. 14, 1919; Kansas City, Mo., May 9, 1997. Anderson began playing violin at age seven, played trumpet in a military band in junior high school, and then worked in a high school band known as ?Dud? McCauley?s Syncopators. Late in 1934 he joined a band led by bassist Louis ?Ted? Armstrong in Clinton, Okla. He s…
Anderson, ?Cat? (William Alonzo), jazz trumpeter associated with the later career of Duke Ellington; b. Greenville, S.C., Sept. 12, 1916; d. Norwalk, Calif., April 29, 1981. Anderson was the spectacular high note specialist of Duke Ellington?s band for most of the period from 1944 through 1971. After being orphaned at the age of four, Anderson was raised in the Jenkins Orphanage of S.C., where he …
Andr?, family of German musicians of French descent: (1) Johann Andr?, composer and music publisher; b. Offenbach, March 28, 1741; d. there, June 18, 1799. He was born into a family of silk manufacturers, and was only 10 when he inherited the business. He received some thorough bass training from an itinerant musician, but was basically autodidact. In 1771?72 he worked as a tr. of French comic ope…
(1972-) Netscape Communications Corporation The amazing growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web has been due in large part to the genius of Marc Andreesen. His browser software, Mosaic and Netscape Navigator, has made using the World Wide Web easy and popular for both businesses and average consumers. The company he helped found, Netscape Communications, made Andreesen an instant million…
Andrev? y Castellar, Francisco, prominent Spanish choirmaster and composer; b. Sanahuja, Nov. 7, 1786; d. Barcelona, Nov. 23, 1853. He was a choirboy at Urgel Cathedral, where he commenced his musical training, and then went to Barcelona to study with Juan Quintana (organ) and Francisco Queralt (composition). He was choirmaster at Segorbe Cathedral (1808?14), at S. Maria del Mar in Barcelona (1814…
Andrews Sisters, The, American singing group. M EMBERSHIP: LaVerne Sophie Andrews (b. Mound, Minn., July 6, 1911; d. Los Angeles, May 8, 1967); Maxene Angelyn Andrews (b. Mound, Minn., Jan. 3, 1916; d. Hyannis, Mass., Oct. 21, 1995); Patricia Marie (Patty or Patti) Andrews (b. Mound, Minn., Feb. 16, 1918). The Andrews Sisters were the most popular female vocal group of the first half of the 20th c…
Andrews, Julie (originally Julia Elizabeth Wells), b. Walton-on-Thames, England, Oct. I, 1935. Whether playing a novice in The Sound of Music or the ultimate nanny in Mary Poppins, Andrews?s innocent image always fit her crystalline soprano voice, which could scale four and a half octaves. A child star on the British music-hall stage, Andrews became a Broadway phenom at age 19, and conquered the s…
Andriessen, Hendrik (Franciscus), eminent Dutch organist, pedagogue, and composer, brother of Willem (Christiaan Nicolaas) Andriessen and father of Jurriaan Andriessen and Louis (Joseph) Andriessen; b.Haarlem, Sept. 17, 1892; d. Heemstede, April 12, 1981. He studied music with his brother; then took piano and organ lessons with Louis Robert and J. B. de Pauw; studied composition with Zweers at the…
Andriessen, Louis (Joseph), significant Dutch composer and teacher, son of Hendrik (Franciscus) Andriessen, brother of Jurriaan Andriessen, and nephew of Willem (Christian Nicolaas) Andriessen; b. Utrecht, June 6, 1939. He began studies with his father in 1953, and then pursued training with Kees van Baaren at the Royal Cons, of Music at The Hague (1957?62). After winning its composition prize, he…
Andsnes, Leif Ove, outstanding Norwegian pianist; b. Stavanger, April 7, 1970. He took up the piano when he was only 5, and at age 16 he entered the Bergen Cons, of Music, where he pursued training with Jiri Hlinka. At 17, he made his formal debut in Oslo and was awarded the Hindemith Prize of Frankfurt am Main. In 1988 he won the Levin Prize of Bergen and the Norwegian Music Critics Prize of Oslo…
Anet, (Jean-Jacques-) Baptiste, noted French violinist and composer, son of Jean-Baptiste Anet; b. Paris, Jan. 2, 1676; d. Lun?ville, Aug. 14, 1755. He was a pupil of Corelli in Rome (c. 1695?96). Upon his return to Paris, he was in the service of the Duke of Orl?ans in 1700?01. In 1701 he made his first appearance at the French court. After serving the exiled Elector Maximilian Emanuel of Bavaria…
1916?95) US biochemist: made discoveries related to the shape and activity of enzymes. Educated at Swarthmore and Harvard, Anfinsen afterwards worked at Harvard and from 1950 at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. In 1960 and W H Stein (1911?80) found the sequence of the 124 amino acids which make up ribonuclease and it became the first enzyme for which the full sequence was known. …
Anfossi, Pasquale, Italian composer; b. Taggia, near Naples, April 5, 1727; d. Rome, Feb.(?) 1797. He received training in violin at the Loreto Cons, in Naples, and later studied composition with Sacchini and Piccinni. His first opera, La serva spiritosa, was first given at the Teatro Capranica in Rome in Carnival 1763. More than a dozen operas followed before Anfossi scored his first great succes…
Sami Muhsin Angawi is a Saudi Arabian architect and social activist. Angawi was born in Mecca, in the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia, in 1948. He received a B.A. in architecture from the University of Arlington, Texas, in 1971, and an M.A. in architecture from the University of Texas in 1975. In 1988, he completed his Ph.D. in Islamic architecture from the School of Oriental and African Studies at …
From the Greek angelos, angels play important roles in the Old and New Testaments and figure prominently in medieval art. They serve as intermediaries between *God and humans; they announce God?s will, assist, protect, punish, guide, and often appear in dreams and visions both in scripture and hagiography. Scripture provides the names of three specific angels x, while implying countless more. Visi…
Angerer, Paul, Austrian conductor, teacher, and composer; b. Vienna, May 16, 1927. He received violin and piano lessons as a child; later he studied violin, piano, and composition at the Vienna Academy of Music. He was made a violist in the Vienna Sym. Orch. (1947), Zurich?s Tonhalle Orch. (1948), and Geneva?s l?Orchestre de la Suisse Romande (1949); then was 1 st violist of the Vienna Sym. Orch. …
Angl?s, Higini, eminent Catalonian musicologist; b. Maspujols, Jan. 1, 1888; d. Rome, Dec. 8, 1969. He studied theology and philosophy at the Seminario de Tarr?gona (ordained, 1912), then pursued music training with Jos? Cogul (harmony), Vicente de Gilbert (harmony, counterpoint, fugue, and organ), Barber? (composition and folk song), and Pedrell (musicology and music history) in Barcelona (1913?1…
The Anglo-Saxon (or Old English) period is broadly defined as extending from the earliest written records (ca. 500) to 1100, when the social and linguistic effects of the Norman Conquest started to become apparent. This was the period when the Germanic peoples traditionally called the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded and settled Britain. The literary materials that have survived are of a high mor…
In relation to the language of swearing, the epithet ?Anglo-Saxon? is commonly used to mean ?four-letter.? This equation of the most powerful swearwords with the most ancient word-stock is strictly a misconception, at best a half-truth, although it continues to be found in both learned and popular usage. Thus on July 21, 1959, a U.S. federal judge, Frederick van Pelt Bryan, handed down a judgment …
Anhalt, Istv?n, Hungarian-born Canadian composer, teacher, and writer; b. Budapest, April 12, 1919. He studied composition with Kod?ly at the Budapest Academy of Music (1937?41), and pursued training in Paris at the Cons, with Fourestier (conducting; 1946?18) and privately with Boulanger (composition) and S. Stravinsky (piano). In 1949 he joined the faculty of McGill Univ. in Montreal, where he wa…
While it is customary to think of humans as being unique among life forms, humans have a number of basic characteristics in common with other animals. Similar to other animals, humans are ?open systems.? Open systems are entities that are able to function and survive through ongoing exchanges with their environment. James G. Miller (1965) was one of the first scholars to observe that there are two…
Animal terms figure notably in the history of swearing, although they were not a major feature of Anglo-Saxon literature. The major exception was wulf , used to refer to a cruel, rapacious, or evil person, often in the title ?the Devil?s wolf.? Otherwise, the chosen animals themselves are not especially dangerous or repulsive, though some are poisonous, such as the snake, and others malodorous, su…
Animals played an important role in Egyptian religion. Most of the Egyptian gods could at times be depicted either as an animal or as an animal-headed human. Since the Egyptians apprehended their gods through the natural world, it is not surprising to find that animals were viewed as manifestations of the divine. Several theories have been suggested as to why this was the case. The American schola…
In medieval art and literature, animals are frequently used to symbolize modes of behavior, *virtues and *vices, moral lessons, and events in the life of *Christ and other holy figures. Some animals accompany particular *saints and Old Testament figures and provide attributes for iconographic identification, deriving from the saints? names, or from events in the person?s life . The *Four Evangelis…
Animals, The, British blues-rock group; formed 1958. M EMBERSHIP: Alan Price, org., pno. (b. Fairfield, County Durham, U.K., April 19, 1942); Eric Burdon, voc. (b. Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K., May 11, 1941); Bryan ?Chas? Chandler, bs. (born Dec. 18, 1938, in Newcastle upon Tyne; d. London, July 17, 1996); Hilton Valentine, lead gtr. (b. North Shields, U.K., May 22, 1943); John Steel, drm. (b. Gatesh…
Anka, Paul, late 1950s teen star who later made it big as a pop singer/composer; b. Ottawa, Can., July 30, 1941. One of the more sophisticated performers and songwriters to come out of the 1950s, Paul Anka scored a number of hits with his own compositions while still a teenager, beginning with 1957?s ?Diana.? He ultimately sold more than 100 million records and, like a number of teen idols, quickl…
Ankhsheshonqi was a priest of the sun god Re at the god?s temple in Heliopolis who, according to ancient Egyptian history, was implicated in a plot to assassinate the pharaoh. Although not a direct participant, he was thrown into prison for his failure to report the plot, which involved his childhood friend, Harsiese, who was also the pharaoh?s chief physician. While in prison he wrote a teaching …
Ann, Lady Bacon was the second daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke and Lady Anne Fitzwilliam Cooke; she was the wife of Sir Nicholas Bacon and the mother of Sir Anthony Bacon and Francis Bacon,* Lord Verulam. She was sister to Mildred Cecil, wife of William Cecil, Lord Burghley, chief secretary under Queen Elizabeth,* and the sister of Elizabeth Hoby Russel, wife first to Sir Thomas Hoby* and afterward …
Saint Anne was the mother of the Virgin Mary. Neither she nor her husband Joachim are mentioned in the canonical Gospels; their lives are described in apocryphal sources such as the second-century Protevangelium of James . This text recounts how the unhappily childless couple, after twenty years of marriage, were individually visited by an *angel, who announced that their prayers for a child were …
(1799?1847) British palaeontologist. Mary Anning had the good fortune to be born in Lyme Regis in Dorset, a place of great geological interest and, when a year old, to survive a lightning strike. Her nurse sheltered with her beneath a tree during a thunderstorm with two others; only Mary survived. Her father, a cabinetmaker, supplemented his income by selling local fossils to summer visitors. He d…
Annunciation scenes in medieval art are required in those instances where special news conveyed from *God to humans needs to be depicted. Usually, an *angel (Greek: angelos , ?messenger?) is the news bearer. The most important and frequently represented scene of this type is the announcement, by *Gabriel to the Virgin *Mary, that she will miraculously conceive without human assistance and give bi…
Born in Lombardy, Anselm studied under Lanfranc at the Norman abbey of Bec from 1059, took monastic vows there, was appointed prior , then abbot of Bec Anselm was appointed archbishop of Canterbury (following Lanfranc) by King William Rufus, beginning a stormy career fraught with controversies over church/state relations through the reigns of William Rufus and Henry I. He was exiled from England s…
Anselmi, Giuseppe, noted Italian tenor; b. Nicolosi, near Catania, Oct. 6, 1876; d. Zoagli, near Rapallo, May 27, 1929. He learned to play the violin and appeared in public as a violinist in Nicolosi when he was 13. He sang in operettas before making his operatic debut in Patras, Greece, about 1896. Following vocal training from Mancinelli, he sang in Genoa and Naples in 1900. In 1901 he made his …
Ansermet, Ernest (Alexandre), celebrated Swiss conductor; b. Vevey, Nov. 11, 1883; d. Geneva, Feb. 20, 1969. He studied mathematics at the Univ. of Lausanne and at the Paris Sorbonne, and received music training from G?dalge in Paris and from Den?r?az, Barbi?n, and Ernest Bloch in Geneva. In 1910 he made his conducting debut in Montreux, where he subsequently conducted sym. concerts. In 1915 he se…
Antebellum black ethnology arose as a challenge to mainstream ethnology, the nineteenth-century ?science of the races.? Most prevalent in the United States, the field of ethnology emerged in the 1830s and 1840s as white American scientists first began to study anatomy, craniology, and human development. At the time, human development was still understood in a religious framework, and these scienti…
Antes, John, American Moravian minister and composer; b. Frederick, near Bethlehem, Pa., March 24, 1740; d. Bristol, England, Dec. 17, 1811. He was educated at the Moravian boys?s school in Bethlehem. After working as a musical instrument maker in Bethlehem, he went to Herrnhut, Germany, in 1764 to pursue his training. In 1765 he went to Neuwied to learn the watchmaker?s trade. He was ordained a M…
Antheil, George (actually, Georg Cari Johann), remarkable American composer; b. Trenton, N.J., July 8, 1900; d. N.Y., Feb. 12, 1959. He began piano lessons at age 6. After studying theory and composition with Constantin Sternberg in Philadelphia (1916?19), he pursued composition lessons with Bloch in N.Y. (1919?21). Defying the dictates of flickering musical conservatism, Antheil wrote piano piece…
Anthony, James R(aymond), American musicologist; b. Providence, R.I., Feb. 18, 1922. He was educated at Columbia Univ. (B.S., 1946; M.A., 1948), the Univ. of Paris (diploma, 1951), and the Univ. of Southern Calif, in Los Angeles (Ph.D., 1964, with the diss. The Op?ra-Ballets of Andr? Compra: A Study of the First Period French Op?ra- Ballet) . After teaching at the Univ. of Mont. (1948?50), he was …
B. 1938 Birthplace: New York City, New York Awards: Coty American Fashion Critics? Award, 1972, 1976 Anthony, a native New Yorker, attended the Academia d?Arte in Rome for one year and the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City for two years. He spent twelve years designing suits and coats for other companies including Adolph Zelinka and Devonbrook, where he designed low-priced sportswea…
Katharine Susan Anthony was born on November 27, 1877, at Roseville, Arkansas. She was the daughter of Ernest Augustus and Susan Jane (Cathey) Anthony. She attended Peabody College for Teachers in Nashville, Tennessee, from 1895 to 1897 before leaving for the universities of Heidelberg and Freiburg in Germany. She returned to the United States and received a Ph.D. degree in 1905 from the Universit…
Saint Anthony (Antony, or Anthony Abbot) of Egypt is often termed the ?founder of monasticism.? After the *death of his parents c.270, he provided for his sister and gave away the remainder of his goods to the needy. He went to live as a hermit in a tomb in a cemetery until c.285 when he moved to an abandoned fort on Mount Pispir. He lived alone there for twenty years, although his fame inspired o…
OHN FERGUS-JEAN Columbus College of Art and Design At its inception in 1839, photography was celebrated for its realistic visual representation of things. The precision, clarity, sharpness, impartiality, truth to nature, and compelling believability of the photographic image were a revelation to society. Consequently, photography quickly assumed a documentary role in anthropology, based on the u…
Anthropology is the discipline that studies races, cultures, languages, and the evolution of the human species. It is broad in scope, incorporating the archeologist surveying Inca ruins, the cultural anthropologist collecting folklore in Appalachia, and the biological anthropologist mapping the gene sequences of lemurs. Yet the science of anthropology has long been steeped in debates, discussions,…
Anthropometry is the scientific study of variation in the size and shape of the human body. Anthropometric data have been used both to justify the belief in human biological ?races? and to discredit this erroneous belief. This entry provides an overview of anthropometry and its relationship with ?race? and racism. The earliest written records about human size date from about 3500 BCE in Sumeria. S…
The anti-apartheid movement was the first successful transnational social movement in the era of globalization. The movement began after a massive turnout by rural Afrikaners gave Rev. Daniel Malan?s Nationalist Party a majority of five seats in the whites-only Parliament of the Union of South Africa on May 26, 1948. The Nationalists won on a racist platform that played on white fears of the ?blac…
The U.S. anti-Indian movement was created out of a white backlash against gains made by Native American nations since the 1960s. The modern movement is the heir to the historic hostility exhibited toward Native sovereignty, treaty rights, and cultural and economic autonomy. It originally brought together white reservation residents challenging tribal jurisdiction, white sportsmen opposing Native t…
Anti-Semitism is most easily defined as ?hatred of Judaism and the Jewish people.? It is possibly the world?s oldest hatred, having inspired aberrant behaviors ranging from simple social distancing to outright murder and mass exterminations for thousands of years. The term anti-Semitism itself is a misnomer that originally came out of the German world of nineteenth century pseudo-scholarship. anti…
The term anti-Semitism was coined in the nineteenth century in central Europe and is generally understood as dislike or hatred of Jews. Popular and state anti-Semitism have long histories in the territories of the former Soviet Union. Until the late eighteenth century, Jews were legally barred from living in the Russian Empire. Much of the animus against Jews was rationalized by the Christian beli…
Manifestations of anti-Semitism erupted in the Arab world during the late twentieth century. However, discrimination against Jews has relegated them to second-class status under Arab hegemony (?dhimmitude?) since the successful uniting of the tribes in the Arabian peninsula by Muhammad (570?632) in the sixth century. Jews were initially supportive of Muhammad?s agenda, for he labeled both Jews and…
Vibrant social movements have defied myriad forms of racial oppression across the globe. Strategies, tactics, and ideologies have varied widely, with challenging economic domination as a common theme. Antiracism has encompassed challenges to genocide, the seizure and/or control of land and other resources, slavery, and the exploitation of human labor. Antiracist social movements have also targeted…
Concern over the harmful effects of televised violence on children has prompted the development of antiviolence interventions to prevent these negative outcomes. These interventions have taken many different forms, from formal television literacy curricula implemented by schools to smaller-scale research efforts designed by individual researchers. Television literacy curricula were first developed…
Antoniou, Theodore, Greek-American composer, conductor, and teacher; b. Athens, Feb. 10, 1935. He studied in Athens at the National Cons, (violin and voice, 1947?58), with Manolis Kalomiris (composition), and at the Hellenic Cons, (composition and orchestration with Yannis Papaioannou, 1958?61). He then went to Munich and was a student of G?nter Bialas and Adolph Mennerich (composition and conduct…
Sinan Antoon (also Antun) is an Iraqi-born academic, poet, translator, and filmmaker. Born in 1967 in Baghdad to an Iraqi father and an American mother, Antoon completed his B.A. in English literature at Baghdad University in 1990. He left Iraq after the 1991 Gulf War, and moved to the United States. He completed a M.A. in Arab studies from Georgetown University?s Center for Contemporary Arab Stud…
Antunes, Jorge, Brazilian composer and teacher; b. Rio de Janeiro, April 23, 1942. He enrolled at the National School of Music at the Univ. of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro in 1960 to study violin; then pursued training in composition and conducting there (from 1964) with Henrique Morelembaum, Jos? Siqueira, and Eleazar de Carvalho; also took courses in physics at the Univ. and studied composition with…
Nothing is known of Any?s early life. He was a commoner who had an opportunity to gain an education and became a scribe. He must have married and had at least one son who grew to adulthood, whose name was Khonshotep. Any?s highest title was ?Scribe of the Palace of Ahmes-Nefertari.? Thus he was an official who reached the lower end of the royal bureaucracy. This office was a significant enough acc…
NBC, 2/11/1969, 120 mins). A photographer tries to knock off his rich young wife after she has caught him playing around. His plan to kill her for her money before she can divorce him goes awry when the automobile accident he has rigged merely causes her to temporarily lose her memory?which could return any second now. This was Stewart Granger?s initial made-for-TV movie. Production Companies Univ…
1942?2004 Gloria Anzald?a was an internationally renowned Chicana lesbian feminist scholar-poet and gay rights activist. She was born in Jesus Maria Ranch, Texas, on September 26, 1942, to a family of Mexican migrant farmworkers and grew up to become one of the most highly celebrated Chicana theorists in the United States. She is best known for her path-breaking work on the intersections of race, …
(1938-) Benihana Hiroaki ?Rocky? Aoki is the founder of Benihana Restaurants, which brought Japan?s teppan table cooking to America. The popular chain of Japanese style eateries are located in the United States, Canada, Mexico, England, South Korea, Japan, Australia, and Thailand. He is also a world-class sportsman and participates in long distance road rallies, speedboat racing, and ballooning.…
Lebanese general-turned-politician Michel Naim Aoun was once the prime minister and acting president of Lebanon. He served under these titles from 22 September 1988 until 13 October 1990 when he was exiled by troops from Lebanon and Syria. Aoun returned to Lebanon on 7 May 2005, nearly two weeks after Syrian troops left. Once a military commander, now Aoun is a member of parliament and leader of t…
In Afrikaans, the language of Afrikaners, the word apartheid implies things set apart or separated. The concept and practice of apartheid grew from the history of human interaction in southern Africa. As Brian du Toit explains, ?This relationship was born on the frontiers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, given legal recognition in the republican constitutions in the nineteenth century,…
Apel, Willi, eminent German-American musicologist; b. Konitz, Oct. 10, 1893; d. Bloomington, Ind., March 14, 1988. He studied mathematics at the univs. of Bonn and Munich (1912?14), and then of Berlin (1918?21), where he returned in 1936 to take his Ph.D. with the diss. Accidentien una Tonalit?t in den Musikdenkm?lern des 15. una 16. Jahrhunderts (publ. in Berlin, 1936; 2 nd ed., Aug., 1972). Afte…
The Apocalpyse (from Greek: ?unveiling?), or Book of Revelation, is the last book of the New Testament and is traditionally ascribed to Saint John, writing in exile on the island of Patmos in the late first century A.D. The twenty-two chapters contain, in complex symbolic language, exhortations for believers to remain steadfast even in the face of persecutions, phrased Page?19? in the form of vivi…
The term apocrypha comes from the Greek apokryphos It refers to a number of texts historically or thematically related to both the Old and New Testaments but whose positions in the accepted canon have varied. The Old Testament Apocrypha consist of about fourteen books, fragments, or additions to previous texts, written in Greek mostly between the second century B.C. and the first century A.D. Thes…
The term ?apostle? comes from the Greek apostolos: ?envoy? or ?messenger.? It is used primarily but not exclusively to refer to the chief companions of Jesus and is sometimes also applied to a number of later figures who continued the evangelization and missionary work of the first apostles. The original apostles are traditionally understood to have been twelve in number (although the exact number…
Born Karel Christian Appel, April 25, 1921, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands; died of a heart ailment, May 3, 2006, in Zurich, Switzerland. Artist. Expressionist painter Karel Appel made a name for himself by generating an impressive collection of highly distinguishable work for which he became internationally renowned. Appel?s paintings incorporate chunky applications of vibrant, violent colors that…
Applebaum, Louis, Canadian composer, administrator, and conductor; b. Toronto, April 3, 1918; d. April 20, 2000. He studied in Toronto at the Cons, of Music and at the Univ., his principal mentors being Boris Berlin in piano and Willan, Leo Smith, and Mac-Millan in theory; he then pursued training in composition in N.Y. as a scholarship student of Harris and Wagenaar (1940?41). Returning to Canada…
Joyce Oldham Appleby was born on April 29, 1929, in Omaha, Nebraska, of English, Scotch-Irish, and Norwegian ancestry. She attended public schools in Omaha, Dallas, Kansas City, Evanston, Phoenix, and Pasadena. Her father was in business, her mother a full-time homemaker. Joyce?s older sister, she reports, had a great influence on her as a child, ?raising a standard of excellence and generally bul…
Appleton, Jon (Howard), American composer and teacher; b. Los Angeles, Jan. 4, 1939. He studied at Reed Coll. (B.A., 1961), with Imbrie in Berkeley, Calif. (1961?62), with Keller at the Univ. of Ore. (M.A., 1965), and with Ussachevsky at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center (1965?66). In 1966?67 he taught at Oakland Univ. in Rochester, Mich. In 1967 he joined the faculty of Dartmouth Col…
(1892?1965) British physicist: pioneer of ionospheric physics; discovered reflective layers within the ionosphere. Appleton studied physics at Cambridge, but it was service in the First World War as a signals officer which led to his interest in radio. In 1924 he was appointed professor of experimental physics at King?s College, London. In 1939 he was appointed secretary of the Department of Scien…
Micron Technology, Inc. When Steve Appleton became chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of Micron Technology in 1994, his role was to guide the semiconductor manufacturing company through a turbulent time. With increasing competition from Japanese manufacturers and the company?s management in turmoil, the then-34 year old Appleton provided the direction and leadership necessary to maintain M…
Leonard Barolli Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Japan Akio Koyama Yamagata University, Japan The networks of today are passing through a rapid evolution and are opening a new era of Information Technology (IT). In this information age, customers are requesting an ever-increasing number of new services, and each service will generate other requirements. This large span of requirements introduces…
Vincenzo Morabito Bocconi University, Italy Bernardino Provera Bocconi University, Italy Until recently, the development of information systems has been ruled by the traditional ?make or buy? paradigm (Williamson, 1975). In other words, firms could choose whether to develop particular applications within their organizational structure or to acquire infrastructures and competences from specialize…
DENIS DEFIBAUGH Rochester Institute of Technology Advertising photography describes the type of professional photography focusing on the creation of photographs to be used to publicly introduce, praise, or otherwise promote the sale of a product or services. Before the photomechanical reproduction process was invented, photographs had to be converted to line drawings by an artist to be reproduce…
Definition: A number of contemporary civilian and law enforcement applications require reliable recognition of human faces. Nowadays, machine recognition of human faces is used in a variety of civilian and law enforcement applications that require reliable recognition of humans. Identity verification for physical access control in buildings or security areas is one of the most common face recognit…
Communication apprehension (CA) is the fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons. Although some people desire to communicate with others and see the importance of doing so, they may be impeded by their fear or anxiety. People who do not have appropriate communication skills or whose communication is ethnically or culturally divergent ma…
M?jde Ar is one of the veterans and leading actresses of Turkish cinema. Ar?s breakthrough came with her performance in Yavuz Turgul?s Fahriye Abla (1984, Sister Fahriye), as it marks the liberation of female sexuality in mainstream cinema. She became a cult figure within Turkish society and is referred to as the intellectual sexual woman. Her portrayal of liberated, amoral, modern, independent, a…
Within one week of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C., law enforcement authorities in the United States received 96,000 tips about the allegedly suspicious behavior of persons who fit a racial phenotype associated with Arabs. For at least the next three years, Arab Americans experienced collective revenge for the attacks from the U.S. government and pub…
Yasir Arafat was for decades the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and of its largest component group, Fatah. No other figure has been as closely identified with the Palestinian national struggle, nor were any nearly as colorful and widely known. Born Muhammad Abd al-Ra?uf al-Arafat al-Qudwa, ?Yasir? became Arafat?s nickname during his early guerrilla days. He also went by the …
[aragoh] (1786?1853) French physicist. Beginning his career as a secretary at the Bureau de Longitudes, Arago went with to Spain in 1806 to complete the geodetic measurements of an arc of the meridian. The return journey was eventful as the ship was wrecked and he was almost enslaved at Algiers. He made distinguished researches in many branches of physics, and in 1838 suggested a crucial experimen…
Araiza, (Jos?) Francisco, Mexican tenor; b. Mexico City, Oct. 4, 1950. He was a student of Irma Gonzales at the Univ. of Mexico City, where he sang in its choir. He made his concert debut in Mexico City in 1969, where he subsequently appeared for the first time in opera in 1970 as Jaquino. Following additional training with Richard Holm and Erik Werba in Munich, he was a member of the Karlsruhe (1…
(1946-) Nintendo of America, Inc. Since 1980, Minoru Arakawa has served as president of Nintendo of America, a subsidiary of Nintendo Ltd. Under his leadership, the company grew to become a major provider of computer games and software to American consumers. Forced in the mid-1990s to shift strategies, the company remained a viable competitor in the industry and has made internal changes, such a…
Araki, James (Jimmy), bebop alto saxophonist and trumpeter; b. Nov. 6, 1927; d. Honolulu, Hawa?, Dec. 13, 1994. Araki is a Japanese-American credited with introducing bebop to Japanese musicians. After spending the war years at the Gila River Detention Center and performing in camp bands, Araki was drafted out of college to serve in the U.S. Army as a translator at the Tokyo War Crimes tribunal. I…
Arapov, Boris (Alexandrovich), eminent Russian composer and pedagogue; b. St. Petersburg, Sept. 12, 1905; d. there, Jan. 27, 1992. He was a scion of an intellectual family; his grandfather was a lawyer; his father was a naturalist. He spent his childhood in Poltava, where he received his early musical training. In 1921 the family returned to St. Petersburg (later renamed Petrograd) and he studied …
Arbello, Fernando, jazz trombonist; b. Ponce, P.R., May 30, 1907; d. San Juan, PR., July 26, 1970. Arbello began playing trombone at age 12 and later played in his high school band and a local orchestra. He moved to N.Y. in the mid?1920s, where he worked with Earle Howard (1927), Wilbur De Paris (1928), and June Clark (1929 and 1930). He also worked briefly with Claude Hopkins and Bingie Madison, …
n?e Robertson (1879?1960) British botanist: her careful investigations of plant structure made a lasting contribution to botanical knowledge. Agnes Robertson became an enthusiastic student of botany while attending the North London Collegiate School for Girls. The school was unusually good in its teaching of science and it was there that she learned about plant anatomy and classification. The scho…
MATT SCHLITZ Biosis Research Pty, Limited Archaeology is the study of material remains of past human activity and excavation is a process of controlled destruction. Thus, from the outset, archaeologists recognized the potential of photography to permanently record their scientific work and to disseminate research ideas. Archaeological photography is the visual documentation of terrestrial or und…
Archer(originally, Balestreri), Violet, Canadian composer and teacher; b. Montreal, April 24, 1913; d. Ottawa, Feb. 21, 2000. She studied with Shearwood?Stubington (piano; Teacher?s Licentiate, 1934) and Weatherseed (organ) at the McGill Cons., and composition with Champagne and Douglas Clarke at McGill Univ. (B.Mus., 1936). After receiving her assoc. diploma from the Royal Canadian Coll. of Organ…
(1813?57) British inventor of the wet collodion photographic process. Orphaned early in life, Archer was apprenticed to a London silversmith. This led him first to study coins and then to design them and to work as a portrait sculptor. To obtain likenesses for this he began in 1847 to use the primitive photographic methods of the time. He experimented to improve them and tried collodion (a solutio…
[ah?ki mee deez] ( c .287?212 BC ) Sicilian Greek mathematician and physicist: pioneer of statics and hydrostatics. A member of a wealthy noble family, Archimedes studied in Alexandria but returned to Syracuse in Sicily, whose king Hieron II was a relative. Archimedes was the finest scientist and mathematician of the ancient world but little is firmly known of his life, although legends exist. He …
WILLIAM W. DUBOIS Rochester Institute of Technology Architectural photography is dominated by photographs of entire buildings and exterior and interior sections of buildings, but the field includes close-up photographs of building details and even photographs of other structures such as bridges, towers, arches, sculptures, walls, and monuments. Most buildings are constructed for utilitarian purp…
Definition: The architecture of commercial news systems is based on a layered approach consisting of the following layers: data layer, content manipulation layer, news services layer, and end user layer. Multimedia news is presented as content of commercial services by national and international agencies and organizations all over the world. The news community is researching for solutions in diffe…
During the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties, architects followed a standard plan for the royal pyramid complex. The experimentation of the examining Fourth-dynasty pyramid complexes came to an end. Kings also chose a new site called Abu Sir for their complexes after Userkaf initially built his complex at Saqqara, the site of Djoser?s Third-dynasty complex. Finally, kings of this era drastically reduced r…
Archives have existed since ancient times. According to James O?Toole (1990), the term ?archives? was originally used to ?designate all collections of written records? (p. 28). In the modern world, however, the word ?archives? is commonly used in three different senses. First, archives are documents that are created or accumulated by an individual or an organization in the normal course of busines…
Archivists, people who look after the records of businesses, organizations, or governments, probably have been around since the fourth millennium B.C.E. At that time, cuneiform clay tablets and hieroglyphics on papyrus came into use in the Middle East and Egypt, and with the creation of such records came the need for people to look after them. As civilization developed and advanced in Greece, Rome…
(1878-1966) Elizabeth Arden, Inc. Elizabeth Arden was a pioneer in the U.S. cosmetics industry, introducing American women to products such as lipstick, rouge, and mascara. Starting with a single shop on Fifth Avenue in New York City, she developed her company into an international business that reached $60 million in annual sales. While she cultivated a sophisticated, high-society image, Arden …
Arditi, Luigi, Italian conductor and composer; b. Crescentino, Piedmont, July 22, 1822; d. Hove, Sussex, May 1, 1903. He studied violin and composition at the Milan Cons., where his principal mentor was Vaccai and where his first opera, I briganti, was premiered in 1841. He began his career in Vercelli and Milan (1842?46), and then went to Havana, where he was active at the Teatro Imperial. His op…
Arel, B?lent, Turkish?born American composer; b. Constantinople, April 23, 1918; d. Stony Brook, N.Y., Nov. 24, 1990. He studied composition with Akses, piano with Ferhunde Erkin, conducting with Ernst Praetorius, and 20 th ?century music with Edward Zuck?mayer at the Ankara State Cons. (1940?47); then took courses in sound engineering in Paris (1951). He taught in Ankara at the State Cons, and at…
Pietro, the son of Tita Bonci and a cobbler named Luca Del Tura, was born in Arezzo in the momentous year 1492. With typical disregard for propriety, he sometimes claimed to be the bastard of the nobleman Luigi Bacci, who kept his mother as a mistress. In all his publications, however, he adopted the nom d?artiste ?Peter of Arezzo.? ?Born in a hospital, with the soul of a king,? he would announce …
Aretz (de Ram?n y Rivera), Isabel, Argentine?born Venezuelan folklorist and composer; b. Buenos Aires, April 13, 1909. She studied piano and composition at the National Cons, of Music in Buenos Aires. She subsequently dedicated herself to research in Argentine folklore at the Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Buenos Aires (1938?44). She received her Ph.D. in musicology in 1967 at the Argentine Cathol…
Argenta (Maza), At?ulfo, esteemed Spanish conductor; b. Castro Urdiales, Nov. 19, 1913; d. (of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning), Los Molinos, near Madrid, Jan. 21, 1958. He pursued training in piano at the Madrid Cons., where he took 1 st prize at the age of 17. After further studies in Belgium, he went to Germany in 1941 and continued his training at the Kassel Cons. He also found a conducti…
Argenta (real name, Herbison), Nancy, Canadian soprano; b. Nelson, British Columbia, Jan. 17, 1957. She spent her early years in the settlement of Argenta, from which she later took her professional name. She was a student of Jacob Hamm in Vancouver and of Martin Chambers at the Univ. of Western Ontario. In 1980 she won 1 st prize in the S. C. Eckhardt?Gramatt? Competition. After further training …
Argento, Dominick, outstanding American composer and teacher; b. York, Pa., Oct. 27, 1927. He received training in piano from the age of 15, and soon began teaching himself theory and orchestration. After serving as a cryptographer in the U.S. Army in East Africa (1945?47), he pursued studies in piano with Alexander Sklarewski and in composition with Nabokov at the Peabody Cons, of Music in Baltim…
Ariosti, Attilio (Malachia), Italian composer, singer, and instrumentalist; b. Bologna, Nov. 5, 1666; d. England, c. 1729. He joined the order of S. Maria de? Servi at the Bologna monastery in 1688, took minor orders in 1689, and received his diaconate in 1692. Abandoning the order, he was in the service of the Duke of Mantua in 1696. With Lotti and Caldara, he collaborated on the opera Tirsi (Ven…
Although born in Reggio Emilia on 8 September 1474, Ludovico Ariosto?s life and fame are intimately connected to the city of Ferrara, where he grew up from his thirteenth year. There, in one of the great Renaissance cities of Italy, Ariosto studied Latin under the humanist Gregorio da Spoleto and then law for five years at the university. He also worked as one of the familiari of the Estensi, firs…
(1924-) Carnival Cruise Lines Inc. In 1973 Ted Arison retired from his commercial shipping operation in New York City and moved to Miami, Florida. There he bought an old, outdated ship called the Mardi Gras for $1. Although the ship soon ran aground, Arison turned the debt-ridden vessel into the flagship of his Carnival Cruise Lines. By 1988, Carnival had become the biggest cruise operation in t…
[ ar istotl] (384?322 BC ) Athenian (Greek) philosopher and naturalist: provided philosophical basis of science which proved dominant for 18 centuries. Son of the court physician at Macedon, Aristotle was orphaned early and moved to Athens, where he became Plato?s finest pupil. In 342 BC he returned to Macedon as tutor and then adviser to Philip II?s son Alexander, who became Alexander the Great…
Arkhipova, Irina (Konstantinovna), outstanding Russian mezzo-soprano; b. Moscow, Dec. 2, 1925. She attended vocal classes at the Moscow Architectural Inst, graduating in 1948; then continued vocal training with Leonid Savransky at the Moscow Cons., graduating in 1953. She sang with the Sverdlovsk Opera (1954?56); then made her debut as Carmen at Moscow?s Bolshoi Theater (1956), where she quickly r…
Born Alan Wolf Arkin, March 26, 1934, in Brooklyn, NY; son of David I. (an artist and teacher) and Beatrice (a teacher; maiden name, Wortis) Arkin; married Jeremy Yaffe (a nurse), 1955 (divorced, 1960); married Barbara Dana (an actress and screenwriter), June 16, 1964 (divorced); married Suzanne Newlander, c. 1996; children: Adam, Matthew (from first marriage), Anthony (from second marriage). Educ…
Arlen, Harold (originally, Hyman Arluck), American composer, pianist, and singer; b. Buffalo, N.Y., Feb. 15, 1905; d. N.Y., April 23, 1986. Among the major song composers of the 1930s and 1940s, Arlen was the most overtly influenced by blues and jazz music. Dividing his time between N.Y. and Hollywood, he contributed to 15 Broadway stage shows and 33 feature films between 1930 and 1963. Among his …
Arma, Paul (real name, Imre Weisshaus), Hungarian-born French composer; b. Budapest, Oct. 22, 1904; d. Paris, Nov. 28, 1987. From 1921 to 1924 he attended classes of Bart?k at the Budapest Academy of Music, then went to N.Y., where he became associated with radical political and musical groups and contributed highly complex pieces to Cowell?s publication New Music Quarterly. A composer of empiric …
B. July 11, 1934 Birthplace: Piacenza, Italy Awards: Neiman Marcus Award, 1979 ???????? Cutty Sark Award, 1980, 1981, 1984 ???????? Gentlemen?s Quarterly Manstyle Award, 1982 ???????? Grand Officiale dell Ordine al Merito Award, Italy, 1982 ???????? Gold Medal from Municipality of Piazenza, 1983 ???????? CFDA, International Designer Award 1983, 1987, ???????? L?Occhio Oro Award, 1984, …
(1934-) Giorgio Armani SpA Giorgio Armani has been a major fashion influence on both sides of the Atlantic since the early 1980s. He challenged traditional designs by creating elegant clothing that emphasized the body, becoming in the process one of the most respected creators of apparel for both men and women. His fashions are in great demand among celebrities and have also changed the way aver…
Armstrong(born Hardin), Lil(ian), jazz pianist, singer, composer; b. Memphis, Term., Feb. 3, 1898; d. Chicago, Aug. 27, 1971. Though best known as Louis Armstrong?s second wife, Lil Armstrong was hired by cornetist Joe ?King? Oliver and led her own bands, proof of her solid musicianship. She studied music for three years at Fisk Univ., and claimed to have published six songs. In 1917 Armstrong vac…
(1890?1954) US radio engineer. Many teenagers build radio receivers; Armstrong was unusual in also making a transmitter before he became a student of electrical engineering at Columbia. Then, during the First World War, he worked on the problem of locating aircraft by detecting the stray radio emission from their ignition systems; a side-result was his development of the superheterodyne circuit, w…
Millions of radio listeners each day tune in their favorite FM (i.e., frequency modulation) stations to hear crystal clear, high-fidelity music and other programming. FM radio offers clarity and a dynamic range that cannot be matched by AM (i.e., amplitude modulation) broadcasting. Many people cannot explain how the signals reach their radios or why the FM stations sound so much better than their …
Armstrong, Karan, American soprano; b. Home, Mont., Dec. 14, 1941. She was educated at Concordia Coll. in Moorhead, Minn. (B.A., 1963) and received private vocal instruction from various teachers, including Lotte Lehmann in Santa Barbara. In 1966 she made her operatic debut as Elvira in L?italiana in Algeri at the San Francisco Opera. After singing minor roles at the Metropolitan Opera in N.Y. (19…
Armstrong, Louis, seminal American jazz trumpeter and singer; b. New Orleans, Aug. 4, 1901; d. N.Y., July 6, 1971. As the first prominent jazz soloist, Armstrong is the most influential musician in the history of the genre. His virtuosic playing, notably in the Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings of the mid-1920s, helped to define jazz as a music of improvisatory complexity. His gravelly voice and e…
(1930? ) US astronaut: the first man to walk on the Moon. This most dramatic act of manned exploration occurred on 20 July 1969 and represented success in a curious international contest. In 1957 the USSR had placed an unmanned spacecraft (Sputnik) into orbit, and this blow to national self-esteem in the USA led to President Kennedy in 1961 committing his country to a manned moon-landing within th…
Arne, Thomas Augustine, famous English composer, natural father of Michael Arne and brother of Susanna Maria Cibber; b. London, March 12, 1710; d. there, March 5, 1778. His father, an upholsterer and undertaker, sent him to Eton to study law, but also permitted him to take violin lessons from Michael Festing. Arne?s love for music eventually prevailed. With Henry Carey and J. E Lampe, he organized…
Arnell, Richard (Anthony Sayer), English composer, conductor, teacher, and poet; b. London, Sept. 15, 1917. He studied with John Ireland at the Royal Coll. of Music in London (1935?39). He taught composition at London?s Trinity Coll. of Music from 1949 to 1981, then was principal lecturer there from 1981 to 1987. Arnell was ed. of The Composer from 1961 to 1964, and again from 1991 to 1993. In 196…
Arnold, Eddy (originally Richard Edward), American country singer, guitarist, and songwriter; b. near Henderson, Term., May 15, 1918. Arnold adapted Bing Crosby?s relaxed pop singing style to country music and achieved comparable success within his genre, reaching the country singles charts 145 times between 1945 and 1983, including 28 #1 hits. Thirty-two of his singles reached the pop charts. He …
Arnold, Samuel, celebrated English composer, organist, conductor, teacher, and music scholar; b. London, Aug. 10, 1740; d. there, Oct. 22, 1802. He was a chorister at the Chapel Royal (c. 1750?58), where he studied with Gates and Nares. Arnold subsequently became closely associated with various London theaters. He began his career as harpsichordist and composer at Covent Garden in 1764, where his …
Arnold, Sir Malcolm (Henry), prolific and versatile English composer; b. Northampton, Oct. 21, 1921. He studied trumpet with Ernest Hall and composition with Gordon Jacob at the Royal Coll. of Music in London (1938?41). He played trumpet in the London Phil. (1941?42), serving as its 1 st trumpeter (1946?48), and also played trumpet in the BBC Sym. Orch. in London (1945). He then devoted himself ch…
Arodin (Arnondrin), Sidney (J.), jazz clarinetist/writer; b. Westwego, La., March 29, 1901; d. New Orleans, Feb. 6, 1948. Arodin took up clarinet at the age of 15 and was working regularly within a year. He played on riverboats with drummer Johnny Stein and others, and worked with Freddie Newman at the Ringside in the early 1920s. He went to N.Y. in 1922 with The Original New Orleans Jazz Band, an…
?Arousal? refers to a state of physical excitation that accompanies all emotions that are linked to action. The biological function of such excitation is to energize the organism for a bout of activity.According to the classic fight-flight theory, arousal occurs when someone is confronted with danger and readies the person for escape (flight) or attack by vigorous action (fight), thereby increasin…
Arrau, Claudio, celebrated Chilean-born American pianist; b. Chill?n, Feb. 6, 1903; d. M?rzzuschlag, Austria, June 9, 1991. He received early training from his mother, and made his first public appearance in Chilian when he was only 5; at age 6, he played in Santiago. After instruction from Bindo Paoli, he received a scholarship from the Chilean government in 1910 to pursue studies in Berlin, wher…
The arrest of Jesus is described in all four Gospels. The episode follows the *Agony in the Garden and precedes the *Trials of Christ. A group of soldiers (temple guards, plus, according to *Luke, Jewish priests and elders) were led at night, by *Judas, to Jesus and the other *apostles in the garden of Gethsemane. Judas identified Jesus by kissing him (this not mentioned in *John), and the soldier…
Arresti, Giulio Cesare, Italian organist and composer; b. Bologna, c. 1617; d. there, c. 1704. He pursued his career in Bologna, where he was 2 nd organist (1649?59) and 1 st organist (1659?61; 1671?99) at the church of S. Petronio. He also served as maestro di cappella at S. Salvatore, and later at S. Domenico (1674?1704). In 1666 he helped to found the Accademia Filarmonica, where he was its pri…
[a ray neeus] (1859?1927) Swedish physical chemist: proposed theory of ionic dissociation; he foresaw the greenhouse effect in 1896. Arrhenius came from a family of farmers, and his father was an estate manager and surveyor. He attended Uppsala University and did very well in physical science, and then moved to Stockholm to work for a higher degree on aqueous solutions of electrolytes (acids, base…
Arroyo, Martina, esteemed American soprano of Hispanic and black descent; b. N.Y., Feb. 2, 1936. Her principal teacher was Marinka Gurewich, but she also studied with Turnau at Hunter Coll. of the City Univ. of N.Y. (B.A., 1956). In 1958 she won the Metropolitan Opera Auditions of the Air and made her professional operatic debut in N.Y. in the U.S. premiere of Pizzetti?s Assassinio nella cattedral…
The Ars moriendi (The Art of Dying) refers to two related works of the fifteenth century that provide directions and illustrations on the preparations and procedures for *death. A short version of the text, frequently illustrated with woodcut prints from the mid-fifteenth century, depicts deathbed scenes such an *angels and *demons awaiting the *soul of the dying person, and *devils tempting the d…
NBC, 12/4/1976 to 12/19/1976, 4 Parts, 6 1/2 hours). This adaptation of Arthur Hailey?s 1975 tale of power and greed in the banking business won an Emmy Award nomination as Outstanding Series of the 1976-77 season. Christopher Plummer won an Emmy for his role as one of two ambitious corporate vice presidents who become rivals when an imminent boardroom vacancy arises. Other nominations went to Sus…
(NBC, 5/7/1978 to 5/15/1978, 5 Parts, 10 hours). The slick 1971 Hailey novel about passion and intrigue at the corporate level of the automotive industry emerged as an elegantly produced soap opera in this project, the biggest ever handled by a single director (Jerry London). It was highlighted by the Emmy-nominated performance of Lee Remick as the bored wife who finds that playing second-fiddle t…
Of disputed historical authenticity, King Arthur appears in early Welsh poetry and in the ninth-century chronicle (Historia Brit-tonum) of the Welsh writer Nennius. He is described as a brave warrior who led the Britons in a number of victorious battles against the Saxons in the early sixth century. The deeds of Arthur were expanded in folklore and oral tradition. Geoffrey of Monmouth included a v…
Artie Lange was born and raised in New Jersey. His mother was a homemaker of Italian descent and his father, was a contractor of German and Native American lineage. His father was put on trial for counterfeiting money a mere two weeks following Artie?s birth, but was not given jail time. In high school, Artie was a talented baseball player who became an All County third baseman. He spent free time…
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a scientific field whose goal is to understand intelligent thought processes and behavior and to develop methods for building computer systems that act as if they are ?thinking? and can learn from themselves. Although the study of intelligence is the subject of other disciplines such as philosophy, physiology, psychology, and neuroscience, people in those discipline…
Art?t(real name, Montagney), family of Belgian musicians: (1) Maurice Art?t , bandmaster, horn player, guitarist, and teacher; b. Gray, Haute-Sa?ne, France, Feb. 3, 1772; d. Brussels, Jan. 8, 1829. After serving as a bandmaster in the French Army, he settled in Brussels as 1 st horn player in the orch. of the Th??tre de la Monnaie. He also was active as a guitarist and singing teacher. He had 2 so…
Artusi, Giovanni Maria, Italian music theorist and composer; b. Bologna, c. 1540; d. there, Aug. 18, 1613. He was a student of Zarlino in Venice. In 1562 he entered the order of the Congregation of S. Salvatore in Bologna, where he was professed in 1563 and spent his life as a canon regular. After Vincenzo Galilei criticized the traditional stance of Zarlino, Artusi felt compelled to defend his te…
Artzt, Alice (Josephine), American guitarist; b. Philadelphia, March 16, 1943. She studied piano and flute before taking up the classical guitar when she was 13. She pursued training with Ida Presti and Alexandre Lagoya in France and with Julian Bream in England, and also was a student of Otto Luening (composition) and Paul Henry Lang (musicology) at Columbia Univ. (B.A., 1967), and of Darius Milh…
Principal social themes: homosexuality, disabilities TriStar Pictures. PG-13 rating. Featuring: Jack Nicholson, Helen Hunt, Greg Kinnear, Cuba Gooding Jr., Skeet Ulrich, Shirley Knight, Yeardley Smith, Lupe Ontiveros, Bibi Osterwald, Ross Bleckner, Jesse James, Lawrence Kasdan, Linda Gehringer, Julie Benz, Harold Ramis, Jill. Written by Mark Andrus and James L. Brooks based on a story by Mark Andr…
Bashar al-Asad (Bashshar al-Assad) is the president of Syria. A trained ophthalmologist, Asad entered politics only in 1994, succeeding to the presidency upon the death of his father, HAFIZ AL-ASAD , in 2000. Widespread anticipation that the youthful president would bring rapid and substantial economic and political change to Syria was soon dampened when his administration took steps to reassert t…
A member of the Syrian Ba?th Party since secondary school, Hafiz al-Asad (Hafez al-Assad) was a major factional leader within it until seizing power in a coup in 1970. He was the president of Syria from 1971 until his death in 2000. Asad was born in the small village of Qurdaha in the mountains of northwestern Syria, home to the Islamic minority known as the Alawis (or Alawites). Sent to school on…
Asafiev, Boris (Vladimirovich), prominent Russian musicologist and composer; b. St. Petersburg, July 29, 1884; d. Moscow, Jan. 27, 1949. He took courses in history and philology at the Univ. of St. Petersburg (graduated, 1908), and in orchestration with Rimsky-Korsakov and in composition with Liadov at the St. Petersburg Cons, (graduated, 1910). In 1914 he began writing music criticism under the p…
Asawa, Brian, admirable American countertenor; b. Fullerton, Calif., Oct. 1, 1966. He received vocal training in N.Y. In 1991 he became the first countertenor to win the Metropolitan Opera Auditions. In 1991-92 he honed his craft at the San Francisco Opera, and then was awarded a Richard Tucker Music Foundation grant in 1993. He won the countertenor prize in the Pl?cido Domingo ?Operalia? Competit…
Aschaffenburg, Walter, German-born American composer and teacher; b. Essen, May 20, 1927. He went to the U.S. at the age of 11 and in 1944 became a naturalized citizen. He studied composition with Robert Doellner at the Hartford School of Music (diploma, 1945), Elwell at the Oberlin (Ohio) Coll. Cons, of Music (B.A., 1951), Rogers at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, N.Y. (M.A., 1952), and…
Ascher, Leo, Austrian composer; b. Vienna, Aug. 17, 1880; d. N.Y., Feb. 25, 1942. He received training in law and music. The success of his first operetta, Vergeltsgott or Der Bettlerklub (Vienna, Oct. 14, 1905), encouraged him to devote himself to composing for the theater. His first major work, Die arme Lori (Vienna, March 12, 1909), was followed by his first notable success, Hoheit tanzt Walzer…
(1918-) Mary Kay Cosmetics With innovative sales techniques and programs aimed at boosting the self-esteem of her employees, Mary Kay Ash has built the largest direct-sales cosmetic empire in the United States. Mary Kay Cosmetics is a Fortune 500 company with more than $1.5 billion in retail sales annually. Mary Kay Ash was born May 12, 1918, in Hot Wells, Texas. She was the youngest child of Ed…
Ashkenazy, Vladimir (Davidovich), greatly gifted Russian pianist and conductor; b. Gorki, July 6, 1937. He became a student of Anaida Sumbatian at the Central Music School in Moscow in 1945, and in 1955 of Lev Oborin at the Moscow Cons., from which he graduated in 1963. In 1955 he won 2 nd prize in the Chopin Competition in Warsaw. After capturing 1 st prize in the Queen Elisabeth of Belgium Compe…
B. 1925 D. September 17, 1985 Birthplace: Merthyr Tydfil, Wales Award: Queen?s Award for Export Achievement, 1977 Laura Ashley elevated the romantic style and warmth of a cozy English cottage to one of the most popular fashion themes of the twentieth century. From sweet dresses trimmed in lace, to charming wallpaper and upholstery fabrics, Laura Ashley combined her love of the English countryside,…
Ashley, Robert (Reynolds), pioneering American composer, performer, director, and writer; b. Ann Arbor, Mich., March 28, 1930. He studied theory at the Univ. of Mich. (B.Mus., 1952) and piano and composition with Riegger at the Manhattan School of Music in N.Y. (M.Mus., 1954); then returned to the Univ. of Mich., for further composition study with Finney, Bassett, and Gerhard (1957?60), where he a…
Ashman, Howard (b. Baltimore, Md., May 17, 1950; d. N.Y., March 14, 1990) and Menkin, Allan (b. 1949, New Rochelle, N.Y.), the songwriters who ?gave a mermaid her voice and a beast his soul.? Howard Ashman?s father made ice cream cones, and, in a way, Ashman followed in his father?s footsteps, creating musical confections that delighted both children and adults. In his early twenties, Howard Ashma…
Radwa Ashour (also Ashur) is an Egyptian novelist, short-story writer, literary critic, and university professor. Name: Radwa Ashour (Ashur) Birth: 1946, Cairo, Egypt Family: Husband, Murid al-Barghuthi (Palestinian); one son: Tamim (b. 1977) Nationality: Egyptian Education: B.A. (English), Cairo University, 1967; MA. (comparative literature) Cairo University, 1972; Ph.D. (African-American literat…
Hanan Mikha?il Ashrawi is a prominent Palestinian academic, politician, and human rights activist. Ashrawi was born in 1946 in the West Bank town of Ramallah, just outside of Jerusalem, to a prominent Protestant Christian Palestinian family. Her father Da?ud Mikha?il was one of the founders of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Her mother, Wadi?a As?ad, was of Lebanese ancestry and was a…
Asian American theater is far more viable and active in America than one would think based on Broadway or its publication record, though we are beginning to see more Asian American plays in print. There have been numerous self-produced Asian American dramas, performed as monologues or based in the community rather than performed in mainstream theaters. The Asian American experience is as varied as…
Women were indispensable to the Asian-American movement from its inception in the late 1960s. Following its black and Latino counterparts, the Asian-American movement evolved out of the antiwar and student movements and, somewhat more distantly, the civil rights movement. As with other racial/ethnic groups that have sought cultural and political rights, the Asian-American movement laid the ground …
Moroccan poet, writer, university professor, and politician Malika al-Asimi is an outspoken critic of discrimination against women, especially in public service. She lost her first electoral bid to represent her Marrakech district in the Moroccan parliament, but won the seat on the second try. Al-Asimi was born in Marrakech, in 1964. She received a Bachelor?s degree in Arabic literature and a cert…
Asioli, Bonifazio, Italian composer and pedagogue; b. Correggio, Aug. 30, 1769; d. there, May 18, 1832. He was born into a musical family, and began to compose and play the harpsichord at an early age. After studies with Angelo Morigi in Parma (1780?82), he returned to Correggio and brought out his first opera, La volubile, when he was 15. He also taught at the Collegio Civico there, becoming maes…
Anne Askew, whose martyrdom in the last days of the reign of Henry VIII raised her from the ranks of the lesser gentry to at least historical immortality, was the second daughter of Sir William Askew, Lincolnshire landowner and courtier to Henry VIII, and his wife, Elizabeth Wrottesley. Reasonably well educated, she was a fervent student of the Scriptures and might have lived her days in relative …
(NBC, 11/5/1977 to 11/7/1977, 3 Parts, 120 each, 6 hours). A chic Colorado ski resort in the 1960s is the setting for illicit love, corruption and a sensational murder trial in this melodrama woven together from two novels (actually the title of one, the plot of the other) and subsequently spiced up with a new, more intriguing title (?The Innocent and the Damned?) the second time around. Involved …
These two terms are now phonetic variants, in American and British English respectively, of the ancient word for the backside, fundament, posteriors, or buttocks, animal or human. This part of the anatomy and its emissions are, of course, a fruitful area for vituperation. Arse , derived from late Anglo-Saxon ears , was in common use up to the eighteenth century, the medlar fruit having been called…
Waleed E. Farag Zagazig University, Egypt Multimedia applications are rapidly spread at an ever-increasing rate, introducing a number of challenging problems at the hands of the research community. The most significant and influential problem among them is the effective access to stored data. In spite of the popularity of the keyword-based search technique in alphanumeric databases, it is inadequ…
(ABC, 4/30/1972, 120 mins). An undercover agent (played by Roy Scheider), using his bar as a front, vies with three assassins to locate a stolen fortune in Germany for which a man was murdered after leaving prison. Ultimately, in series form, the locale was changed, along with the title (to ?Assignment: Vienna?) and the three regulars, following a legal action against Scheider. The actor, expectin…
In 1940 Carter G. Woodson wrote to his fellow Americans: ?Do not let the role which you have played be obscured while others write themselves into the foreground of your story? ( Negro History Bulletin , February 1940). Woodson and the members of the organization that he founded played a very important role in fighting the negative stereotypes of African Americans that were created during slavery.…
Association, The, pop band, formed 1965. M EMBERSHIP: Gary ?Jules? Alexander, lead gtr., voc. (b. Chattanooga, Term., Sept. 25, 1943); Terry Kirkman, brs., rds., pere, voc. (b. Salinas, Kans., Dec. 12, 1941); Jim Yester, rhythm gtr., kybd., voc. (b. Birmingham, Ala., Nov. 24, 1939); Russ Giguere, gtr., voc. (b. Portsmouth, N.H., Oct. 18, 1943); Brian Cole, bs., voc. (b. Tacoma, Wash., Sept. 8, 194…
The term assumption comes from the Latin adsumere , ?to take up.? The belief that the body and *soul of the Virgin *Mary were taken up to *heaven after her *death is first found in late fourth-century apocryphal writings which give various accounts of her death, entombment, and bodily assumption. Accepted, and celebrated liturgically, in both western and eastern churches from at least the sixth or…
Astaire, Fred (originally Frederick E.Austerlitz Jr.), debonair American dancer, actor, and singer; b. Omaha, May 10, 1899; d. Los Angeles, June 22, J987. Though Astaire?s talent as a dancer?displayed in vaudeville, on Broadway, and in films?overshadowed his other abilities, he was a favorite of such songwriters as Jerome Kern, Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and George Gershwin, and introduced many o…
(1877?1945) British chemical physicist: invented mass spectrograph. After graduating in chemistry in Birmingham, Aston worked for 3 years as a chemist in a nearby brewery. In his leisure at home he designed and made an improved vacuum pump and in 1903 he turned to physics as a career, working on discharge tubes in Birmingham and, from 1909, in Cambridge as assistant. They worked on the ?positive r…
Aston, Peter (George), English conductor, musicologist, and composer; b. Birmingham, Oct. 5, 1938. He studied composition and conducting at the Birmingham School of Music (1956?60), and then musicology at the Univ. of York (1964-69; Ph.D., 1970, with the diss. George Jeffreys and the English Baroque) . He was a lecturer in music (1964?72) and senior lecturer (1972?74) at the Univ. of York. From 19…
INFLUENCE OF STARS. The ancient Greeks and Romans believed that the Egyptians invented astrology. Astrology is the divination of the supposed influences of the stars and planets on human activity and events on earth by their positions and aspects. Though the Egyptians indeed studied the stars, the belief that the stars influenced events on earth was probably a later development and not a major pa…
DAVID MALIN Anglo-Australian Observatory, RMIT University DENNIS DI CICCO Sky Publishing Corporation Astronomy is the study of the sun, moon, planets, stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects. Historically, it was primarily an observational science, so the public unveiling of photography in 1839 was immediately recognized as important. Although Daguerre?s discovery was championed by astron…
Leo Tan Wee Hin Singapore National Academy of Science and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore R. Subramaniam Singapore National Academy of Science and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore The plain, old telephone system (POTS) has formed the backbone of the communications world since its inception in the 1880s. Running on twisted pairs of copper wires bundled together, there has n…
[atty-ah] (1929? ) British mathematician. Atiyah, the son of a Lebanese father and a Scottish mother, attended schools in Cairo and Manchester before his military service and then became a student, and later a fellow, of Trinity College, Cambridge. Further work at Princeton and Oxford followed, and led to professorships at both. In 1963 he developed the Atiyah?Singer index theorem, and his subsequ…
n?e Children (1799?1871) British botanist: the first to use photography to illustrate scientific studies. Anna was the only child of J G Children, a Fellow of the Royal Society whose wife had died shortly after Anna?s birth. Her father was a friend of the Herschel family and Anna knew from childhood. She had a close relationship with her father and shared his scientific interests. No doubt this po…
Atkins, Chet (originally Chester Burton), American guitarist, producer, and record company executive; b. near Luttrell, Tenn., June 20, 1924. As a performer, Atkins developed a finger-picking style that influenced other guitarists in all areas of music; during a 50-year recording career, he made at least 84 albums, reaching the pop or country charts with 47 releases between 1957 and 1996 and winni…
Simon Green Atkins distinguished himself in his home state of North Carolina as a teacher and advocate of teacher-training programs for African Americans. Doubtless his success was known beyond the state?s boundaries, for he founded a small school that he developed into Winston-Salem Teachers College, a four-year institution, and oversaw its transition from private to state control. His abiding in…
Dorothy Gillis Atkinson was born in Malden, Massachusetts, on August 5, 1929, of Scotch-Italian ancestry. Her mother was a full-time homemaker, her father a labor-union leader. As a child she attended public schools in Massachusetts, New York, and California. The oldest of six children and the only girl, Atkinson was an avid reader who did well in school, as she puts it, ?without much effort.? At …
Atlantov, Vladimir (Andreievich), distinguished Russian tenor and baritone; b. Leningrad, Feb. 19, 1939. He studied with Bolotina at the Leningrad Cons., taking the Glinka Prize in 1962 and graduating in 1963. After making his formal operatic debut at Leningrad?s Kirov Theater in 1963, he was a student artist at Milan?s La Scala (1963?65). He was a medalist at the Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow…
Marlyn Kemper Littman Nova Southeastern University, USA The remarkable popularity of Web-based applications featuring text, voice, still images, animations, full-motion video and/or graphics and spiraling demand for broadband technologies that provision seamless multimedia delivery motivate implementation of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) in an array of electronic learning (e-learning) environm…
The many forms of mass media that were developed during the twentieth century have challenged the assumption that relationships occur only between ?real? people who know each other personally. Mass media creators, as well as researchers, have long recognized that media consumers are drawn to compelling media characters and personalities. In 1956, Donald Horton and R. Richard Wohl wrote a seminal a…
(CBS, 2/20/1975 and 2/21/1975, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). A fact-based drama, from the FBI files, detailing the story of three civil rights workers who were murdered in Mississippi in 1964 and the subsequent investigation leading to the conviction of seven Ku Klux Klansmen. This was the second in Quinn Martin?s series of landmark FBI cases. Adapted from Don Whitehead?s 1970 book ?Attack on …
Atterberg, Kurt (Magnus), eminent Swedish composer; b. G?teborg, Dec. 12, 1887; d. Stockholm, Feb. 15, 1974. He studied composition at the Stockholm Cons, with Hallen, and in Berlin with Schillings (1910?12). In 1913 he was appointed conductor at the Drama Theater in Stockholm, holding this post until 1922. In 1919 he began writing music criticism and continued to contribute to Stockholm newspaper…
Attwood, Thomas, English organist and composer; b. London (baptized), Nov. 23, 1765; d. there, March 24, 1838. At 9, he became a chorister at the Chapel Royal. In 1781 he was made one of the Pages of the Presence to the Prince of Wales, who made it possible for him to study in Naples with Felipe Cinque and Gaetano Latilla (1783?85). He then went to Vienna, where he received composition lessons fro…
Auber, Daniel-Fran?ois-Esprit, notable French composer; b. Caen, Jan. 29, 1782; d. Paris, May 12, 1871. He was a pupil of Ignaz Anton Ladurner. His first work for the stage, L?erreur d?un moment (1805; rev. as Julie, 1811), attracted the notice of Cherubini, who became his mentor. Auber first gained success as a composer with his op?ra-comique, La berg?re ch?telaine (Paris, Jan. 27, 1820). Shortly…
Aubert, family of French musicians: (1) Jacques Aubert , violinist and composer, known as le vieux and le p?re; b. Paris, Sept. 30, 1689; d. Belleville, near Paris, May 17 or 18, 1753. He was a pupil of Senaill?. After working as a dancing-master and violinist, he entered the service of Louis-Henri, Duke of Bourbon and Prince of Cond?, in 1719, and wrote music for the stage. He was a member of the…
?Research? in a media organization can mean checking sources for news programs, and it can mean conducting market research for advertisers. ?Audience research,? however, means only one thing: research that seeks to answer questions about the size and nature of the audience of television programs, radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and Internet websites. Because of the size of the television bu…
Definition: Contemporary news systems contain today visual media including audio and video information. Historically most relevant information concerning progress in sciences and the growth of general information within human knowledge and accessible to mankind has been documented in written text and occasionally described in images and maps. The technological developments of the 20th century has …
Jauvane C. de Oliveira National Laboratory for Scientific Computation, Petropolis, RJ, Brazil Definition : Audio compression and coding techniques are used to compress audio signals and can be based on sampling or on signal processing of audio sequences. Audio is the most important medium to be transmitted in a conference-like application. In order to be able to successfully transmit audio throu…
Definition: Audio conferencing allows participants in a live session to hear each other. The audio is transmitted over the network between users, live and in real-time. Audio conferencing is one component of teleconferencing; the others are video conferencing, and data conferencing. Since the audio must be encoded, transmitted, and decoded in real-time, special compression and transmission techniq…
Shervin Shirmohammadi University of Ottawa, Canada Jauvane C. de Oliveira National Laboratory for Scientific Computation, Petropolis, RJ, Brazil Definition: Audio streaming refers to the transfer of audio across the network such that the audio can be played by the receiver(s) in real-time as it is being transferred. Audio streaming can be for various live media, such as the Internet broadcast …
Audran, (Achille) Edmond, notable French composer, son of Marius-Pierre Audran; b. Lyons, April 12, 1840; d. Tierceville, Aug. 17, 1901. He was a student of Jules Duprato at the ?cole Niedermeyer in Paris, graduating in 1859. In 1861 he became ma?tre de chapelle of the church of St. Joseph in Marseilles, where he composed sacred music and attracted notice with his operetta Le Grand Mogol (Feb. 24,…
Auer, Edward, American pianist and teacher; b. N.Y., Dec. 7, 1941. He was a student of Aube Tzerko in Los Angeles (1952?60) before pursuing training at the Juilliard School of Music in N.Y. (1961-62; 1963-66), where he studied with Rosina Lh?vinne. He completed his studies in Paris on a Fulbright grant (1966?68). In 1965 he took 2 nd prize in the Beethoven Competition and 5 th prize in the Chopin …
Auer, Leopold, celebrated Hungarian violinist and pedagogue, great-uncle of Gy?rgy (S?ndor) Ligeti; b. Veszpr?m, June 7, 1845; d. Loschwitz, near Dresden, July 15, 1930. He studied with Ridley-Kohne at the Budapest Cons. After making his debut in the Mendelssohn Concerto in Budapest, he continued his training with Jacob Dont in Vienna and then with Joachim in Hannover (1861?63). He was concertmast…
[ ow erbakh] (1899?1994) German?British geneticist: discoverer of chemical mutagenesis. Lotte Auerbach, born in Germany and the daughter and grand-daughter of scientists, herself studied science at four German universities and then taught in schools in Berlin until, in 1933, all Jewish teachers were dismissed. She escaped to Edinburgh, followed by her mother, worked for a PhD and obtained a lowly …
Auger, Arleen (Joyce), esteemed American soprano; b. Los Angeles, Sept. 13, 1939; d. Amsterdam, June 10, 1993. She majored in education at Calif. State Univ. in Long Beach (B.A., 1963); then studied voice with Ralph Errolle in Chicago. She made her European operatic debut as the Queen of the Night in Die Zaub-erfl?te at the Vienna State Opera (1967), remaining on its roster until 1974; also chose …
Auger, Brian, British jazz organist, pianist, and composer; b. London, July 18, 1939. Auger was known as an early jazz-rock exponent. He was voted Best New Jazz Artist by Melody Maker in 1964, and created an R&B group, Trinity, that same year with John McLaughlin. The group later included Rick Brown on bass and Mickey Waller on drums. It became known as Steampacket after adding vocalists Long John…
Definition: Augmented reality is a system that enhances the real world by superimposing computer-generated information on top of it. Virtual Reality (VR) is the technology that provides almost real and/or believable experiences in a synthetic or virtual way. Augmented Reality (AR) can be thought of as a variation of VR. In the original publication which coined the term, (Computer-) Augmented Reali…
Determined to become a medical doctor, Alexander T. Augusta moved to various cities in search of employment to support his dream, finally graduating from medical school in Toronto. He distinguished himself in all of his appointments. He was the first black commissioned and the highest black officer in the segregated U.S. Army, serving with the U.S. Colored Troops. He headed the old Freedmen?s Hosp…
One of the four Latin *Doctors of the Church, Saint Augustine?s life (354-430), deeds, and writings have had a profound impact on the history of Christianity. Details of his life are contained in his autobiographical work, the Confessions (c.400). He was born at Tagaste (North Africa) and although brought up as a Christian by his mother, Saint Monica, abandoned Christianity and spent much of his y…
Augustus, Janice G., African-American composer, violinist, and organist; b. Cleveland, Oct. 31, 1945. At an early age, she studied piano extensively with Rose Widder and violin with Gino Antal. She later attended Howard Univ. in Washington, D.C. (1964?69), becoming proficient on several other instruments. From 1976 to 1996 she served as a teacher for the Archdiocese of Los Angeles at Guardian Ange…
Aula, Giacomo, Italian jazz pianist, composer; b. Lagonegro, March 28, 1967. Aula studied classical music with Maria Martino, African- American music in Torino (where he has lived since 1986), and jazz peformance, jazz orchestra playing, and musicology at Siena Jazz (studying with Enrico Rava, Franco D?Andrea, Bruno Tommaso, Marcello Piras, and Stefano Zenni). In 1994 he earned a degree in electro…
Auld, Georgie (born John Altwerger), Canadian-born American jazz tenor saxophonist, bandleader; b. Toronto, May 19, 1919; d. Palm Springs, Calif., Jan. 8, 1990. As a child Auld began on alto saxophone, studying with Michael Angelo in Toronto. In 1929 his family moved to N.Y., where, in 1931, he won a scholarship to study with Rudy Weidoeft for nine months. In 1936, after hearing Coleman Hawkins?s …
Aulin, Tor (Bernhard Vilhelm), noted Swedish violinist, conductor, and composer; b. Stockholm, Sept. 10, 1866; d. Saltsj?baden, March 1, 1914. He studied with C.J. Lindberg in Stockholm (1877?83) and with Sauret and P. Scharwenka in Berlin (1884?86). In 1887 he established the Aulin String Quartet, and traveled with it in Germany and Russia. He was concert-master of the orch. of the Royal Opera in…
israeli mathematician and economist Robert (also known as Bob, Johnny, and Yisrael) Aumann has been a central figure in the founding of game theory and made significant contributions to the theory?s application to economics, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics in 2005. The Nobel Prize Committee noted that his work ?enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through ga…
(CBS, 12/5/1979, 120 mins). The heartwarming true-life Hallmark Hall of Fame drama about a handicapped Baltimore woman living on welfare who organized a sandlot baseball team and ended up coaching more than 50,000 boys and girls over nearly 40 years. Production Company Henry Jaffe Enterprises. Director Peter Werner. Executive Producers Ellis A. Cohen, Henry Jaffe. Producer Michael Jaffe. Teleplay …
Auric, Georges, notable French composer; b. Lod?ve, H?rault, Feb. 15, 1899; d. Paris, July 23, 1983. He first studied music at the Montpellier Cons., then went to Paris, where he was a student of Caussade at the Cons, and of d?Indy and Roussel at the Schola Cantorum. While still in his early youth (1911?15), he wrote something like 300 songs and piano pieces. At 18, he composed a ballet, Les Noces…
Austin, Gene (real name Eugene Lucas), easygoing American singer, songwriter, and pianist; b. Gainesville, Tex., June 24, 1900; d. Palm Springs, Calif., Jan. 24, 1972. Austin was second only to Al Jolson as the most successful singer on records in the U.S. in the 1920s, and his calm tenor, in striking contrast to Jolson?s sound, marked him as one of the earliest crooners to make use of the new ele…
Austin, Larry (Don), American composer and teacher; b. Duncan, Okla., Sept. 12, 1930. He was a student of Archer at the Univ. of N. Tex. in Dent?n (B.M.E., 1951; M.M., 1952). After studies with Milhaud at Mills Coll. in Oakland, Calif, (summer, 1955), he pursued graduate training with Imbrie at the Univ. of Calif, at Berkeley (1955?58). He later studied electronic music at the San Francisco Tape M…
Austin, Lovie (born Cora Calhoun), jazz/blues pianist, songwriter; b. Chattanooga, Term., Sept. 19, 1887; d. Chicago, July 10, 1972. Austin is remembered as the leader of a number of significant recording sessions in the early 1920s. She studied music at Roger Williams Univ. in Nashville and at Knoxville Coll. She married very young to a Detroit movie-house owner, then later married a variety arti…
Of all the global varieties of English, the Australian is most noted for the liberal use of swearing and profane language. This is, no doubt, a reflection of the nature of the founding population, which was made up principally of 160,000 convicts, very unlike the Pilgrim Fathers of the United States. A mere half-century after the establishment of the penal colonies in Australia, H.W. Haygarth comm…
What it means to be ?Australian? cannot be understood without appreciation of how race, as a marker of difference, has permeated the colonial and national psyche. In Australia, ?race? once implied a difference of appearance perceived as inferior, unworthy, polluting, or threatening, but it has increasingly come to simply mean ?different.? Two parallel histories interweave to ensure the hegemony of…
Definition: Authoring and specification tools provide development environment for multimedia applications and presentations. Numerous multimedia authoring tools and specification techniques have been produced across both commercial and research domains. While many articles focus on particular niche, ranging from specific media (e.g., image editing) to complex multimedia scenarios, this article spe…
DAVID MALIN Anglo-Australian Observatory, RMIT University Autoradiography is the creation of a photographic image using radiation emitted from a specimen in direct contact with a photo-sensitive material, so the image is a self-portrait of the radiation-emitting parts of the specimen. The technique can involve tagging specimens of almost any sort with radioactive tracers that are selectively tak…
Autry, Gene (originally Orvin Gene Autry), the first and most famous singing cowboy; b. Tioga Springs, Tex., Sept. 29, 1907; d. Los Angeles, Calif., Oct. 2, 1998. Autry transformed the image of the country singer with his introduction of western garb and mannerisms into his stage persona. In the 1930s, he was a star of radio, records, and films; from the end of World War II on, he was primarily a …
T he evolution of avant-garde film, as articulated in the canonical texts of film historiography, has been teleologically structured as a chronological progression toward ever more sophisticated forms of film art. Divided essentially into three periods, each avant-garde has been connected to its predecessor by aesthetic and personnel continuities, constructing over significant gaps in time and spa…
Avenary, Hanoch (real name, Herbert Loewenstein), Israeli musicologist; b. Danzig, May 25, 1908. He studied musicology and other subjects at the univs. of Leipzig, Munich, and Frankfurt am Main; then received his Ph.D. in 1931 from the Univ. of K?nigsberg with the diss. Wort und Ton bei Oswald von Wolkenstein (publ. in K?nigsberg, 1932). He went to Palestine in 1936 and was active as a publisher o…
Aversive racism is a form of contemporary racism that manifests at the individual level. Compared to the traditional form of racism, aversive racism operates, often unconsciously, in subtle and indirect ways. People whose behavior is characterized by aversive racism (aversive racists) sympathize with victims of past injustice, support the principle of racial equality, and regard themselves as nonp…
ay veree] (1877?1955) US bacteriologist: showed that the genetic material of bacterial chromosomes is DNA. Born in Canada, Avery went to New York when he was 10 and remained there for his working life; he qualified in medicine at Columbia in 1904, and from 1913 researched in bacteriology at the Rockefeller Institute Hospital. His special interest was pneumococci (the bacteria causing pneumonia). I…
Avidom (real name, Kalkstein), Menahem, prominent Polish-born Israeli composer and administrator; b. Stanislawow, Jan. 6, 1908; d. Herzliya, Aug. 5, 1995. He emigrated to Palestine in 1925. After taking courses in art and science at the American Univ. in Beirut (B.A., 1928), he went to Paris to study with Rabaud at the Cons. (1928?31). Following a sojourn in Alexandria, Egypt (1931?35), he settled…
Avison, Charles, English organist, writer on music, and composer; b. Newcastle upon Tyne (baptized), Feb. 16, 1709; d. there, May 9, 1770. His father, a town wait, was active as a musician. It is likely, therefore, that he received initial training at home. He later studied with Geminiani in London. In 1735 he was made organist at St. John?s Church in Newcastle, which post he assumed in 1736. Late…
Avni, Tzvi (Jacob), German-born Israeli composer, teacher, and writer on music; b. Saarbr?cken, Sept. 2, 1927. He emigrated to Palestine in 1935; studied with Abel Ehrlich and Seter at the Tel Aviv Academy of Music (diploma, 1958), and also received private instruction in orchestration from Ben-Haim. He was a student of Copland and Foss at the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood (summer, 1963), l…
[avoh ga droh] (1776?1856) Italian physicist: proposed a method for finding molecular formulae of gases. Trained in law like his forefathers and working as a lawyer for some time, after 1800 he turned to science and held professorships in physics for much of his life. His fame now rests on one brilliant and important idea. He considered Law of combining volumes and with little evidence offered a d…
Avshalomov, Jacob (David), Russian-American conductor, teacher, and composer, son of Aaron Avshalomov; b. Tsingtao, China, March 28, 1919. His father was Russian and his mother American. He studied with his father before emigrating to the U.S. with his mother in 1937. After studies with Toch in Los Angeles, he went to Portland, Oreg., in 1938 and pursued his training with Lucia and Jacques Gershko…
Salman ibn Fahd ibn Abdullah al-Awda (Oadah) is a Saudi Arabian preacher whose sermons, widely distributed by audiotape, became influential among Islamist political thinkers at home and abroad during the 1991 Gulf War and much of the decade following. Incarcerated in the 1990s for opposition to the Saudi government, he is now a supporter of the regime. Al-Awda was born in 1955 in al-Basr, near the…
Ax, Emanuel, outstanding Polish-born American pianist; b. Lwow, June 8, 1949. He began to play the violin at age 6, but soon turned to the piano and studied with his father, a coach at the Lw?w Opera. The family settled in N.Y. in 1961 and he pursued piano training with Mieczystaw Munz at the Juilliard School of Music. In 1969 he made a concert tour of South America. He received his B.A. in French…
National middle-distance athlete and world championships runner S?reyya Ayhan Kop won her first gold medal for Turkey at the European championship in Munich in 2002. At age twenty-three, she set a new world record for 1,500-meter distance running and beat the Romanian world and Olympics champion Gabriela Szabo with 3 minutes, 58.79 seconds. It has not been since Ruhi Sarialp?s success in winning t…
Ayler, Albert, free-jazz tenor saxophonist; b. Cleveland, Ohio, July 13, 1936; d. Nov. 25, 1970. Ayler?s unique approach generally began with a simple theme played with a wide vibrato, followed by a free improvisation based on a total exploration of the speech-like screaming sounds possible on the saxophone. Highly controversial, he was greatly admired by John Coltrane, who would listen and learn …
Ayrton, Edmund, English organist and composer, father of William Ayrton; b. Ripon (baptized), Nov. 19, 1734; d. London, May 22, 1808. He became organist, rector chori, and ?singing-man? at Southwell Collegiate Church or Minister in 1755. In 1756 he pursued training with James Nares. In 1764 he settled in London as a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. He also served as a vicar-choral at St. Paul?s Cath…
n?e (Phoebe) Sarah Marks (1854?1923) British electrical engineer; the first woman to present a paper to the Royal Society. Sarah Marks (she later adopted the name Hertha) was the daughter of a Polish Jew who fled to England following persecution under the Tsarist regime and died when she was 7, leaving his widow with six sons and two daughters to care for. Mrs Marks was a strong-minded woman who b…
Aznavour, Charles (originally Varenagh Aznavourian), b. Paris, May 22, 1924. Armenian by decent, Parisian by birth, Aznavour typifies the European lounge singer, the guy whose hard drinking and chain smoking conceals a tender underbelly. Azvanour began to forge his tough-but-tender persona as a singer in the 1950s, drawing on French vocalists and American stars like Frank Sinatra, and he cemented …
The concept of Aztl?n has had a long life in the realms of myth, symbolism, and archetype in both Mexican and Chicano cultures. While the common denominator can be found in the two cultures? perception of themselves with respect to origins and identity, the application and associations are measurably different. Mexican culture, for example, tends to view Aztl?n as an abstract historical past that …
Dia al-Azzawi, an Iraqi-born painter, is an outstanding and world-class artist, art consultant, and author. He has written several articles about Iraqi contemporary art and Arab art. He is a prominent artist of the Iraq school who played a role in the promotion of Iraqi and Arab art to wider audiences, notably through numerous publications and exhibitions of his and his contemporaries? works. In 1…
Prolific Iraqi poet and novelist, Fadhil al-Azzawi is a member of the influential Kirkuk Group of poets and writers, which had an important impact on the development of Iraqi literature and culture in the last three decades of the twentieth century. Azzawi grew up in Kirkuk, but moved to Baghdad to study and later work as a journalist and editor. He became famous in the 1960s for his poetry, which…
(NBC, 10/4/1978, 120 mins). An action adventure featuring a guitar-plucking independent trucker who travels with a fun-loving chimp, hauls anything, and finds himself caught up with a bunch of girls trying to flee a white slaver who happens to be the local sheriff. The series based on this film began in January 1979, with Evigan the only holdover (along, of course, with the chimp known as ?The Bea…
[ bah duh] (1893?1960) German?US astronomer: classified stars into different population types; his work gave larger estimates for the size and the age of the universe. Educated in Germany at G?ttingen, Baade was on the staff of the University of Hamburg for 11 years before moving to the USA in 1931. He spent the Second World War at the Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories studying the Andromeda …
BABATUNDE, OBBA. Actor. He was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York, to become a noted actor of stage, television, and film. He received a Tony Award nomination for his portrayal of C. C. White in the original Broadway production of Dreamgirls , and portrayed the legendary jazz artist Jelly Roll Morton in the world premier of Jelly?s Last Jam . On television, he has portrayed Berry Gordy in the telep…
(1791?1871) British mathematician and computer scientist: inventor of the programmable computer. As the talented child of affluent parents, Babbage entered Cambridge in 1814 to study mathematics. He and his friend put effort into spurring their teachers to achieve a better standard in mathematics teaching, translating continental textbooks for their use and advocating calculus notation rather than…
(1792-1871) Inventor Although Charles Babbage never built an operational mechanical digital computer because of technology limitations, his design concepts conceived 150 years before the computer came into practical usage have been proven correct, and Babbage is regarded as the ?father of the computer.? Babbage was an expert mathematician who was also a significant economic theorist and inventor…
Babbitt, Milton (Byron), prominent American composer, teacher, and theorist; b. Philadelphia, May 10, 1916. He received early music training in Jackson, Miss., at the same time revealing an acute flair for mathematical reasoning; this double faculty was to determine the formulation of his musical theories. He pursued training in music with Marion Bauer and Philip James at N.Y. Univ. (B.A., 1935). …
(1912? ) US astronomer: made first measurements of stellar magnetic fields. Horace Babcock was the son of Harold Delos Babcock (1882?1968), also an astronomer, in collaboration with whom his most profitable work was done. Both worked at the Mount Wilson Observatory, Horace as director from 1964?78. It had been known since 1896 that some spectral lines are ?split? in the presence of strong magnetic…
(CBS, 10/23/1975, 120 mins). Susan Clark gave an Emmy Award-winning performance as America?s foremost woman athlete who won two Olympic track-and-field gold medals in 1932 and went on to become a world champion golfer. The film traces her development as an athlete, her battles to be accepted in sports, her marriage to wrestler-turned-promoter George Zaharias (played by ex-football pro Alex Karras)…
Baccaloni, Salvatore, noted Italian bass; b. Rome, April 14, 1900; d. N.Y., Dec. 31, 1969. He began his training at the Sistine Chapel choir school at the Vatican, and then studied with Giuseppe Kaschmann. In 1922 he made his operatic debut as Rossini?s Bartolo at the Teatro Adriano in Rome; from 1926 to 1940 he sang at Milan?s La Scala, where he was esteemed in buffo roles. In 1928 he made his de…
Bacewicz, Grazyna, notable Polish composer and violinist; b. L?dz, Feb. 5, 1909; d. Warsaw, Jan. 17, 1969. She learned to play the violin in her youth and began to compose at age 13. She then was a student of J?zef Jarzebski (violin), J?zef Turcz?nski (piano), and Sikorski (composition) at the Warsaw Cons., graduating in 1932. She also studied philosophy at the Univ. of Warsaw. A scholarship from …
Bach, illustrious family of German musicians. History possesses few records of such remarkable examples of hereditary art, which culminated in the genius of Johann Sebastian Bach. In the Bach genealogy, the primal member was Johannes or Hann Bach, who is mentioned in 1561 as a guardian of the municipality of Wechmar, a town near Gotha. Also residing in Wechmar was his relative Veit Bach; a baker b…
Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel (the ?Berlin?Or ?Hamburg? Bach), third (and second surviving) son of Johann Sebastian; b. Weimar, March 8, 1714; d. Hamburg, Dec. 14, 1788. He was educated under his father?s tuition at the Thomasschule in Leipzig, then studied jurisprudence at the Univ. of Leipzig and at the Univ. of Frankfurt-an- der-Oder. Turning to music as his chief vocation, he went to Berlin in 17…
Bach, Johann (John) Christian (the ?London? Bach), llth and youngest surviving son of Johann Sebastian; b. Leipzig, Sept. 5, 1735; d. London, Jan. 1, 1782. He received early instruction in music from his father, after whose death in 1750 he went to Berlin to study with his brother Carl Philipp Emanuel. In 1754 he went to Italy, where he continued his studies with Padre Martini and also found a pat…
Bach, Johann Christoph Friedrich (the ?B?ckeburg? Bach), ninth son of Johann Sebastian; b. Leipzig, June 21, 1732; d. B?ckeburg, Jan. 26, 1795. He studied music with his father, then attended the Univ. of Leipzig, where he took courses in jurisprudence. Adopting music as his principal vocation, he became a chamber musician in B?ckeburg, a post he held until his death. Although less known as a comp…
Bach, Johann Ernst, only son of Johann Bernhard; b. Eisenach, Jan. 28, 1722; d. there, Sept. 1, 1777. He was a pupil of his uncle Johann Sebastian. After studying law at the Univ. of Leipzig, he returned to Eisenach and practiced as an advocate. In 1748 he became asst. organist to his father at the Georgenkirche, succeeding him as organist in 1749. In 1756 he became Court Kapellmeister to the fuse…
Bach, Johann Sebastian, the most revered member of the family, whose stature as a composer has led him to be acclaimed as the supreme arbiter and lawgiver of music, a master comparable in greatness of stature with Aristotle in philosophy and Leonardo da Vinci in art; b. Eisenach, March 21 (baptized, March 23), 1685; d. Leipzig, July 28, 1750. He was a member of an illustrious family of musicians w…
Bach, Michael, German cellist, composer, and visual artist, also known as Bach Michael Bachtischa; b. Worms, April 17, 1958. He studied cello with Pierre Fournier and Janos Starker, then embarked on a career of international concert activity as well as performances on radio, recordings, and television. He made numerous significant contributions to the art of contemporary cello performance; his pub…
Bach. Wilhelm Friedemann (the ?Halle? Bach), eldest son of Johann Sebastian; b. Weimar, Nov. 22, 1710; d. Berlin, July 1, 1784. He was a pupil of his father. He studied at the Thomasschule in Leipzig (1723?29), and also studied violin with J.G. Graun in Merseburg (1726). In 1729 he enrolled at the Univ. of Leipzig, where he took courses in mathematics, philosophy, and law. In 1733 he became organi…
Bacharach, Burt, 1960s tunesmith of frothy pop ballads, b. May 12, 1928, in Kansas City, Mo. Burt Bacharach grew up in N.Y. and studied music theory and composition at McGill Univ. in Montreal in the early 1950s. He later worked as a pianist and arranger and served as Marlene Dietrich?s music director from 1956 to 1958. He subsequently teamed with lyricist Hal David (b. N.Y., May 25, 1921), who ha…
Bachauer, Gina, eminent Greek-born English pianist of Austrian descent; b. Athens, May 21, 1913; d. there, Aug. 22, 1976. She showed her aptitude as a pianist at age five; entered the Athens Cons., where her teacher was Waldemar Freeman. She then went to Paris, where she took lessons with Cortot at the ?cole Normale de Musique. In 1933 she won the Medal of Honor at the Vienna International Competi…
Born Ver?nica Michelle Bachelet Jeria, September 29, 1951, in Santiago, Chile; daughter of Alberto Bachelet Mart?nez (an Air Force general) and ?ngela Jeria G?mez (an archeologist); married Jorge D?valos (an architect), 1977 (separated, c. 1986); children: Sebastian, Francisca (with D?valos), Sofia (with a physician). Education: Studied medicine at the University of Chile, 1970?c. 1973, and after …
(NBC, 1/29/1979 to 2/19/1979, 4 Parts, 9 hours). A loving version of the 1961 book by Lillian Rogers Parks, the crippled seamstress-maid, who, along with her mother, served for 52 years as a White House domestic during eight presidential administrations. A mixture of pop history of the 20th century and the private lives of the various First Families (as portrayed by a stellar cast) as seen through…
Bacon, Emst, remarkable American composer; b. Chicago, May 26, 1898; d. Orinda, Calif., March 16, 1990. He studied theory at Northwestern Univ. with Lutkin (1915?18), and later at the Univ. of Chicago with Oldberg and T. Otterstroem (1919?20); also took private piano lessons in Chicago with Alexander Raab (1916?21). In 1924 he went to Vienna, where he took private composition lessons with Weigl an…
Born in 1561, Francis Bacon was the youngest son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, the lord keeper of the seal under Queen Elizabeth* from 1559 until his death in 1579, and Lady Ann Bacon,* one of the famously learned daughters of Sir Anthony Cooke. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, at the age?then unremarkable?of thirteen and left in 1576 without taking a degree. Later that year he traveled to France i…
(1561?1626) English statesman and natural philosopher: advocate of inductive method in science. Son of a statesman and courtier, Bacon was trained in law to follow the same path; with much effort and little scruple, he succeeded and held office under James I, finally becoming Lord High Chancellor in 1618. Convicted of taking bribes, he was banished from Court and office in 1621. His views of scien…
( c .1214?92) English philosopher and alchemist: supporter of experimental method in science. Probably a member of a wealthy family, Bacon studied at Oxford under Robert Grosseteste ( c. 1175?1253) and in Paris, and joined the Franciscan Order as a monk about 1247. He was not himself an experimentalist nor a mathematician (although he did some work in optics), but he saw that these two approaches …
Bacquier, Gabriel (-Augustin-Raymond-Th?odore-Louis), noted French baritone; b. B?ziers, May 17, 1924. He studied at the Paris Cons., winning three premiers prix. In 1950 he made his debut in Landowski?s Le Fou in Nice with Jos? Beckman?s Compagnie Lyrique, and remained with the company until 1952; then sang at the Th??tre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels (1953?56). He was a member of the Op?ra-Com…
Badings, Henk (actually, Hendrik Herman), eminent Dutch composer and pedagogue; b. Bandung, Dutch East Indies, Jan. 17, 1907; d. Maar-heeze, June 26, 1987. He was orphaned at an early age and taken to the Netherlands; studied mining engineering at the Delft Polytechnic Univ. before taking up composition without formal training; an early sym. was premiered by Mengelberg and the Concertgebouw Orch. …
Badinski, Nicolai, Bulgarian-born German composer, violinist, and teacher; b. Sofia, Dec. 19, 1937. He studied mathematics at the Univ. (1955) and pursued music training at the Bulgarian State Cons. (diploma, 1961) in Sofia, and then attended the master classes in composition of Wagner- R?geny at the Academy of Arts in East Berlin (1967?70), worked with Ligeti, Stock-hausen, Xenakis, and C. Halfft…
Badura-Skoda (real name, Badura), Paul, Austrian pianist, music scholar, and composer; b. Vienna, Oct. 6, 1927. He was reared by his stepfather, whose surname he adopted professionally. He studied piano and conducting at the Vienna Cons. (1945?48), and attended the piano master classes of Edwin Fischer in Lucerne. In 1948 he made his debut in Vienna. After winning third prize in the Long-Thibaud C…
Badura-Skoda, Eva (n?e Halfar), German musicologist; b. Munich, Jan. 15, 1929. She studied at the Vienna Cons. and took courses in musicology, philosophy, and art history at the univs. of Heidelberg, Vienna, and Innsbruck (Ph.D., 1953, with the diss. Studien zur Geschichte des Musikunterrichtes in ?sterreich im 16., 17. und 18. Jahrhundert) . In 1962 and 1963 she led summer seminars at the Salzbur…
[bair] (1792?1876) Estonian embryologist: discoverer of the mammalian ovum. Baer?s wealthy family was of German descent, so it was natural for him to study in Germany after graduating in medicine at Dorpat in Estonia. He taught at K?nigsberg in Germany from 1817?34, when he moved to St Petersburg. His best-known discoveries, however, were made in K?nigsberg. There, in 1826, he studied the small fo…
[ biy er] (1835?1917) German organic chemist: master of classical organic synthesis. Baeyer?s life spanned a period of rapid change in science and technology; from laws of electrolysis to X-ray crystallography and from the first rail services to regular air transport. His father was a Prussian soldier who became a general. The boy was a keen chemical experimenter, which prompted a poet visiting th…
Baez, Joan, sweet-voiced folksinger of the 1960s; b. Staten Island, N.Y., Jan. 9, 1941. Joan Baez started performing in public, accompanying herself on guitar, at small clubs around Cambridge and Boston in the late 1950s and soon graduated to N.Y.?s Greenwich Village. Successful appearances at the 1959 and 1960 Newport Folk Festivals followed, with Baez moving to Calif, in 1961. She met Bob Dylan …
NBC, 1/30/1973, 120 mins). An American race driver (Leonard Nimoy) has visions, in this British-made TV movie, that are premonitions of danger and joins with a lady psychiatrist, specializing in ESP, to prevent future tragedies and sort out his unaccountable images. Production Companies Arena Films, ITC Entertainment Group. Director Philip Leacock. Executive Producer Norman Felton. Producer Philip…
Baggiani, Guido, Italian composer; b. Naples, March 4, 1932. He studied composition at the Accademia di Santa Cecilia in Rome; then attended courses given by Stockhausen in Cologne, which were crucial for his further development. In Rome he organized a group for propagandizing contemporary music with the meaningful name of Nuova Consonanza. In 1970 he was appointed prof. of composition at the Pesa…
Bailey, Buster (William C), jazz clarinetist; b. Memphis, Term., July 19, 1902; d. Brooklyn, April 12, 1967. He took up clarinet at 13 while attending the Clay Street School in Memphis. He joined W. C. Handy?s Orch. in 1917, and toured with Handy until settling in Chicago in 1919. Bailey came to N.Y. in October 1924 to join Fletcher Henderson?s band. He would remain associated with Henderson throu…
Bailey, Mildred (Eleanor Rinker), pop-jazz singer; b. Tekoa, Wash., Feb. 9, 1903; d. Poughkeepsie, N.Y., Dec. 12, 1951. Eleanor Rinker was the daughter of Charles and Josephine Rinker; she received her first musical instruction from her mother. The family moved to Spokane in 1912. When she was 14 her mother died of tuberculosis and she was placed in a boarding school. She later lived in Seattle. I…
Bailey, Norman (Stanley), English baritone; b. Birmingham, March 23, 1933. He received a B. Mus. degree from Rhodes Univ. in South Africa; then studied at the Vienna Academy of Music, his principal teachers there being Julius Patzak, Adolf Vogel, and Josef Witt. He made his operatic debut with the Vienna Chamber Opera in 1959 in Cambiale di matrimonio; was then a member of the Linz Landestheater (…
BAILEY, PEARL (1918?1990). Singer, actress. Pearl Bailey?s unconcerned style and informal rapport with an audience made her an endearing and respected entertainer. After singing in small clubs in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and Washington, D. C., her career took off when she became the vocalist for the Cootie Williams Band, which led to a stint with Count Basie. In the early 1940s, Bailey played the V…
Baillot, Pierre (-Marie-Fran?ois de Sales), celebrated French violinist and composer; b. Passy, near Paris, Oct. 1, 1771; d. Paris, Sept. 15, 1842. At the age of nine, he became a violin pupil of Sainte-Marie. Following studies with Pollani in Rome, he returned to Paris in 1791 and became a member of the orch. of the Th??tre Feydeau. In 1795 he became a teacher of violin at the newly opened Paris …
Baini, Giuseppe (also known as Abbate Baini), Italian writer on music and composer; b. Rome, Oct. 21, 1775; d. there, May 21, 1844. He received rudimentary training from his uncle, Lorenzo Baini, then entered the Seminario Romano, where his instructor, Stefano Silveyra, indoctrinated him with the spirit of Palestrina?s music. In 1795 he became a member of the papal choir at St. Peter?s. He continu…
Bainton, Edgar Leslie, English composer and pedagogue; b. London, Feb. 14, 1880; d. Sydney, Australia, Dec. 8, 1956. He studied piano and composition at the Royal Coll. of Music in London with Davies and Stanford. He taught piano and composition at the Cons, of Newcastle upon Tyne from 1901 until 1914, and also was its director (1912?14). The outbreak of World War I found him in Berlin, and he was…
1888?1946) British electrical engineer: television pioneer. J L Baird and bearded Sir Oliver Lodge. Son of a Presbyterian minister, Baird was educated in Glasgow, almost completing a course in electrical engineering. His poor health made a career difficult and several ventures failed, including making and selling foods, boot-polish and soap. After a serious illness in 1922 he devoted himself to ex…
Baird, Julianne, American soprano and teacher; b. Statesville, N.C., Dec. 10, 1952. She studied at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, N.Y. (B.A. in music history, 1973, M.A. in musicology, 1976), with Harnoncourt at the Salzburg Mozarteum (diploma in performance practice, 1977), and with George Houle at Stanford Univ. (Ph.D., 1991, with the diss. Johann Friedrich Agricola?s Anleitung zur Si…
Baird, Tadeusz, prominent Polish composer; b. Grodzisk Mazowiecki, July 26, 1928; d. Warsaw, Sept. 2, 1981. He studied music privately in L?dz with Sikorski and Woytowicz (1943?44); then at the Warsaw Cons, with Rytel and Perkowski (1947?51); had piano lessons with Wituski (1948?51); also studied musicology with Lissa at the Univ. of Warsaw (1948?52). In 1949, together with Krenz and Serocki, he f…
Baker, Anita, tiny powerhouse who helped unleash a new generation of female soul singers; b. Toledo, Ohio, Jan. 26, 1958. Abandoned by her mother at the age of two, Anita Baker was raised by family members and parishoners from their Baptist Church in Detroit. She heard recordings of Sara Vaughn and Aretha Franklin athome, and sang solo in church. By the time she was 16, she worked in her aunt?s be…
Augusta Braxton Baker, an African-American librarian, storyteller, and activist, was born on April 1, 1911, in Baltimore, Maryland. Her school-teacher parents put strong emphasis on the importance of education and the joys of reading, and after high school graduation, Baker began attending the University of Pittsburgh in 1927. At the end of her sophomore year, she married fellow student James Bake…
Charlotte Baker was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, on April 11, 1833. She was the daughter of Dr. Matthew Bridge and Catharine (Catlin) Baker. The family on her mother?s side descended from Rowland Stebbins, one of the founders of Springfield. Because Baker was believed to be a delicate child, she did not attend school regularly until about age eleven, when she entered Misses Stone?s School i…
Baker, Chet (actually, Chesney Henry), jazz trumpeter, singer; b. Yale, Okla., Dec. 23, 1929; d. Amsterdam, May 13, 1988, in a fall from a second floor hotel room window. When Baker was 13, he was given a trumpet (initially a trombone, but he was too small to handle it). Soon he began sitting in with jazz groups in Calif., including one session that was recorded with Charlie Parker, who reportedly…
Baker, Claude, American composer and teacher; b. Lenoir, N.C., April 12, 1948. He received training in theory and composition at East Carolina Univ. in Greenville, N.C. (B.M., 1970), and then pursued studies in composition principally with Adler and Benson at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, N.Y. (M.M., 1973; D.M.A., 1975). He was an instructor in theory and composition at the Univ. of Ga…
Baker, Dame Janet (Abbott), celebrated English mezzo-soprano; b. Hatfield, Yorkshire, Aug. 21, 1933. Her parents were music-lovers and she grew up in an artistic atmosphere. She was a student of H?l?ne Isepp and Meriel St. Clair in London. She began her career singing in the Leeds Phil. Choir, with which she made her debut as a soloist in Haydn?s Lord Nelson Mass in 1953. In 1955 she became a memb…
Baker, David (Nathaniel), black American jazz instrumentalist, teacher, and composer; b. Indianapolis, Dec. 21, 1931. He was educated at Ind. Univ. (B.M.Ed., 1953; M.M.Ed., 1954), and also studied theory privately with Heiden, Schuller, Orrego-Salas, William Russo, and George Russell. He subsequently taught music in small colleges and public schools. In 1966 he became chairman of the dept. of jazz…
Ella Josephine Baker was a leading radical democracy crusader, adviser, organizer for social justice, and a key figure in U.S. civil rights activism. As a civil rights activist from the 1930s onward, she fought racism and oppression in its many forms, both in America and around the world, particularly in Africa. She was a central figure in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Pe…
During the last quarter of the twentieth century, Houston A. Baker Jr. gained national and international prominence as a literary critic and scholar. Decades after the publication of his first book in 1972, Baker continues to play pivotal roles in the advancement of African American literature and culture as critic, editor, poet, and university professor. Baker was born on March 22, 1943 in Louisv…
BAKER, JOSEPHINE (1906?1975). Singer, dancer, actress. Josephine Baker became a legend for her bold and risqu? stage performances in 1920s Paris. After running away from home at age 13 to join a traveling road show, she ended up in Philadelphia. There, she was hired as a dresser for Noble Sissle?s musical comedy review Shuffle Along . She learned all of the songs and dances, and later, she stole t…
Baker, Lavern (Dolores Williams), big-lunged R&B star of the 1950s; b. Chicago, Nov. 11, 1929; d. N.Y.C., March 10, 1997. Dolores Williams began singing in church at the age of 12, and started performing professionally at Chicago?s Club DeLisa in 1946, billed as ?Little Miss Sharecropper.? Spotted by bandleader Fletcher Henderson, she initially recorded for the OKeh subsidiary of Columbia Records …
Baker, Theodore, American writer on music, and the compiler of the original edition of the present dictionary bearing his name; b. N.Y., June 3, 1851; d. Dresden, Oct. 13, 1934. As a young man, he was trained for business pursuits, but in 1874 he decided to devote himself to musical studies. He went to Leipzig, where he took courses with Oskar Paul. He received his Ph.D. there in 1882 for his diss…
Born Kurmanbek S. Bakiyev, August 1, 1949, in Masadan, Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan; son of Sali (a farm manager) Bakiyev; married; children: sons Marat, Maxim. Education: Earned degree in electrical engineering from Kuybyshev Polytechnic Institute, 1972. Addresses: Office ?c/o Embassy of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2360 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008. Served in the Soviet Army, 1974?76; began wor…
Mohamed (Muhammad, Mohammad) Bakri, a Palestinian citizen of Israel, is one of the most prominent actors and directors in both Palestinian and Israeli cinema and theater. He has been associated with the Palestinian-Israeli civil rights movement and has been the target of an Israeli campaign to discredit and marginalize him. Bakri was born in the Galilee village of al-Bi?na, Israel, in 1953, one of…
Balaam appears in Numbers 22-24; he was commissioned by the king of Moab to curse the Israelites who were arriving in the Transjordan area. He set off on his task, riding on an ass, but three times a sword-bearing *angel appeared to the ass, inhibiting the animal from moving. Balaam, increasingly infuriated, beat the animal and threatened to kill it. The ass finally spoke to Balaam, explaining, an…
Balanchine, George (real name, GeorgiMelitonovich Balanchivadze), celebrated Russian-American choreographer, son of Meliton (An-tonovich) and brother of Andrei (Melitonovich) Balanchivadze; b. St. Petersburg, Jan. 22, 1904; d. N.Y., April 30, 1983. He attended the Imperial Theater School in St. Petersburg, where he learned the rudiments of classical dance. He also took piano lessons at the Petrogr…
Balatka, Hans, Czech-American conductor, music educator, music journalist, and composer; b. Horfhungsthal, near Olm?tz, Feb. 26, 1825; d. Chicago, April 17, 1899. He began his music studies in Hoffhungsthal, and then attended the Univ. of Olm?tz. In 1845 he went to Vienna to study music with Sechter and Proch, and also studied law at the Univ. In 1849 he went to Milwaukee and founded a men?s choru…
Baldwin, American firm of instrument makers. The firm was founded by Dwight Hamilton Baldwin (b. North East, Pa., Sept. 15, 1821; d. Cincinnati, Aug. 23, 1899), a minister and school singing teacher, in Cincinnati in 1862. In 1866 Lucien Wulsin (b. 1845; d. Aug. 4, 1912) joined the firm as a clerk. In 1873 he became a partner and the firm became D.H. Baldwin & Co. The company established its reput…
James Baldwin was a novelist, essayist, playwright, poet, scriptwriter, and filmmaker. Born in Harlem, New York, on August 2, 1924, he understood poverty, injustice, and the parasitic nature of city streets. Some of his teenage experiences with bigoted police and sexual predators are recounted in the well-known volume, The Fire Next Time (1963). Also in that volume, in the section titled ?Letter t…
B. January 21, 1895 D. March 24, 1972 Birthplace: Guetaria, San Sebasti?n, Spain Award: Chevalier de la L?gion d?Honneur At the age of twelve, Crist?bal Balenciaga began his self-education as a tailor. Thirty years later, this fisherman?s son became the premier couturier of France, dressing the most elite women of the world. Balenciaga?s first entr?e into the fashion arena came in 1915 through his…
Balfe, Michael William, notable Irish composer; b. Dublin, May 15, 1808; d. Rowney Abbey, Hertfordshire, Oct. 20, 1870. He was the son of a dancing master, and as a small child played the violin for his father?s dancing classes. He subsequently took violin lessons with O?Rourke. After his father?s death on Jan. 6, 1823, Balfe went to London, where he studied violin with Charles Edward Horn and com…
Katherine Evelyn Daly Ball was born March 14, 1890, in Clarksdale, Tennessee, to Samuel Richard and Gazelle (Gibbs) Daly. Her mother was the first woman to practice medicine in Kansas, where the family eventually made their home. Eve received a B.S. in education from Kansas State Teachers? College in Pitts-burg, Kansas, in 1918, an M.A. in education at Kansas State University in 1934, and an honor…
Born c. 1964; son of a musician. Education: Attended the University of California?Los Angeles. Addresses: Home ?Marina del Rey, CA. Amateur motorbike racer, actor, employee of a merchandising company, and designer of motorcycle and motorbike clothing; founded Rock & Republic, 2002. Michael Ball serves as the primary designer and chief executive officer of Rock & Republic, the premium denim label h…
Ballantine, Edward, American composer and teacher; b. Oberlin, Ohio, Aug. 6, 1886; d. Oak Bluffs, Mass., July 2, 1971. He studied with Walter Spalding at Harvard Univ., graduating with highest honors in 1907; took piano courses with Schnabel and Ganz in Berlin (1907?09). In 1912 he was appointed instructor at Harvard, becoming asst. prof. in 1926, and assoc. prof. in 1932; he retired in 1947. His …
Ballard, prominent family of French music printers and composers: (1) Robert Ballard , music printer; b. Montreuil-sur-Mer, c. 1527; d. Paris (buried), July 8, 1588. With his cousin, Adrien Le Roy, he founded the printing establishment of Le Roy & Ballard. King Henri II granted them a privilege to print music on Aug. 14, 1551. They were named music printers to the king on Feb. 16, 1553, a distinct…
Ballard, Hank, singer-songwriter best-known for writing ?The Twist?; b. Detroit, Nov. 18, 1936. Ballard was born in Detroit but raised from age seven in Besemer, Ala., by relatives after his father died. He ran away from home at age 15, returning to Detroit and finding work on an assembly line. In his off-hours, he began to sing, and was heard by Sonny Woods of the vocal group, The Royals. The Det…
Ballard, Louis W(ayne), preeminent native American composer and music educator; b. Devil?s Promenade, Quapaw Indian Reservation, Okla., July 8, 1931. He was of distinguished Quapaw-Cherokee descent and was given the name Hongan?zhe (Grand Eagle). In his youth, he was immersed in native American music but also received piano lessons at the local Baptist mission school. He later pursued an intensive…
Ballif, Claude (Andr? Fran?ois), French composer and pedagogue; b. Paris, May 22, 1924. After training at the Bordeaux Cons. (1942?48), he took courses with Aubin, N. Gallon, and Messiaen at the Paris Cons. (1948?51). He then studied with Blacher and Rufer at the Berlin Hochschule f?r Musik (1953?55), and also attended Scherchen?s classes in Darmstadt. He was associated with the French Radio and T…
PETER W. W. FULLER Consultant in Instrumentation and Imaging Science Ballistics is the study of the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles of all kinds. It is one of the many areas of armament research. The application of photography to ballistics also extends to most other areas in the field. In many instances, photographic or photonic studies may be the only way to obtain some of the par…
Microsoft Corporation Steve Ballmer who has worked for Microsoft Corporation since 1980, has left a lasting impression on his business colleagues and the Microsoft employees with his energetic and motivational style. Credited for revamping the Microsoft marketing program, Ballmer has served as second in command to Chairman Bill Gates. Gates relied on Ballmer for his opinions and as an information …
(1938? ) US molecular biologist: discovered reverse transcriptase enzyme. Baltimore?s interest in physiology was initiated by his mother (a psychologist) when he was a schoolboy. However, he studied chemistry at Swarthmore and later at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Rockefeller University; afterwards he moved into virology, and in 1972 he became professor of biology at MIT and later…
Baltsa, Agnes, prominent Greek mezzo-soprano; b. Lefkas, Nov. 19, 1944. She studied at the Athen Cons, and won the first Callas scholarship, then pursued her training in Munich and Frankfurt am Main. In 1968 she made her operatic debut as Cherubino at the Frankfurt am Main Opera, where she was a member until 1972. In 1970 she sang at the Deutsche Oper in Berlin, appeared as Octavian in Vienna, and…
Banchieri, Adriano (actually, Tomaso), important Italian music theorist and composer; b. Bologna, Sept. 3, 1568; d. there, 1634. He entered the Monte Oli veto monastery in 1587. In 1589 he became a novice and received the name Adriano, and in 1590 he completed his vows. He also received instruction in music from Gioseffo Guami. In 1592 he was at the SS. Barto-lomeo e Ponziano monastery in Lucca, a…
Caroline Bancroft was born September 11, 1900, in Denver, Colorado, the daughter of George Jarvis Bancroft, a mining engineer, and Ethel (Norton) Bancroft. She received a B.A. from Smith College in 1923 and an M.A. from the University of Denver in 1943. She was literary editor for the Denver Post from 1928 to 1933 and writer of its ?Literary Flashlights? column. She was also a creative writing ins…
Band, The, folk-rock revivalists who brought a uniquely American sound to their music. M EMBERSHIP: Jaime Robert ?Robbie? Robertson, elec./acous-tic/bs. gtr., pno., voc. (b. Toronto, July 5, 1944); Richard Manuel, kybd., drm., voc. (b. Stratford, Ontario, April 3, 1944; d. Winter Park, Fla., March 4, 1986); Garth Hudson, kybd., ace, brs., wdwnd. (b. London, Ontario, Aug. 2, 1942); Rick Danko, bs.,…
Bangles, The, the ?paisley underground? girl group of the 1980s. M EMBERSHIP: Susanna Hoffs, gtr., voc. (b. Newport Beach, Calif., Jan.17, 1959); Vicki Peterson, gtr. (b. Los Angeles, Jan. 11, 1958); Michael Steele, bs. (b. June 2, 1954); Debbi Peterson, drm. (b. Los Angeles, Aug. 22, 1961). Guitarist Susanna Hoffs loved the rock music her parents listened to while she was growing up?The Beatles, …
(NBC, 5/3/1976, 120 mins). An amiable Western about an itinerant horse trader (football star-turned-actor Don Meredith) who travels the frontier in 1880 with his orphaned nine-year-old nephew in quest of the boy?s prize Arabian mare, stolen by a ruthless bounty hunter. Pilot to a prospective series. Production Companies Bruce Lansbury Productions Ltd., Columbia Pictures Television. Director Andrew…
(1743?1820) British naturalist and statesman of science. Educated at Harrow, Eton and Oxford, Banks was wealthy and able to indulge his interest in science; he was a passionate and skilful botanist and this took him on several major expeditions at his own expense. The best known of these began in 1768; young Banks had learned that was to sail to the south Pacific to observe the transit of Venus in…
Born Robert Banks, c. 1975, in Bristol, England. Addresses: Agent ?c/o Lazarides Gallery, 8 Greek St., London W1D 4DG, United Kingdom. Began career as underground graffiti artist in Bristol, England, c. 1989; first solo exhibition held at the London gallery Cargo, 2001; first U.S. exhibition in Los Angeles, CA, 2006. In a celebrity-dominated culture marked by a near-universal quest for fame, the B…
Mohammed Bannis (Bennis) is a Moroccan poet and critic. Bannis was born in 1948 in Fez, Morocco. He received his Ph.D. in modern Arabic poetry from the University of Rabat in 1989, and since 1980 has been a professor of Arabic literature at Muhammad V University in Rabat. He is the founding director of the House of Poetry, established in Casablanca in 1996. The famous Syrian poet Adonis ( ALI AHMA…
Edward Mitchell Bannister is widely thought to be the only prominent African American artist of the late nineteenth century to develop his talents without the benefit of European exposure. But during his lifetime his work was excluded from major museum collections, and it received neither public nor critical comment. Bannister?s work was rediscovered in the late twentieth century. Bannister was bo…
STANDARD ENSEMBLE. In the New Kingdom (1539?1075 B.C.E. ) a standard ensemble developed for playing at banquets. These banquets are depicted on tomb walls and are a frequent component of tomb decoration, especially during the Eighteenth Dynasty (1539?1292 B.C.E. ). Though the depictions in the tombs are connected with the tomb?s function of providing the necessities for the deceased to be reborn …
(1891?1941) Canadian physiologist: co-discoverer of insulin. Banting studied in Toronto for the church, but after a year changed to medicine and, after graduation in 1916, joined the Canadian Army Medical Corps, winning an MC for gallantry in action in 1918. After the war he set up a practice in London, Ontario, and also worked part-time in the physiology department of the University of Toronto. D…
Bantock, Sir Granville (Ransome), eminent English composer and pedagogue; b. London, Aug. 7, 1868; d. there, Oct. 16, 1946. He was a student of Frederick Corder at the Royal Academy of Music in London (1889?93), where he won the first Macfarren Scholarship. From 1893 to 1896 he was the ed. of the New Quarterly Musical Review . In 1894-95 he made a world tour as conductor of the musical comedy The …
B. August 18, 1894 D. February 2, 1958 Birthplace: Waco Texas Mae West, Marlene Dietrich, Claudette Colbert, Carole Lombard ? as designer extraordinaire at Paramount Studios from 1925 to 1938, Travis Banton costumed Hollywood?s women of style, both on and off the screen. His career in dressmaking began in New York when he was hired as an assistant to Madame Lucile and then to Madame Francis. In 19…
(NBC, 3/15/1971, 120 mins). An atmospheric pilot for the series (1972-73) about a private eye working the Los Angeles beat circa 1937. In this outing, he?s embarrassed when a girl his client is found murdered in his office with his gun. The subsequent series starring Robert Forster found Joan Blondell (in Hermione Gingold?s pilot role) as the head of the secretarial school who kept Banyon supplied…
Baptism is the formal ceremony of initiation into the Christian church. Initiation rituals involving water or symbolic cleansing ceremonies were practiced in Judaism and were also popular in several sects and mystery cults of the late antique period. The procedures and preparations for Christian Baptism are outlined in early church manuals (such as the Didache ) and described by Page?30? early aut…
Dean P. Baquet moved up in rank in journalism from part-time reporter for an afternoon newspaper in New Orleans to a prized post with a major newspaper. He took the helm of the Los Angeles Times in October 2005, becoming the first African American journalist to lead a top newspaper in the United States. In the interim, however, he had made a name for himself with two other well-known newspapers, t…
B?r, Olaf, prominent German baritone; b. Dresden, Dec 19, 1957. He sang in the Kreuzchor (1966?75) and studied at the Hochschule f?r Musik in Dresden. In 1982 he won first prize in the Dvorak vocal competition in Karlovy Vary, and, in 1983, first prize in the vocal competition sponsored by the East German opera houses and the Walter Grimer lieder competition in London. In 1981 he made his operatic…
Barab, Seymour, American cellist and composer; b. Chicago, Jan. 9, 1921. He studied with Persichetti, Volpe, Varese, and Harrison. He played in the Indianapolis Sym. Orch., the Cleveland Orch., the CBS Sym. Orch., the Portland (Ore.) Sym. Orch., the San Francisco Sym., the ABC Sym. Orch., and the Brooklyn Philharmonia; also played in the Galimir String Quartet, the N.Y. Pro Musica, the N.Y. Trio, …
(1951-) Mattel, Inc. As president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Mattel Inc., Jill Barad has made a name for herself as a savvy executive in the toy industry and as one of only four women to head a Fortune 1000 company. Barad was responsible for the boom in Barbie doll sales, which account for more than one-third of Mattel profits. She took part in management decisions that helped to revit…
Aharon Barak is Israel?s most prominent legal scholar and jurist. His precedent-setting rulings while serving on the Israeli Supreme Court established the court as a powerful and independent institution whose decisions have helped to shape public debate. Barak?s innovative legal concepts have influenced judicial thought world-wide. Born in 1936 in Kaunas, Lithuania, Barak was the only son of Leah,…
Barati, George (real name, Gy?rgy Bar?ti), Hungarian-born American cellist, conductor, and composer; b. Gy?r, April 3, 1913. After initial training at the Gy?r Music School (graduated, 1932), he studied at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest (graduated, 1935; teacher?s diploma, 1937; artist diploma, 1938); he also was a member of the Budapest Concert Orch. (1933?36) and first cellist of t…
Barbaia or Barbaja, Domenico, celebrated Italian impresario; b. Milan, 1778?; d. Posillipo, near Naples, Oct. 19, 1841. He worked as a scullion in local cafes and bars, and is reputed to have been the inventor of barbaiate or granita di caff?, a concoction of coffee or chocolate with whipped cream. In 1808 he obtained the lease of the gambling tables in the foyer of Milan?s La Scala, and in 1809 a…
In modern times barbarian has fallen into relative disuse, but in previous centuries it carried great potency, as savage still does. Although the term is rooted in Barbary, the area of North Africa southwest of Egypt, the basic sense has always been ?an uncivilized person.? Furthermore, it has been used in a culturally exclusive fashion to stigmatize successively those who were ?non-Hellene,? then…
Barbarin, Paul (Adolphe), drummer, bandleader, composer, uncle of Danny Barker; b. New Orleans, May 5, 1901; d. there, Feb. 10, 1969. His father, Isidore, was a local bandleader, playing alto horn with the Onward Brass Band, and three of his brothers were musicians, the most famous being drummer Louis (b. 1902). Paul began on clarinet, then worked as a freightlift operator at the Hotel St. Charles…
Barbe, Helmut, German organist, choral conductor, pedagogue, and composer; b. Halle an der Saale, Dec. 28, 1927. He was a student at the Berlin Kirchenmusikschule of Herbert Schulze (organ), Gottfried Grote (choral conducting), and Ernst Pepping (counterpoint). In 1952 he became Kantor at St. Nikolai Church in Berlin. From 1955 he was a teacher at the Berlin Kirchenmusikschule. In 1972 he was name…
Barbeau, (Charles) Marius, eminent Canadian anthropologist, ethnologist, and folklorist; b. Ste-Mariede-Beauce, Quebec, March 5, 1883; d. Ottawa, Feb. 27, 1969. He studied music with his mother; after taking courses in the humanities at the Coll?ge de Ste-Annede-la-Procati?re and in law at Laval Univ., he won a Rhodes scholarship in 1907 and pursued training in anthropology, archeology, and ethnol…
Barber, Samuel, outstanding American composer of superlative gifts; b. West Chester, Pa., March 9, 1910; d. N.Y., Jan. 23, 1981. He was the nephew of Louise Homer and her husband Sidney Homer, who encouraged him in his musical inclination. At the age of six, he began piano lessons, and later had some cello lessons. He was only ten when he tried his hand at composing a short opera, The Rose Tree . …
Born Atiim Kiambu Barber, April 7, 1975, in Roanoke, VA; son of James (J.B.) and Geraldine Barber; married Ginny Cha (a fashion publicist), c. 1999; children: A.J., Chason. Education: University of Virginia, undergraduate degree, 1996. Addresses: Office ?New York Giants, Giants Stadium, East Rutherford, NJ 07073. Played college football at the University of Virginia; drafted in the second round by…
Barbirolli, Sir John (actually, Giovanni Battista), eminent English conductor of Italian-French descent; b. London, Dec. 2, 1899; d. there, July 29, 1970. He studied cello. He received a scholarship to London?s Trinity Coll. of Music in 1910 and another to London?s Royal Academy of Music, graduating in 1916. He made his first appearance as a cellist at the age of 12 on Dec. 16, 1911, at the Queen?…
[bah(r )deen ] (1908?91) US physicist: co-inventor of the transistor and contributor to the BCS theory of superconductivity. Bardeen came from an academic family and studied electrical engineering at the University of Wisconsin. He worked as a geophysicist for 3 years at the Gulf Research Laboratories before obtaining a PhD in mathematical physics at Princeton under in 1936. Following periods at t…
Bardi, Giovanni d?, Count of Vernio, Italian nobleman, patron of music and art, and composer; b. Florence, Feb. 5, 1534; d. Rome, Sept. 1612. He was the founder of the Florentine Camerata, a group of musicians who met at his home (1576?c. 1582) to discuss the music of Greek antiquity; this led to the beginnings of opera. Count Bardi was descended from an old Guelph banking family; he was a philolo…
Barenaked Ladies, clever Canadian band on the razor?s edge of pop and novelty. M EMBERSHIP: Steven Page, gtr., voc. (b. Scarborough, Ontario, June 22); Ed Robertson, gtr., voc. (b. Ontario, Oct. 25, 1970); Jim Creeggan, acou. bs. (b. Feb. 12, 1970); Andrew Creeg-gan, kybd. (b. July 4, 1971); Tyler Stewart, drm. (b. Sept. 21, 1967). Singing guitarists Steven Page and Ed Robertson knew each other fr…
Barenboim, Daniel, greatly talented Israeli pianist and conductor; b. Buenos Aires, Nov. 15, 1942. He began music training with his parents, making his public debut as a pianist in Buenos Aires when he was only seven. During the summers of 1954 and 1955, he studied piano with Edwin Fischer, conducting with Igor Markevitch, and chamber music with Enrico Mainardi at the Salzburg Mozarteum. He also p…
Bargad, Rob, pianist, composer; b. Boston, 1962. He performed in jazz groups while attending New Trier H.S., in suburban Chicago, including a tour of Greece and Romania. He spent a year studying jazz at Ind. Univ., then transferred to Rutgers Univ. (graduating in 1977) to study with Kenny Barron, Paul Jeffrey, John Stubblefield, Ted Dunbar, and Harry Pickens. After moving to N.Y. in 1984, he began…
Marwan Barghuthi (Barghuti, Barghouthi, Barghouti) is the secretary-general of the Fatah Higher Committee in the West Bank and an elected member of the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC). Born and raised in the West Bank, he joined Fatah as a young man and cofounded the Fatah Youth Movement (al-Shabiba). He has been arrested and jailed numerous times and learned Hebrew while in Israeli prison. …
Barili, Alfredo, Italian-American pianist, composer, and pedagogue; b. Florence, Aug. 2, 1854; d. Atlanta, Ga., Nov. 17, 1935, in an accident when he took a walk and was struck by a bus. He was a scion of an illustrious musical family; his father, Ettore Barili, an excellent musician in his own right, was a half brother of the operatic diva Adelina Patti . Alfredo Barili was taken to America in hi…
Barkauskas, Vytautas (Pranas Marius), eminent Lithuanian composer and pedagogue; b. Kaunas, March 25, 1931. He settled in Vilnius, where he received training in piano at the J. Tallat-Kelpa Specialized Music H.S. (1949?53), and concurrently took courses in the dept. of physics and mathematics at the State Pedagogical Inst. He then studied composition with Raciunas and orchestration with Balsys at …
Barker, Danny (actually Daniel Moses), American guitarist, banjo player, singer, writer; b. New Orleans, Jan. 13, 1909; d. there of cancer, March 14, 1994. In his childhood, Danny Barker learned clarinet, ukulele, and finally banjo from his grandfather, Isadore Barbarin, who played alto horn in the Onward Brass Band. Barker played with the Boozan Kings, and in the early 1920s toured with Little Br…
Barkin, Elaine R(adoff), American composer, teacher, and writer on music; b. N.Y., Dec. 15, 1932. She studied with Karol Rathaus at Queens Coll. in N.Y. (B.A., 1954), with Irving Fine at Brand?is Univ. (M.F.A., 1956), Boris Blacher at the Berlin Hochschule f?r Musik (1957), and Arthur Berger and Harold Shapero at Brand?is Univ. (Ph.D. in composition and theory, 1971). She taught at Queens Coll. (1…
(1776?1862) British mathematician. Self-educated, Barlow taught mathematics at the Royal Military College, Woolwich, from 1801. Of his books on mathematics, the best known is Barlow?s Tables (1814) which gives the factors, squares, cubes, square and cube roots, reciprocals and hyperbolic logarithms of all integers from 1 to 10 000. Remarkably accurate, it was familiar to generations of students an…
Barlow, Wayne (Brewster), American composer, pedagogue, organist, and choirmaster; b. Elyria, Ohio, Sept. 6, 1912; d. Rochester, N.Y., Dec. 17, 1996. He studied with Rogers and Hanson at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, N.Y. (B.M., 1934; M.M., 1935; Ph.D., 1937), and also took courses from Schoenberg at the Univ. of Southern Calif, in Los Angeles (1935); He later pursued training in elect…
A guru of Israeli journalism, Nahum Barnea combines both provocative and compassionate characteristics in his professional activities. He remains the most influential journalist shaping public opinion and foreign policy in Israel. The Labor movement in Israel and its commitment to democratization influenced Barnea, a journalist of radical persuasion. In order to get to the roots of crises between …
Born c. 1955; married Randall Barnes (a business executive); children: Jeff, Erin, Brian. Education: Augustana College, bachelor?s degree, 1975; Loyola University, M.B.A., 1978. Addresses: Office ?c/o Sara Lee Corp., Three First National Plaza, Chicago, IL 60602; 3500 Lacey Rd., Downers Grove, IL 60515. Joined PepsiCo., Inc., as business manager for Wilson Sporting Goods, 1976; became vice preside…
B. March 4, 1954 Birthplace: Baltimore, Maryland Awards: COTY Award, 1980, 1984 ???????? Inaugural Council of Fashion Designers of America Menswear Design Award, 1981 ??????? Outstanding Menswear Designer of the Year by Cutty Sark, 1981, 1982 ???????? Woolmark Award, 1991 ???????? Designer of the Year, Neckwear Association, 1997 Barnes studied fashion design at the Fashion Institute of Tec…
Mary Barnes was born at Oswego, New York, on September 15, 1850. Her father was Edward Austin Sheldon, founder of a ?ragged school? (schools for the poor first developed in Great Britain in the nineteenth century) in Oswego and a proponent of the educational philosophies of the Swiss educator, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Mary?s mother was Frances Anna Bradford (Stiles). Barnes was educated in publ…
Barnes, Milton, Canadian conductor and composer; b. Toronto, Dec. 16, 1931. He studied composition with John Weinzweig and Ernst Krenek, conducting with Victor Feldbrill, Boyd Neel, and Walter Susskind, and piano with Samuel Dolin at the Royal Cons, of Music of Toronto (1952?55). Then he pursued further training in conducting at the Accademia Musicale Chi-giana in Siena, at the Berkshire Music Cen…
Barnet, Charlie (actually, Charles Daly), jazz saxophonist, leader; b. N.Y., Oct. 26, 1913; d. San Diego, Calif., Sept. 4, 1991. He was born into a wealthy family and began playing piano at an early age, picking up the saxophone at 12. He studied at Blair Academy in N.Y., then attended high school in Winnetka, III. He went against his family?s wishes by refusing to become a lawyer. At 16, he led h…
Barnett, Bonnie, American singer and composer; b. Chicago, May 2, 1947. She studied at the Univ. of 111. (B.S., 1968) and with Gaburo, Oliveros, and Erickson at the Univ. of Calif, at San Diego (M.A., 1972). She then moved to San Francisco, where she developed the TUNNEL HUM Project, a series of participatory vocal events taking place in acoustically interesting environments. A conducive tonality …
Barnett, John (Manley), American conductor; b. N.Y., Sept. 3, 1917. He studied piano, violin, and trumpet. He took courses at Teachers Coll. of Columbia Univ., the Manhattan School of Music, and the Salzburg Mozarteum (1936), and received training in conducting from Walter, Weingartner, Enesco, and Malko. He was asst. conductor of the National Orchestral Assn. in N.Y. (1937?41), and also a conduct…
(1810-1891) Barnum and Bailey Circus P. T. Barnum called himself the ?Prince of Humbugs,? in reference to the many outrageous stunts and exhibits that were part of his exploits as a showman. His tours, museums, lectures, and biography made him famous and wealthy long before he entered the circus business. He eventually formed the innovative Barnum and Bailey Circus in the 1880s. P. T. Barnum was…
Mubarkah (Batta) Bent al-Barra is a Mauritanian poet and teacher writing primarily in Arabic. She is very active in the cultural and literary life of her country, and has achieved some renown elsewhere in the Arab world. She frequently takes part in literary festivals in other Arab countries. Al-Barra was born in al-Madhardhara, Mauritania, in 1957. She studied in public schools. She graduated wit…
Barraqu?, Jean, French composer; b. Paris, Jan. 17, 1928; d. there, Aug. 17, 1973. He spent his entire life in Paris, where he received training in counterpoint and harmony from Langlais (1947) and attended Messiaen?s classes in analysis at the Cons. (1948?51). After working with Pierre Schaeffer (1951?54), he was a member of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (1961?70). Barraqu? was…
Barr?re, Georges, outstanding French-born American flutist and pedagogue; b. Bordeaux, Oct. 31, 1876; d. Kingston, N.Y., June 14, 1944. He was a student of Joseph-Henri Alt?s and Paul Taffanel at the Paris Cons. (1889?95), graduating with a premier prix. In 1895 he organized the Soci?t? Moderne des Instruments ? Vent in Paris, with which he presented more than 80 new compositions; he also was firs…
Born Roger Keith Barrett, January 6, 1946, in Cambridge, England; died of complications from diabetes, July 7, 2006, in Cambridge, England. Musician. Syd Barrett was one of rock music?s legendary names, as both a gifted songwriter and a cautionary tale. One of the founding members of British rock band Pink Floyd, Barrett helped shape their unique sound but plummeted into substance abuse and mental…
Barrios are urban neighborhoods within the United States that have a high concentration of Hispanics, variably identified as Latinos, Hispanos, Mexicans, Chicanos, Puerto Ricans, or other nationalities from Central and Latin American. These neighborhoods often have deep emotional and cultural meanings for those who live there, for they are places where families and friends share both the positive …
Barron, Bill(actually, William Jr.), tenor and soprano saxophonist, brother of Kenny Barron; b. Philadelphia, March 27, 1927; d. Middletown, Conn., Sept. 21, 1989. He took up the saxophone at age 13 and in 1945 was in the concert band alongside Coltrane at the Ornstein School of Music; about 1952, he and Coltrane were taped jamming with Hassaan, but the tape was lost or destroyed. Barron also play…
Barron, Kenny(actually, Kenneth), pianist, composer, brother of Bill Barron; b. Philadelphia, June 9, 1943. Encouraged by his parents, he began piano studies at the age of 12 with the sister of Ray Bryant. He had his first professional gig two years later with Mel Melvin?s Orch. playing alongside his older brother, Bill, with whom he periodically performed and recorded in later years. Bill also in…
Iris Barry was born in Washwood Heath, near Birmingham, England, in 1895 (month unknown). She was the daughter of Alfred Charles Crump, a brass founder, and Annie Crump, a dairy farmer known for her fortune-telling and crystal-gazing. Alfred Crump abandoned the family, but Iris?s mother and grandparents managed to send her to convent schools in England and Belgium. Her education ended there becaus…
Barry, Jeff and Ellie Greenwich, songwriting hitmakers of the early 1960s. Jeff Barry (b. N.Y.C., April 3, 1938) and Ellie Greenwich (b. Brooklyn, N.Y., Oct. 23, 1940). While attending Hoftra in the early 1960s, Greenwich became fascinated by rock music. She hung out in record stores, and one of the proprietors introduced her to some record company scouts. They signed her to MCA as Ellie Gaye. Whi…
Barry, Jerome, American baritone; b. Boston, Nov. 16, 1939. He was educated at Northeastern Univ. (B.A. in modern languages, 1961), Tufts Univ. (M.A. in German, 1963), and the Goethe Institut in Germany (certificate, 1962). He pursued vocal training with David Blair McClosky in Boston (1961?64), Romeo Arduini (1966?69), Luigi Ricci (1967?69), and Paolo Silveri (1969?71) in Rome, Jennie Tourel in J…
Barstow, Dame Josephine (Clare), noted English soprano; b. Sheffield, Sept. 27, 1940. She studied at the Univ. of Birmingham (B.A. in English), the London Opera Centre, and with Eva Turner and Andrew Field. In 1964 she made her operatic debut as Mimi with Opera for All. In 1967 she made her first appearance at the Sadler?s Wells Opera in London as Cherubino, and sang with its successor, the Englis…
Bartha, D?nes, eminent Hungarian musicologist; b. Budapest, Oct. 2, 1908; d. near there, Sept. 7, 1993. He studied at the Univ. of Berlin with Abert, Blume, Horn-bostel, Sachs, Schering, and Wolf (Ph.D., 1930, with the diss. Benedictus Duds und Appenzeller; publ. in Wolfen-b?ttel, 1930). Returning to Budapest, he was a librarian in the music division of the Hungarian National Museum (1930?42), a l…
Barth?l?mon, Fran?ois-Hippolyte, French violinist and composer; b. Bordeaux, July 27, 1741; d. London, July 20, 1808. His father was French and his mother Irish. He held posts as violinist in various theater orchs. in London; became acquainted with Haydn during Haydn?s London visit in 1792. He was greatly praised as a violinist; Burney speaks of his tone as being ?truly vocal? Barth?l?mon wrote mo…
Bart?k, B?la (Viktor J?nos), great Hungarian composer; b. Nagyszentmikl?s, March 25, 1881; d. N.Y., Sept. 26, 1945. His father was a school headmaster; his mother was a proficient pianist, from whom and he received his first piano lessons. He began playing the piano in public at the age of 11. In 1894 the family moved to Pressburg, where he took piano lessons with L?szl? Erkel, son of the famous H…
Bartoletti, Bruno, noted Italian conductor; b. Sesto Fiorentino, June 10, 1926. He studied flute at the Florence Cons., and then received training in piano and composition while serving as a flutist in the orch. of the Florence Teatro Comunale. In 1949 he became an asst. conductor there, making his formal debut conducting Rigoletto in 1953. In 1954 he made his debut as a sym. conductor at the Magg…
Bartoli, Cecilia, outstanding Italian mezzo-soprano; b. Rome, June 4, 1966. She began vocal training at a very early age with her mother; at the age of nine, sang the off-stage role of the shepherd in Tosca . After studying trombone at the Accademia di Santa Cecilia in Rome, she pursued a vocal career, attracting favorable attention when she was 19 on an Italian television special with Ricciarelli…
In order to foster a greater sense of community John Pembroke Barton organized church groups and other organizations to support ideas and promote positive change. As an active member of the Baptist church, he organized the first District Sunday School and the first State Sunday School Convention. After being ordained as a minister, he organized the first Woman?s Missionary State Convention in Alab…
Mas?ud Barzani (also Massoud, Masoud) is president of the Kurdistan regional government in Iraq and president of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, one of the two dominant Kurdish parties in Iraq. Barzani is the son of the most revered modern Kurdish leader, Mullah Mustafa Barzani, and has been a key leader in the historic Kurdish transition from a rebellious and repressed minority in an isolated and…
Barzun, Jacques (Martin), eminent French-born American historian and educator; b. Cr?teil, Nov. 30, 1907. He settled in N.Y. and became a naturalized American citizen in 1933. He was educated at Columbia Univ. (A.B., 1927; M.A., 1928; Ph.D., 1932). After serving as a lecturer (1927?29), asst. prof. (1938?42), and assoc. prof. (1942?45) on its faculty, he was a prof. (1945?67), dean of graduate stu…
As ?America?s pastime,? baseball is inextricably bound to the history of U.S. race relations and racism. At its 1867 convention, baseball?s first national organization, the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP), called for the banning ?of any club which be comprised of one or more colored persons? (Peterson 1970, pp. 16?17). It did so based on the patronizing rationale that ?if colored…
Omar (also Umar) Hasan al-Bashir has ruled Sudan longer than any previous leader in the nation?s modern history. He has dominated Sudanese history and politics since 1989 when he overthrew the civilian rule of Sadiq al-Mahdi. With HASAN AL-TURABI , he implemented an Islamist agenda and elements of shari?a law (Muslim law) that many secularists and Southern Sudanese rejected. His career has been ma…
Basie, Count(real name, William), seminal big-band leader, pianist; b. Red Bank, N.J., Aug. 21, 1904; d. Hollywood, Calif., April 26, 1984. His mother was a pianist, but Basie originally played drums in a local kids? band. He later concentrated on piano, taking regular lessons from a local teacher and receiving some instruction from Fats Waller. He worked summers in Asbury Park and played at Leroy…
The perceived dominance of African Americans in basketball has been taken as proof of the natural athleticism of blacks (defined as any people of African origin). However, the history of sport quickly dismisses this notion. Basketball was invented by the Canadian-born James Naismith in December 1891. Naismith, a physical education teacher at the School for Christian Workers (now Springfield Colleg…
Princess Basma bint Talal is the sister of the late HUSSEIN BIN TALAL , the king of Jordan. Over the past three decades, Princess Basma has worked to advance the rights of women and develop sustainable human development at the local, regional, national, and global levels. Princess Basma was born on 11 May 1951 in Amman, Jordan, to King Talal bin Abdullah and Queen Zein Al Sharaf. She had three bro…
[ ba sof] (1922?2001) Soviet physicist: invented the maser and laser. After service in the Red Army during the Second World War, Basov studied in Moscow and obtained his doctorate in 1956. Remaining there, he became head of his laboratory in 1962. From 1952 onwards Basov developed the idea of amplifying electromagnetic radiation by using the relaxation of excited atoms or molecules to release furt…
Today, G.H. Bass is the largest seller of men?s and women?s casual shoes in the United States. When George Henry Bass started the company in 1876, he created a reputation which endured for more than a century. He constructed durable footwear in the finest shoemaking tradition. Among the devotees of craftsmanship was Charles Lindbergh, who wore Bass aviation boots on his first trans-Atlantic flight…
Bassani (Bassano, Bassiani), Giovanni Battista, Italian composer, organist, and violinist; b. Padua, c. 1647; d. Bergamo, Oct. 1, 1716. He studied with Legrenzi and Castrovillari in Venice; in 1667 he became a member of the funereally named Accademia della Morte in Ferrara, serving as organist and composer. On July 3, 1677, he became a member of the more cheerful Accademia Filarmonica in Bologna; …
BASSETT, ANGELA (1958?). Actress. She was born in St. Petersburg, Florida, and as a teenager was inspired to act after seeing a play starring James Earl Jones. After graduating from high school with a high GPA, Bassett received her master?s degree in drama from Yale University. Moving to New York, she worked in television commercials and on the CBS daytime drama The Guiding Light . She made her Br…
Bassett, Leslie (Raymond), distinguished American composer and teacher; b. Hanford, Calif., Jan. 22, 1923. He received training in piano. He played the trombone in jazz combos, and also was a trombonist during his military service, playing in the 13 th Armored Division Band. He then enrolled in Fresno (Calif.) State Coll. (B.A., 1947), and later studied composition with Finney at the Univ. of Mich…
Bassey, Shirley, soulful English diva with a brass band of a voice; b. Tiger Bay, Cardiff, Wales, Jan. 8, 1937. Shirley Bassey was the youngest of seven children in a black family living in a largely white area of Cardiff. Bassey?s father left when she was two and she never saw him again, nor did she feel anything in common with her brothers and sisters. Her only solace was her incredibly powerful…
Bassi, Amedeo (Vittorio), Italian tenor; b. Montespertoli, near Florence, July 20, 1874; d. Florence, Jan. 14, 1949. He was a pupil of Pavesi in Florence, where he made his operatic debut in 1897 in Marchetti?s Ruy Blas . He then sang in various Italian opera houses. In 1902 he made his first tour of South America, and in 1908 sang Radam?s at the opening of the new Teatro Col?n in Buenos Aires. On…
[ ba see] (1711?78) Italian physicist; the first female professor of physics at any university. Laura Bassi was born in Bologna, the daughter of a lawyer, and was educated at home by the family physician, who was a professor at the university and a member of the Academy of the Institute for Sciences (Istituto delle Scienze). Bassi was instructed in mathematics, philosophy, anatomy, natural history…
The early use of bastard was literal, alluding to the fact of illegitimacy, while the subsequent potency of the term as a swearword obviously derives from the stigma of the condition. Originally the word referred to a child of a nobleman born out of wedlock but acquiring some paternal status. It is derived from Old French fils de bast , interpreted alternatively as a ?child born in a barn? or ?chi…
Bastianini, Ettore, notable Italian baritone; b. Siena, Sept. 24, 1922; d. Sirmione, Jan. 25, 1967. He studied in Florence with Flaminio Contini. In 1945 he made his operatic debut in the bass role of Colline in Ravenna. He made his first appearance at Milan?s La Scala as Tiresias in Oedipus Rex in 1948. After additional training from Ricciana Bettarini, he made his debut as a baritone in Bologna …
Bate, Jennifer (Lucy), esteemed English organist, teacher, and composer; b. London, Nov. 11, 1944. She received training in piano (1947?60), theory (1959?61), and organ (1960?95), attended the Univ. of Bristol (B.A., Honours, 1966), and worked on early music at the Haslemere Festival with Carl Dolmetsch (1979?93). In 1966 she played at Birmingham Town Hall, and in 1969 made her formal London debut…
Daisy Bates was born Daisy Lee Gatson in Huttig, Arkansas, on or around November 12, 1912. In her autobiography, The Long Shadow of Little Rock , she described Huttig, located at the very bottom of the state, as a ?sawmill plantation,? where ?everyone worked for the mill, lived in houses owned by the mill, and traded at the general store run by the mill.? Tragedy struck the Bates family when Daisy…
Bates, Leon, black American pianist; b. Philadelphia, Nov. 3, 1949. He began studying piano and violin when he was 6, and at 7 he gave his first piano recital in Philadelphia. From 1962 to 1967 he was a pupil of Irene Beck at the Philadelphia Settlement Music School; subsequently was a student of Natalie Hinderas at the Esther Boyer Coll. of Music at Temple Univ. in Philadelphia. In 1969 he won th…
(1861?1926) British geneticist: a founder of genetics. Bateson was described as ?a vague and aimless boy? at school and he surprised his teachers by getting first-class honours in science at Cambridge in 1883. He then spent 2 years in the USA. He returned to Cambridge, taught there and in 1910 became director of the new John Innes Institution. From the time of his US visit he was interested in var…
Bathsheba became the wife of King *David after he caused her husband Uriah (one of his military captains) to be positioned so as to be killed in battle. David?s lust for the beautiful Bathsheba, whom he first glimpsed from the roof of his palace while she was bathing, is described in 2 Samuel 11:2. Her response to his royal demands resulted in her pregnancy, the *death of Uriah, her subsequent mar…
Battistini, Mattia, celebrated Italian baritone; b. Rome, Feb. 27, 1856; d. Colle Baccaro, near Rieti, Nov. 7, 1928. He studied with V. Persichini and E. Terziani. On Dec. 11, 1878, he made his operatic debut as Alfonso XI in La Favorite at the Teatro Argentino in Rome. In 1883 he made his first appearance at London?s Covent Garden as Riccardo in I Puritani, and he returned to London regularly unt…
We could no longer ignore the handwriting that was gradually appearing on the wall with a plainly audible screech of the slate pencil. JESSE LASKY, WITH DON WELDON, I Blow My Own Horn, 1957 It is unlikely that cinema sound would have become established as an international norm without some dominant organization taking charge and setting an agenda. That company would need manufacturing capability, …
Battle, Kathleen (Deanna), outstanding black American soprano; b. Portsmouth, Ohio, Aug. 13, 1948. She studied with Franklin Bens at the Univ. of Cincinnati Coll.-Cons. of Music (B.Mus., 1970; M.Mus., 1971). After making her professional debut as a soloist in the Brahms Requiem at the Spoleto Festival in 1972, she pursued further taining with Italo Tajo in Cincinnati. In 1974 she captured first pr…
Baud-Bovy, Samuel, Swiss music educator; b. Geneva, Nov. 27, 1906; d. there, Nov. 2, 1986. He studied at the Univ. of Geneva; after studying violin with Closset at the Geneva Cons., conducting with Nilius and music history with Adler in Vienna, composition with Dukas and musicology with Pirro in Paris, and conducting with Weingartner in Basel and Scherchen in Geneva, he returned to the Univ. of Ge…
(1899-1986) Eddie Bauer, Inc. Eddie Bauer?s name is a familiar presence in mailboxes, shopping malls, and closets. Moreover, the Bauer name is tagged to a billion-dollar company boasting more than 500 stores nationwide and over 30 stores abroad as well as an enormous worldwide mail-order business and online catalog store. It all started with the invention of lightweight goose down and stitched p…
Bauer, Harold, distinguished English-born American pianist and teacher; b. New Maiden, Surrey, April 28, 1873; d. Miami, March 12, 1951. He studied violin with his father and Adolf Politzer; from the age of nine, made appearances as a violinist. When he was 19 he appeared as a pianist in London, and then had lessons from Paderewski in Paris, where he played in 1893. After touring Europe, he made h…
Bauer, ROSS, noteworthy American composer and teacher; b. Ithaca, N.Y., Nov. 19, 1951. He studied at the New England Cons, of Music (B.M., 1976) and with Martin Boykan, Seymour Shifrin, and Arthur Berger at Brand?is Univ. (Ph.D., 1984); also had additional composition training with Berio at the Berkshire Music Center at Tanglewood (summer, 1982). He was a lecturer and leader of the Brand?is Jazz E…
Baur, J?rg, German composer and pedagogue; b. Dusseldorf, Nov. 11, 1918. He was a student of Philipp Jarnach (composition) and Mchael Schneider (organ) at the Cologne Cons. (1937?39). During military service in World War II (1939?45), he was taken prisoner-of- war by the Russians. After his release, he returned to Cologne to continue his music training (1946?48), and then studied musicology with F…
(1830-1926) Bausch & Lomb Incorporated John Jacob Bausch, a German immigrant, came to the United States in 1849 and, in 1853, started one of the first optical companies in Rochester, New York. This company became the international company Bausch & Lomb Incorporated, a maker of contact lenses and related products. Bausch stocked his first store with $62.00 he borrowed from his friend, Henry Lomb,…
Bausznern, Waldemar von, German composer; b. Berlin, Nov. 29, 1866; d. Potsdam, Aug. 20, 1931. He studied music with Kiel and Bargiel in Berlin. He subsequently was active mainly as a choral conductor. He taught at the Cons, of Cologne (1903?8), at the Hochschule f?r Musik in Weimar (1908?16), where he also served as director, and at the Hoch Cons, in Frankfurt am Main, where he was a teacher and …
Bauza, Mario, jazz trumpeter, saxophonist, arranger; b. Havana, Cuba, April 28, 1911; d. N.Y., July 11, 1993. Mario Bauza was involved in two of the major jazz and Latin trends of the 1930s and 1940s. He was responsible for introducing Dizzy Gillespie to conga legend Chano Pozo and for bringing the standard Cuban rhythm section into line with the big band sound of Cab Calloway and Chick Webb. The …
Bawdy , meaning ?naughty, sexually suggestive or obscene talk or behavior,? derives from bawd , a medieval term for a procurer, later a procuress of prostitutes. The term, recorded from the early sixteenth century, is essentially rooted in the underworld and its coded speech, double-entendres or sexual puns, current in bawdy houses or brothels. Hawkers of indecent literature were then termed bawdy…
Bax, Sir Arnold (Edward Trevor), outstanding English composer; b. London, Nov. 8, 1883; d. Cork, Ireland, Oct. 3, 1953. He entered the Royal Academy of Music in London in 1900 and studied piano with Matthay and composition with Corder there. He won the Academy?s Gold Medal as a pianist in 1905, the year in which he completed his studies. After a visit to Dresden in 1905, he went to Ireland. Althou…
Ali Sadr al-Din al-Bayanuni (also Sadreddin Bayanouni) is an exiled Syrian politician and the head of the Muslim Brotherhood. Al-Bayanuni was born in 1938 in Aleppo, Syria. Both his father and grandfather were well-known Sunni Muslim scholars. He joined the Muslim Brotherhood in 1954. The brotherhood was first established in 1928 in Egypt by Hasan al-Banna and soon spread to other Arab countries. …
Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati (Abdul Wahab; also known as Abu Ali) was one of the most important Arabic poets of the twentieth century. Bayati was a pioneer, breaking with traditional forms and classical Arabic and opening up new avenues for the development of poetry in Arabic. He and his fellow Iraqi poets Badr Shakir al-Sayyab (1926?1964), NAZIK AL-MALA?IKA (1923?), and Buland al-Haydari (1926?1996), …
Bayle, Fran?ois, French composer and administrator; b. Tamatave, Madagascar, April 27, 1932. He left Madagascar when he was 14 and settled in Paris, where he taught himself music. From 1958 to 1960 he worked with Pierre Schaeffer at the Groupe de recherches Musicales, and he also worked with Messiaen and Stock-hausen. In 1966 he became head of the Groupe de recherches Musicales, where he oversaw i…
A trilingual Algerian scholar specializing in translation, In?am Bayyud teaches translation and interpretation at the University of Algiers. In 2004 she was nominated minister plenipotentiary by the Arab League, and appointed director of the High Arab Institute for Translation located in Algiers, Algeria. Bayyud was born in Damascus, Syria, on 24 January 1953 to a Syrian mother and an Algerian fat…
The first home of the site was www.bbcnc.org.uk. The ?nc? stood for ?networking club.? It was launched in April of 1994. One year later, the BBC offered online discussion groups, pages for a number of programs related to the web, and infotmation from departments of the BBC. It also offered pages for associates and an internet service. A new site, www.bbc.co.uk, was started in 1996, although the ol…
Beach Boys, The, pop harmonizers who revolutionized the sound of American rock and roll. M EMBERSHIP: Brian Wilson, bs., kybd., voc. (b. Hawthorne, Calif., June 20, 1942); Dennis Wilson, drm., voc. (b. Hawthorne, Dec. 4, 1944; d. Marina del Rey, Calif., Dec. 28, 1983); Carl Wilson, lead gtr., voc. (b. Hawthorne, Dec. 21, 1946; d. Los Angeles, Feb. 6, 1998); Mike Love, lead voc, sax. (b. Los Angele…
Beach, Mrs. H.H.A. (n?e Amy Marcy Cheney), important American composer; b. Henniker, N.H., Sept. 5, 1867; d. N.Y., Dec. 27, 1944. She was descended of early New England colonists, and was a scion of a cultural family. She was educated at a private school in Boston. She studied piano with Ernest Perabo and Carl Baermann, and received instruction in harmony and counterpoint from Junius W. Hill. She …
(1903?89) US geneticist: pioneer of biochemical genetics. Born on a farm at Wahoo, NE, Beadle first planned to return there after graduation, but became an enthusiast for genetics and was persuaded to work for a doctorate at Cornell on maize genetics. In 1935 he worked with B Ephrussi in Paris on the genetics of eye-colour in the fruit fly Drosophila ; as a result of this work, ingeniously transpl…
(1872-1967) L. L. Bean, Inc. Leon Leonwood Bean, best-known as L. L. Bean, became known worldwide for his mail-order catalog focused on equipment and clothing for the serious outdoorsman. With the invention and patenting of a simple rubber-soled, leather-top shoe in 1911, Bean gradually began marketing his shoe, the ?Maine Hunting Shoe,? to an increasingly large audience of people, through the m…
Beanie Babies were made by Ty Warner and sold through his company, Ty, Inc. Although Ty claimed the right to the names and varieties of the toys, other companies tried to compete with various beanbag-filled stuffed animals. Parodies such as ?Meanie Babies? were also marketed as children?s toys, Originally intended for children, Beanie Babies became a popular gift item for adults. They were conside…
Mary Ritter Beard was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, on August 5, 1876, to Eli Foster Ritter, a lawyer, and Narcissa (Lockwood) Ritter, a school teacher. At age sixteen Mary attended DePauw University in Asbury, Indiana, where she met her future husband, Charles Austin Beard. She graduated in 1897 and taught high school German in Indiana until her marriage to Beard in 1900. The Beards moved to Oxf…
Delilah Leontium Beasley rose from masseuse to one of the foremost authorities on black history in California. She was believed to have been born around 1867 in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Daniel Beasley, probably a semi-skilled worker, and Margaret (Heines) Beasley. She had a promising beginning as an adolescent, publishing a piece of her writing in the Cleveland Gazette when she was twelve and then wri…
Beastie Boys, veteran white rap group who fought for their right to party, but later discovered a social conscience. M EMBERSHIP: Michael Diamond, voc, drm. (b. N.Y.C., Nov. 20, 1965); Adam Horovitz, gtr. (b. N.Y.C., Oct. 31, 1966); Adam Yauch, bs. (b. Brooklyn, N.Y., Aug. 5 1964). Although they were the first rappers to garner a gold and platinum album, the Beastie Boys began life as a four-piece…
During the *Sermon on the Mount, Jesus pronounced a series of blessings characterizing those who live in accord with *God?s kingdom Each saying begins, ?Blessed are ?? (the poor in spirit, mourning, meek, righteous, merciful, pure in heart, peacemakers, and persecuted). These spiritual qualities and consequences, similar to those spoken about by Jesus to his disciples in *Luke 6:20-22, may be illu…
Beatles, The, the most important rock group in history. M EMBERSHIP: John Lennon, rhythm gtr., pno., har., voc. (b. Woolton, Liverpool, England, Oct. 9, 1940; d. N.Y.C., Dec. 8, 1980); Paul McCartney, bs., pno., bjo., trpt., voc. (b. Allerton, Liverpool, June 18, 1942); George Harrison, lead gtr., sitar, pno., voc. (b. Wavertree, Liverpool, Feb. 24, 1943); Ringo Starr (b. Richard Starkey), drm., v…
Beaulieu (real name, Martin-Beaulieu), Marie-D?sir?, French composer and author; b. Paris, April 11, 1791; d. Niort, Dec. 21, 1863. He studied violin with Kreutzer, composition with Benincori and Abb? Roze; then studied with Mehul at the Paris Cons., winning the Prix de Rome in 1810. He composed the operas Anacr?on and Philadelphie , the oratorios VHymne du matin, L?Hymne de la nuit , etc., and al…
Perhaps the most memorable description of Francis Beaumont?s life is related in Aubrey?s Brief Lives ; Beaumont and his dramatic collaborator, John Fletcher, ?lived together on the Banke side, not far from the Play-house, both batchelors: lay together; had one wench in the house betweene them, which they did so admire; the same cloathes and cloake, &c., betweene them.? Their celebrated partnership…
[ boh mont] (1785?1853) US surgeon; made pioneer studies of human digestive physiology. Beaumont was a farmer?s son who became a village schoolmaster and later qualified in medicine. In the War of 1812 he became an army surgeon, rather minimally licensed to practise on the basis of his 2 years spent as an apprentice to a country doctor. In 1822 at Fort Mackinac a young Canadian trapper was acciden…
BEAVERS, LOUISE (1902?1962). Actress. She was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and spent her teenage years in California. She was a real-life maid for actress Leatrice Joy before playing the role of a domestic many times on the screen. A talented actress, her break out performance was as Delilah Johnson in Imitation of Life , 1934. She was once again a domestic, but this was a rare role in Hollywood, whe…
Becerra (-Schmidt), Gustavo, Chilean composer; b. Temuco, Aug. 26, 1925. He studied at the Santiago Cons. with Pedro Allende, and then with Domingo Santa Cruz. In 1949 he graduated from the Univ. of Chile, where he became a prof. in 1952; was its director of the Instituto de Extensi?n Musical (1959?63) and secretary-general of its music faculty (1969?71). From 1968 to 1970 he served as cultural at…
Born September 10, 1960, in Lock Haven, PA; daughter of Bruce Allen (a high school English teacher, antiques dealer, and funeral director) and Helen (a high school English teacher and actress; maiden name, Fontana) Bechdel. Education: Simon?s Rock Early College (now Simon?s Rock of Bard College), A.A., 1979; Oberlin College, B.A., 1981. Addresses: Home ?Vermont. Office ?P.O. Box 215, Jonesville, V…
Bechet, Sidney (Joseph), masterful and innovative jazz clarinetist, soprano saxophonist; b. New Orleans, May 14, 1897; d. Paris, May 14, 1959. A sensational soloist who had an impact on Ellington and Johnny Hodges, among others, he failed to become as well-established in America as he deserved, primarily because he spent so much of his time in Europe, especially France. And, although he was revere…
Beck (David the, Campbell), artistic nexus of traditional blues and contemporary pop; b. Los Angeles, July 8, 1970 (he took his mother?s surname, Hansen, after his parent?s divorce). Beck?s mother was a Warhol superstar at age 13; her father was one of America?s leading FluXus artists, Al Hansen. (FluXus was a Dadaesque art movement of the 1960s that included artists like Yoko Ono among its follow…
Beck, Jean-Baptiste, Alsatian-American musicologist; b. Gebweiler, Aug. 14, 1881; d. Philadelphia, June 23, 1943. He studied organ before obtaining his Ph.D. at the Univ. of Strasbourg with the diss. Die Melodien der Troubadours und Trouv?res (1908). He later publ. a somewhat popularized ed. of it in French, La Musique des troubadours (Paris, 1910). Beck taught at the Univ. of 111. from 1911 to 19…
Beck, Jeff, guitar-God with a spotted career; b. Wal-lington, Surrey, England, June 24, 1944. A competent pianist and guitarist by the age of 11, Jeff Beck performed with early 1960s British bands such as The Nightshifts and The Tridents before replacing Eric Clapton in The Yardbirds in March 1965. Beck played lead guitar with the group through its greatest hit-making period (?Heart Full of Soul??…
(1959-) Boston Chicken, Inc. Scott A. Beck along with two partners acquired Boston Chicken in 1992. With Beck as CEO, the chicken restaurant and carryout franchise, renamed Boston Market, underwent the fastest growth of any restaurant chain in the country. In 1998, however, Beck tendered his resignation after the company?s stocks plunged for a year. Despite the company?s financial setbacks, Bost…
Becker, (Jean Otto Eric) Hugo, notable German cellist and pedagogue, son of Jean Becker; b. Strasbourg, Feb. 13, 1863; d. Geiselgasteig, July 30, 1941. After training from his father, he studied with Kanut K?ndinger in Mannheim and Friedrich Gr?tzmacher and Karl Hess in Dresden. He completed his studies with Alfredo Piatti. From 1884 to 1886 he was principal cellist in the orch. of the Frankfurt a…
Becker, G?nther (Hugo), German composer; b. Forbach, Baden, April 1, 1924. He studied conducting with G. Nestler at the Badische Hochschule f?r Musik in Karlsruhe (1946?49), composition with W. Former in Heidelberg, and at the North-West German Academy of Music (1948?56), where he also studied choral conducting with K. Thomas (1953?55). He taught music at the Greek National School Anavryta in Athe…
Becker, John J(oseph), remarkable American composer; b. Henderson, Ky., Jan. 22, 1886; d. Wilmette, Ill., Jan. 21, 1961. He studied at the Cincinnati Cons, (graduated, 1905), then at the Wise. Cons, in Milwaukee, where he was a pupil of Alexander von Fielitz, Carl Busch, and Wilhelm Middleschulte (Ph.D., 1923). From 1917 to 1927 he served as director of music at Notre Dame Univ., then was chairman…
(1853?1923) German chemist: discovered a rearrangement reaction and a method for determining relative molecular mass in solution. Beginning as an apprentice pharmacist, Beckmann turned to chemistry with success, being professor at three universities before being appointed first director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry at Berlin-Dahlem in 1912. His distinction began in 1886, when he d…
Beckwith, John, Canadian composer, teacher, writer on music, and pianist; b. Victoria, British Columbia, March 9, 1927. He studied piano and harmony with Gwendoline Harper. After taking classes at Victoria Coll. (1944?45), he settled in Toronto and studied at the Univ. (M.B., 1947; M.M., 1961). He also pursued piano training with Alberto Guerrero (1945?50). In 1950 he made his debut in a lecture-r…
Thomas Becon is one of those writers whom students of English history and literature invariably see, when they look at the writers at all, as examples of the ?incipient Puritanism? of the mid-Tudor dynasty. One of the most prolific of the first generation of English Protestant divines, Becon wrote dozens of works aimed initially at providing devotional guides to the new faith during the 1540s but …
[bekuhrel] (1852?1908) French physicist: discoverer of radioactivity. Like his father and grandfather before him, Becquerel studied physics, and like them he was interested in fluorescence; he also succeeded to the posts they had held in Paris. Educated mainly at the ?cole Polytechnique, he became professor of physics there in 1895. His crucial experiment of 1896 was performed on the day that news…
(1760?1808) British physician and chemist: mentor of Humphry Davy. A man of wide talents, Beddoes studied classics, modern languages, science and medicine at Oxford and in 1788 was appointed reader in chemistry there. However, his sympathy with the French revolutionaries led to his resignation in 1792. He then turned to medicine, and linked this with his interest in the new gases (?airs?) discover…
[bed naw?ts] (1950? ) Swiss physicist: co-discoverer of a new class of superconductors. Nobel prizes have usually been awarded many years after the work which led to them; but the Prize won by Bednorz and K A M?ller (1927? ) of the IBM Z?rich Research Laboratory at R?schlikon in 1987 followed quickly on their work on novel electrical superconductors. Superconductivity, the absence of resistance sh…
Beecham, Sir Thomas, celebrated English conductor; b. St. Helens, near Liverpool, April 29, 1879; d. London, March 8, 1961. His father, Sir Joseph Beecham, was a man of great wealth, derived from the manufacture of the once-famous Beecham pills; thanks to them, young Beecham could engage in life?s pleasures without troublesome regard for economic limitations. He had his first music lessons from a …
Beecroft, Norma (Marian), Canadian composer; b. Oshawa, Ontario, April 11, 1934. She studied piano with Gordon Hallett and Weldon Kilburn at the Royal Cons, of Music of Toronto (1952?58), during which period she also studied composition with Wein-zweig; following composition training from Copland and Foss at the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood (summer 1958), she went to Rome to continue studi…
B. August 30, 1927 Birthplace: Haynesville, Louisiana Awards: National Cotton Council Award, 1964, 1969 ???????? Coty American Fashion Critics Award, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1981, 1982 ???????? Neiman Marcus Award, 1965 ???????? Ethel Traphagen Award, 1966 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America Award, 1986, 1987, 1989 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America…
Beer, Johann, Austrian-born German music theorist and polemicist; b. St. Georg, Upper Austria, Feb. 28, 1655; d. (accidentally shot while watching a shooting contest) Weissenfels, Aug. 6, 1700. He studied music at the Benedictine monastery in Lambach, then attended classes at Reichersberg, Passau, and the Gymnasium Poeticum in Regensburg. In 1676 he became a student in theology at the Univ. of Lei…
Beethoven, Ludwig van, great German composer whose unsurpassed genius, expressed with supreme mastery in his syms., chamber music, concertos,and piano sonatas, revealing an extraordinary power of invention, marked a historic turn in the art of composition; b. Bonn, Dec. 15 or 16 (baptized, Dec. 17), 1770; d. Vienna, March 26, 1827. (Beethoven himself maintained, against all evidence, that he was b…
(ABC, 10/5/1979, 120 mins). Humorous tale of a housewife (Patty Duke) who goes to a fat farm, only to discover that her husband (Bradford Dillman) has been playing around while she?s been trying to dump the weight he?s found excessive. She takes up with a young artist who doesn?t care about her weight, and her jealous spouse soon begins demanding her undivided attention, but, thinner-but-wiser, sh…
(ABC, 3/20/1973, 90 mins). Three ex-TV cops hop to the other side of the law in this caper movie with a twist ? a complex museum robbery is pulled off by a resourceful team: one with no legs (Mike Connors), one with no eyes (Kent McCord) and one with no hands (Michael Cole). Production Company Universal Television. Director David Lowell Rich. Producer Stan Kallis. Teleplay Paul Playdon. Based on a…
The condition of poverty is generally viewed, in the West at any rate, with a mixture of contempt and sympathy. Beggar has shifted in meaning over time, in a fashion similar to bastard , from being a social description, recorded from the early thirteenth century, to a general emotive term. As a consequence of natural disasters, pandemics, and famines, medieval society had a great mass of destitute…
(NBC, 11/26/1979 and 11/27/1979, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). The two-part sequel to Irwin Shaw?s ?Rich Man, Poor Man? and the vastly successful miniseries made from it (and the subsequent, less-successful short-lived series, ?Rich Man, Poor Man?Book II,? during the 1976-77 season). Moviemaker Gretchen Jordache, the sister not seen in either of the predecessors, strives to pull the family tog…
Beglarian, Eve, American composer, performer, and audio producer, daughter of Grant Beglarian; b. Ann Arbor, July 22, 1958. She studied music at Princeton Univ. (B.A., 1980) and composition at Columbia Univ. (M.A., 1983), and also had private training in conducting with Jacques Louis Monod in N.Y. (1981?84). She began her career as an ?uptown? N.Y. composer, but her shift in the mid-1980s to postm…
Beglarian, Grant, Georgian-born American arts administrator and composer of Armenian descent, fa-ther of Eve Beglarian; b. Tiflis, Dec. 1, 1927. He went to Teheran in 1934, and then to the U.S. in 1947, becoming a naturalized American citizen in 1954. After attending Boston Univ. (1947), he studied composition with Finney at the Univ. of Mich. (B.M., 1950; M.M., 1952; D.M.A., 1958) and with Coplan…
Begnis, Giuseppe de, admired Italian bass; b. Lugo, 1793; d. N.Y., Aug. 1849. After serving as a choirboy in Lugo, he made his operatic debut in Modena in 1813 in Pavesi?s Ser Marc?Antonio . He then sang in various Italian music centers, establishing himself as one of the finest buffo artists of the day. In 1816 he married Giuseppina Ronzi de Begnis, with whom he often appeared in opera. Rossini c…
Definition: Behavioral facilitation deals with a multi-disciplinary effort to help people work together. By its very nature, collaboration is fundamentally behavioral in focus: people interact with other people using technologies and tools to achieve some (set of) goal(s) 1 . How well a tool is used and the caliber of interaction between collaborators, both affect the success of a collaborative ef…
Simin Behbahani (n?e Khalili) is an Iranian poet known both for her prolific body of poetry and innovations in literature, as well as her participation in campaigns for social and cultural change, freedom of expression, and women?s rights issues. Prolific Iranian poet Behbahani was born in 1927 in Tehran to parents who were poets and progressive cultural producers in their own right. Her father, A…
Behrens, Hildegard, noted German soprano; b. Varel, Oldenburg, Feb. 9, 1937. After obtaining a law degree from the Univ. of Freiburg im Breisgau, she studied voice with Ines Leuwen at the Freiburg im Breisgau Staatliche Hochschule f?r Musik. In 1971 she made her operatic debut as Mozart?s Countess at the Freiburg im Breisgau City Theater; that same year she became a member of the opera studio of t…
[ bay ring] (1854?1917) German bacteriologist: co-discoverer of diphtheria antitoxin. Behring studied at Berlin and after qualifying in medicine joined the Army Medical Corps. In 1889 he became assistant to , and from 1895 he was professor of hygiene at Marburg. It was already known that the bacteria causing tetanus produced a chemical toxin that was responsible for most of the illness of the pati…
Beiderbecke, Bix (actually Leon Bix, not Bismarck as is sometimes reported), widely admired early jazz cornetist, composer, pianist and a unique stylist; b. Davenport, Iowa, March 10, 1903; d. Queens, N.Y., Aug. 6, 1931. Beiderbecke?s parents, German immigrants, were amateur musicians, and he began to play as a small child. His mother was an amateur pianist, and his father had his own merchant?s b…
Born Frances Gillespie Beinecke, c. 1960, in Summit, New Jersey; daughter of William S. Beinecke (former executive) and Elizabeth Barrett Gillespie; married Paul Elston (co-founder of the New York League of Conservation Voters); children: three daughters. Education: Yale College, B.A., 1971; Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, M.S., 1974. Addresses: Home ?Dodgewood Rd, Bronx, NY 104…
Beissel, Johann Conrad, German-American composer of religious music; founder of the sect of Solitary Brethren of the Community of Sabbatarians; b. Eberbachon the Neckar, Palatinate, March 1, 1690; d. Ephrata, Pa., July 6, 1768. He migrated to America in 1720 for religious reasons. His first attempt to build up a ?solitary? residence failed, but in 1732 he started the community at Ephrata, which be…
A Tunisian author of several essays, books, and articles, H?l? B?ji (born Ben Ammar) uses writing to explore some of the problematic circumstances of her country: a nation in the process of politically, socially, and culturally rebuilding itself since its independence from France in 1956. In D?senchantement national: essai sur la d?colonisation (1982) and L?imposture culturelle (1997), she address…
Bekker, (Max) Paul (Eugen), eminent German writer on music; b. Berlin, Sept. 11, 1882; d. N.Y., March 7, 1937. He studied violin with Rehfeld, piano with Sormann, and theory with Horwitz. He began his career as a violinist with the Berlin Phil. He was music critic of the Berliner Neueste Nachrichten (1906?09) and of the Berliner Allgemeine Zeitung (1909?11). In 1911 he became chief music critic of…
BELAFONTE, HARRY (1927?). Singer, actor, civil rights activist. Harry Belafonte was born in New York City and spent time growing up in his parent?s homeland of Jamaica. He returned to New York to go to high school, and soon after, he joined the U. S. Navy in 1944. After his discharge, Belafonte became a maintenance man for an apartment building and began to study acting. He studied at the Stanley …
Belafonte, Harry (actually, Harold George Jr.), American singer and actor; b. N.Y., March 1, 1927. Belafonte was best known for singing such calypso-styled Caribbean folk songs as ?Jamaica Farewell, ?Mary?s Boy Child? and ?Banana Boat Song (Day-O).? Albums like Belafonte, Calypso , and Belafonte at Carnegie Hall made him one of the most successful recording artists of the late 1950s and early 1960…
Belaiev (Belaieff), Mitrofan (Petrovich), renowned Russian music publisher; b. St. Petersburg, Feb. 22, 1836; d. there, Jan. 10, 1904. His father, a rich lumber dealer, gave him an excellent education. After his father?s death in 1885, Belaiev decided to use part of the income from the business for a music publishing enterprise devoted exclusively to the publication of works by Russian composers (…
n?e Bell (1943? ) British astronomer: discoverer of first pulsar. It is probably no coincidence that Jocelyn Bell?s father, a Belfast architect, designed the Armagh Planetarium. She decided, after studying physics at Glasgow, to work for a PhD in radioastronomy with at Cambridge. He had built a large radio-telescope there, with 2048 fixed dipole antennas spread over 18 000 m 2 . Bell checked the …
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was granted U.S. patent 174,465 for the telephone. Bell?s developments in telephony, however, were a consequence of his research and devotion to the hearing impaired. ?Alec? Bell (as he was known to family and close friends) was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, to Eliza Grace Symonds Bell and Alexander Melville Bell on March 3, 1847. Bell?s paternal grandfather, also nam…
(1847-1922) Inventor Alexander Graham Bell invented one of the most common instruments in use today, the telephone. With his supporters, he founded Bell Telephone, which has become one of the world?s most successful corporate conglomerates, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. (AT&T). He was also an outstanding teacher of the deaf and a prolific inventor of other devices. Alexander Graham Bell was…
Bell, Donald (Munro), Canadian bass-baritone; b. South Burnaby, British Columbia, June 19, 1934. He began his studies with Nancy Paisley Benn in Vancouver; after attending the Royal Coll. of Music in London on scholarship (1953?55), he pursued training with Hermann Weissenborn in Berlin (1955?57). He later studied with Judith Boroschek in Dusseldorf (1967?76) and Richard Miller in Oberlin, Ohio (f…
Born c. 1975, in London, England. Education: Attended San Francisco Community College. Addresses: Contact ?Drawn & Quarterly, P.O. Box 48056, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H2V 4S8. Home ?Brooklyn, New York. Self-published her own mini-comics; acquired a deal with an indie comic press, early 2000s. Awards: Ignatz Award for ?Most Outstanding Mini-Comic? for the self-published Lucky #3, 2004. Gabrielle B…
Bell, Joshua, talented American violinist; b. Bloom-ington, Ind., Dec. 9, 1967. He first studied violin with Mimi Zweig, making his debut as a soloist with the Bloomington Sym. Orch. in 1975 at the age of seven. He subsequently studied with Gingold at the Ind. Univ. School of Music, and also took summer courses with Galamian and a masterclass with Szeryng. He won the grand prize in the first annua…
Bell, W(illiam) H(enry), English composer; b. St. Albans, Aug. 20, 1873; d. Gordon?s Bay, Cape Province, South Africa, April 13, 1946. He studied in his hometown. He won the Goss Scholarship for the Royal Coll. of Music in London (1889), where he studied organ with Stegall, violin with Burnett, piano with Izard, and composition with Corder and Stanford. He taught harmony at his alma mater (1903?12…
Belli, Giulio, Italian composer; b. Longiano, near Forli, c. 1560; d. probably in Imola, c. 1621. He was a pupil of Cimelio in Naples. In 1579 he entered the Franciscan monastery in Longiano. After serving as maestro di cappella at Imola Cathedral (1582?90) and at S. Maria in Carpi (1590?91), he was named praefectus musices at S. Francesco in Bologna in 1591. About 1594 he went to Venice and becam…
Bellincioni, Gemma (Cesira Matilda), noted Italian soprano; b. Monza, Aug. 18, 1864; d. Naples, April 23, 1950. She studied with her father, the comic bass Cesare Bellincioni, and her mother, the contralto Carlotta Soroldoni. At age 15, she made her operatic debut in dell?Orefice?s II segreto della duchessa at the Teatro della Societ? Felarmonica in Naples. After further studies with Luigia Ponti …
Bellini, Vincenzo, famous Italian composer, a master of bel canto opera; b. Catania, Sicily, Nov. 3, 1801; d. Puteaux, near Paris, Sept. 23, 1835. He was a scion of a musical family; his grandfather was maestro di cappella to the Benedictines in Catania, and organist of the Sacro Collegio di Maria in Misterbianco; his father also served as maestro di cappella. Bellini received his first musical in…
Born c. 1967, in Connecticut; daughter of Jay (a tool designer) and Lonnie (a furniture-store owner) Jarmolinski; married Joe Bellissimo (a marketing executive), 1995; children: Gracie, Cecilia, Willow, Marlie. Education: Earned degree in interior design from Teikyo Post University, Waterbury, CT, c. 1989. Addresses: Office ?c/o Toys ?R? Us, One Geoffrey Way, Wayne, NJ 07470-2030. Worked as an int…
Descended from a noble family, Bembo was born in Venice, but as a boy he accompanied his father, the diplomat Bernardo Bembo, on embassies to Florence and later to Rome and Bergamo. As a young man, he studied Greek with Constantine Lascaris (1492?94) at Messina and philosophy with Niccol? Leoniceno (1497) at Ferrara. For about a decade, Bembo alternated residence between Ferrara and Venice, where …
Zein al-Abidin Ben Ali (Zayn El Abidine Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali) has been president of Tunisia since 1987. Name: Zein al-Abidin Ben Ali (Zayn El Abidine Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali) Birth: 1936, Hammam-Sousse, Tunisia Family: First wife, Naima Kefi (divorced 1992); three daughters: Ghazwa, Dorsaf, and Cyrine; second wife: Leila Trabelsi; two daughters, Nessrine and Halima; one son, M…
Tahar Ben Jelloun (also Tahir, Taher Benjelloun) is a leading Moroccan poet, novelist, essayist, and journalist whose rich intellectual and creative production now spans more than four decades. Most of his books are available in fifteen or more languages; the most popular have now been translated into forty-three languages. Ben Jelloun was born in Fez on 1 December 1944. His autobiographical essay…
Ben-Dor, Gis?le(n?e Buka), Uruguayan conductor of Polish descent; b. Montevideo, April 26, 1955. Her parents emigrated to Uruguay after World War II. She commenced piano lessons at age 4 with Gloria Rodriguez and Santiago Baranda Reyes at the J.S. Bach Cons. She later received instruction in harmony and counterpoint from Yolanda Rizzardini. She was only 12 when she began conducting, and at 14 she …
An Algerian playwright, scenographer, and actor, Slimane Bena?ssa, after devoting most of his life to the writing and production of plays in Algeria, exiled himself in France in February 1993 following threats on his life by radical Islamists. A former collaborator of Algerian writer Kateb Yacine, Bena?ssa is known for being the first playwright to bring colloquial Algerian dialects on stage. Bena…
Benary, Barbara, American performer, composer, and ethnomusicologist; b. Bay Shore, N.Y., April 4, 1946. She studied music and theater at Sarah Lawrence Coll. (B.A., 1968) and world music at Wesleyan Univ. (M.A., 1971; Ph.D. 1973). She then taught at Rutgers Univ. (1973?80), and in various private and public elementary schools in N.Y. (1984?94). In 1976 she co-founded and served as artistic direct…
Benatzky, Ralph (actually, Rudolf Josef Franti?ek), Czech composer; b. M?hrisch-Budwitz, June 5, 1884; d. Z?rich, Oct. 16, 1957. He studied in Vienna, in Prague with Veit and Klinger, and in Munich with Motti; he also took a Ph.D. in philology. After conducting at the Kleines Theater in Munich (1910?11), he went to Vienna as music director at the Kabarett Rideamus. He first gained notice as a comp…
Benatzky, Ralph (actually, Rudolf Josef Franti?ek), Czech composer; b. M?hrisch-Budwitz, June 5, 1884; d. Z?rich, Oct. 16, 1957. He studied in Vienna, in Prague with Veit and Klinger, and in Munich with Motti; he also took a Ph.D. in philology. After conducting at the Kleines Theater in Munich (1910?11), he went to Vienna as music director at the Kabarett Rideamus. He first gained notice as a comp…
Yossi Benayoun is one of the most outstanding Israeli football (soccer) talents ever. Playing as an attacking midfielder, he became famous for his dazzling dribbles and brilliant passes. At the start of his career, Benayoun was nicknamed ?the kid? by the Israeli press, both for his boyish looks and due to his senior debut being made when he was only seventeen. Benayoun was born on 5 May 1980 in Di…
Born Peter Bradford Benchley, May 8, 1940, in New York, NY; died of pulmonary fibrosis, February 11, 2006, in Princeton, NJ. Author. Peter Benchley wrote the immensely successful 1974 novel that became one of the top-grossing movies of all time, Jaws . Benchley?s tale of a great white shark that terrorizes a New England coastal community sold millions of copies, and the 1975 film of the same name …
Benda, Georg Anton (actually, Jir? Anton?n), important Bohemian composer, brother of Franz (Franti?ele) and father of Friedrich Ludwig Benda; b. Alt-Benatek (baptized), June 30, 1722; d. K?stritz, Nov. 6, 1795. He studied at the Jesuit college in Jicin (1739?42), and then was a chamber musician in Berlin (1742?49). In 1750 he was appointed Kapellmeister to Duke Friedrich III of Saxe-Gotha. In 1765…
[ben eden] (1846?1910) Belgian embryologist and cytologist: discovered that the number of chromosomes per cell is constant for a particular species. Van Beneden followed his father in taking charge of zoology teaching at Li?ge in 1870. His course of teaching was based largely on his own researches, which he did not publish, but one of his students published them after van Beneden?s death. He showe…
n?e Fulton (1887?1948) US anthropologist. Ruth Fulton was born in New York City, the eldest daughter of a surgeon. She was 2 years old when her father died and her mother?s grief was hysterical, and ritually repeated on every anniversary. Her childhood was spent with her maternal grandparents on their farm near Norwich, NY and later with her aunt. Fulton graduated at Vassar in 1909, studying philo…
Benedict, Sir Julius, German-English conductor and composer; b. Stuttgart, Nov. 27, 1804; d. London, June 5, 1885. He was the son of a Jewish banker, and from his earliest childhood he showed a decisive musical talent. He took lessons with J.C.L. Abeille in Stuttgart, then had further instruction with Hummel at Weimar. Hummel introduced him to Weber, and he became Weber?s private pupil. In 1823, B…
From the Latin benedictio (?blessing?), a benediction is a blessing performed by members of the clergy through spoken *prayer and gesture. Benedictions are pronounced by priests and bishops at various points in the liturgy and during other ritual occasions. The practice ultimately derives from Jewish customs, adapted by the early Christian church, of giving thanks to and asking blessings from *God…
From the Latin benedictio (?blessing?), a benediction is a blessing performed by members of the clergy through spoken *prayer and gesture. Benedictions are pronounced by priests and bishops at various points in the liturgy and during other ritual occasions. The practice ultimately derives from Jewish customs, adapted by the early Christian church, of giving thanks to and asking blessings from *God…
Laura Ben?t was born on June 13, 1884, at Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn, New York. Her father, James Walker Ben?t, was an army officer, and her mother was Frances Neill (Rose) Ben?t. Laura graduated from the Emma Willard School in 1903 and received an A.B. from Vassar College in 1907. She was a social worker in her early career days, working as a settlement worker in New York from 1913 to 1916 and as an…
The Benetton siblings, Luciano, Giuliana, Gilberto, and Carlo, grew up in a small town in postwar Italy with bombers flying overhead. While working at a fabric store in the 1960s, Luciano Benetton delivered, by bicycle, colorful sweaters hand knit by his sister, Giuliana, to local patrons. The unusual patterns and bright colors of Giuliana?s designs were diametrically opposed to the traditional, m…
Benevoli, Orazio, Italian composer; b. Rome, April 19, 1605; d. there, June 17, 1672. He was the son of a French baker who Italianized his name when he settled in Rome. He studied with Vincenzo Ugolini and sang in the boy?s choir in the school ?dei francesi? in Rome (1617?23); also had some instruction from Lorenzo Ratti. After completion of his studies he had successive posts as maestro di cappel…
Benjamin, George (William John), English composer, teacher, conductor, and pianist; b. London, Jan. 31, 1960. He began piano studies at age seven and composition lessons at age nine. After training with Gellhorn in London (1974?76), he studied with Messi-aen (composition) and Loriod (piano) at the Paris Cons. (1976?78), and then with A. Goehr at King?s Coll., Cambridge (1978?82). He also had lesso…
One of the nation?s most productive newspaper editors and outspoken journalists, Robert Benjamin worked in twelve states before settling in California, where he became best known as editor of the San Francisco Sentinel . Whether teaching school, practicing law, or working on the newspaper, Benjamin was as concerned with imparting information as he was with protecting the rights of his race and, wi…
When James Gordon Bennett Sr. died on June 1, 1872, his old rival Horace Greeley?s New York Tribune eulogized: ?He developed the capacities of journalism in a most wonderful manner, but he did it by degrading its character. He made the newspaper powerful, but he made it odious.? Bennett founded the New York Herald on May 6, 1835, with five hundred dollars and a cellar office. In the ensuing thirty…
In a distinguished career that has spanned more than five decades, journalist and historian Lerone Bennett Jr. has eloquently and steadfastly documented African American life. Bennett, the author of a dozen books and the executive editor of Ebony magazine, is revered as a modern-day griot whose writings have educated scholars and the reading public about the black presence in the United States. Be…
Bennett, Sir William Sterndale, distinguished English pianist, conductor, and composer; b. Sheffield, April 13, 1816; d. London, Feb. 1, 1875. His father, Robert Bennett, an organist, died when he was a child, and he was then placed in the care of his grandfather, John Bennett, who was also a musician. At the age of eight he was admitted to the choir of King?s Coll. Chapel, Cambridge, and at ten h…
Bennett, Tony (originally, Anthony Dominick Benedetto), celebratory American singer; b. Queens, N.Y., Aug. 3, 1926. Bennett, a husky-voiced tenor shading to baritone in later life, continued to extol the virtues of the classic pop songwriters far into the rock era, eventually developing a new audience not yet born when he scored his initial flurry of pop hits. Those recordings, such as ?Because of…
(NBC, 1/19/1977, 90 mins). Two undercover cops find their avocation? a musical act?helpful in tapping informants on the Las Vegas Strip regarding the alleged kidnapping of a top entertainer. This pilot was for a series that never materialized. Original title (until eve of premiere): ?Benny and Barney, the Aristocrats.? Production Companies Glen Larson Productions, Universal Television. Director Ro…
Benoit, Peter (Leopold L?onard), eminent Flemish composer; b. Harlebeke, Belgium, Aug. 17, 1834; d. Antwerp, March 8, 1901. He studied at the Brussels Cons, with F?tis (1851?55); while there he earned his living by conducting theater orchs. and wrote music for Flemish plays. At the age of 22 he produced his first opera in Flemish, Het dorp in?t gebergte (A Mountain Village), staged in Brussels on …
Benson, George, pop-jazz guitarist; b. Pittsburgh, March 22, 1943. He began learning the guitar at age eight. Having moved to N.Y., he first recorded as sideperson to Jack McDuff; he then recorded under his own name for Columbia, where he introduced his singing on ?Willow Weep for Me.? He began to make his mark during the 1960s and early 1970s with his jazz-flavored guitar work. Under the name Geo…
Benson, Warren (Frank), American composer and teacher; b. Detroit, Jan. 26, 1924. He studied percussion and horn at Detroit?s Cass Technical H.S. before pursuing training in theory at the Univ. of Mich. (B.M., 1949; M.M., 1951).After teaching percussion at the Univ. of Mich. (1943) and playing timpani in the Detroit Sym. Orch. (1946), he was a Fulbright music teacher at Anatolia Coll. in Sal?nica,…
Bent, Ian (David), esteemed English musicologist; b. Birmingham, Jan. 1, 1938. He was educated at the Univ. of Cambridge (B.A., 1961; B.M., 1962; M.A., 1965; Ph.D., 1969, with the diss. The Early History of the English Chapel Royal, c. 1066?1327). From 1965 to 1975 he was a lecturer at King?s Coll., Univ. of London, and then a prof. of music and head of the music dept. at the Univ. of Nottingham f…
Born Dierks Bentley, November 20, 1975, in Phoenix, AZ; son of Leon (a stockbroker) and Cathy (a homemaker) Bentley; married Cassidy Black, December 14, 2005. Education: Attended the University of Vermont and Vanderbilt University. Addresses: Contact ?Capitol Records, 3322 West End Ave., 11th Flr., Nashville, TN 37203. Management ?Rogue Music Group, 346 21st Ave. N., Nashville, TN 37203. Website ?…
Benton, Brook (Benjamin Peay), one of the pioneer soul singers of the 1950s; b. Camden, S.C., Sept. 9 (or 19), 1931; d. N.Y.C., April 9, 1988. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Brook Benton toured the gospel circuit with the Camden Jubilee Singers, the Bill Landford Spiritual Singers and the Golden Gate Quartet. Signed as solo artist to Epic Records in 1953, Benton also recorded for the RCA subsi…
Berardi, Sangeeta Michael, avant-garde guitarist; b. Waterbury, Conn., Sept. 2, 1939. He began playing guitar at age 10, and started gigging at about 14, but his musical progress was delayed when he was arrested for armed robbery at 18. While in prison, he resumed the guitar and on his release in 1960 began gigging at Providence Coll. and elsewhere while attending the Univ. of Conn. (B.A., English…
Berberian, Cathy (actually, Catherine), versatile American mezzo-soprano; b. Attleboro, Mass., July 4, 1925; d. Rome, March 6, 1983. She studied singing, dancing, and the art of pantomime; took courses at Columbia Univ. and N.Y. Univ.; then studied voice in Milan with Giorgina del Vigo. In 1957 she made her debut in a concert in Naples; attracted wide attention in 1958, when she performed John Cag…
Berezowsky, Nicolai, talented Russian-born American composer; b. St. Petersburg, May 17, 1900; d. (suicide?) N.Y., Aug. 27, 1953. He studied piano, violin, and voice at the Imperial Chapel in St. Petersburg. After graduating in 1916, he obtained work as a violinist in the orch. of the provincial opera theater in Saratov, on the Volga River, where he played until 1919. The then joined the orch. of …
Berg, Alban (Maria Johannes), greatly significant Austrian composer whose music combined classical clarity of design and highly original melodic and harmonic techniques that became historically associated with the Second Viennese School; b. Vienna, Feb. 9, 1885; d. there, Dec. 24, 1935. He played piano as a boy and composed songs without formal training. He worked as a clerk in a government office…
Berg, Bob (actually, Robert), American jazz tenor saxophonist; b. N.Y., April 7, 1951. Berg?s reputation as a world class tenor player has been carefully constructed through stints with Miles Davis and Chick Corea, as well as his own groups, including a fusion band he co- leads with long time collaborator, guitarist Mike Stern. While at Juilliard, Berg was offered a tour with organist Jack McDuff,…
Berg, Gunnar (Johnsen), Danish composer; b. St. Gallen (of Danish parents), Jan. 11, 1909; d. Bern, Aug. 25, 1989. He was taken to Denmark when he was 12 and began piano lessons. In 1936 he became a student in counterpoint of Jeppesen at the Copenhagen Cons. He later received training in piano from Koppel and Elisabeth J?rgens, and in theory from Herbert Rosenberg. In 1948 he went to Paris to stud…
Berg, Josef, Czech composer; b. Brno, March 8, 1927; d. there, Feb. 26, 1971. He studied with Petrželka at the Brno Cons. (1946?50). He was music ed. of Brno Radio (1950?53), and also wrote simple music for the Folk Art ensemble. Later he began using 12-tone techniques. His most original works are the operas Odysseu n?vrat (Odysseus?s Return; 1962), Evropsk? turistika (European Tourism; 1963?64),…
(1926? ) US molecular biologist: discovered first transfer RNA and pioneered recombinant DNA techniques. Educated in the USA, Berg held chairs from 1970 at both Washington University (St Louis) and Stanford. In 1955 had suggested that the biosynthesis of proteins from amino acids, under the control of an RNA template, involved an intermediate ?adaptor? molecule. He thought it possible that a speci…
Berganza (Vargas), Teresa, admired Spanish mezzo- soprano; b. Madrid, March 16, 1935. She was a pupil of Lola Rodriguez Aragon in Madrid. After winning the singing prize at the Madrid Cons, in 1954, she made her debut in a Madrid concert in 1955; in 1957 she made her operatic debut as Dorabella at the Aix-en-Provence Festival. In 1958 she made her British debut as Cherubino at the Glyndebourne Fes…
Berger, Arthur (Victor), respected American composer and writer on music; b. N.Y., May 15, 1912. He studied piano (1923?28) and began composing while still in high school. After attending the City Coll. of N.Y. (1928?30), he studied composition with Vincent Jones at N.Y. Univ. (B.S., 1934). He then continued his training at the Longy School of Music in Cambridge, Mass. (1935?37), and concurrently …
Berger, Dave, jazz composer, trumpeter, educator; b. N.Y., March 30, 1949. He studied at Berklee Coll. of Music until 1966, earned a B.M. at Ithaca Coll. (1967?71), studied at the Eastman School of Music (on and off, 1967?81), including work with Rayburn Wright (1970?1) and Jimmy Maxwell (1972?80), and earned an M.M. in Jazz Composition at the Manhattan School of Music (1985?6). He first played tr…
Berger, Erna, distinguished German soprano; b. Cossebaude, near Dresden, Oct. 19, 1900; d. Essen, June 14, 1990. She was a student of B?ckel and Melita Hirzel in Dresden. In 1925 she made her operatic debut as the first boy in Die Zauberfl?te at the Dresden State Opera, where she sang until 1930. In Berlin she sang at the City Opera (1929) and the State Opera (from 1934); also appeared at the Bayr…
Iris Brown Berger was born on October 12, 1941, in Chicago, of Eastern European Jewish ancestry. Her mother was an English teacher at Loop Junior College in Chicago; her father was a workers? compensation arbitrator for the Illinois Industrial Commission. Iris attended elementary school at the LeMoyne School and the Eugene Field School in Chicago, then Evanston Township High School. She remembers …
Berger, Kenny, jazz baritone saxophonist, clarinetist, flutist, bass clarinetist, bassoonist, composer; b. N.Y., Dec. 19, 1947. He grew up in Brooklyn, attended Mannes Coll. of Music as bassoon major (1965?8), Univ. of Ill. as a composition major (1986), and earned his B.A. at S.U.N.Y. Empire State Coll. He has been an active freelancer around N.Y. for many years, appearing with the Thad Jones-Mel…
Berger, Roman, Slovak composer and writer on music; b. Cieszyn, Poland, Aug. 9, 1930. He was the son of an evangelical pastor. His youth was disrupted by the Nazi attack on Poland in 1939, and he later was sent to the Auschwitz and Dachau concentration camps. Following his liberation at the end of World War II, he entered the State Higher School of Music in Katowice in 1945. In 1952 he and his fam…
Bergman, Alan and Marilyn (Keith), Ameri can lyricists. Husband-and-wife lyric-writing team. Alan Bergman (b. Brooklyn, Sept. 11, 1925) and Marilyn Bergman (b. Brooklyn, Nov. 10, 1929) wrote lyrics for songs used in at least 50 feature films released between 1960 and 1996. Usually known for wistful romantic ballads, they were particularly associated with Barbra Streisand, and their work with her o…
Bergman, Erik (Valdemar), eminent Finnish composer, conductor, music critic, and pedagogue; b. Nykarleby, Nov. 24, 1911. He received training in musicology at the Univ. of Helsinki (1931?33) and in composition from Furuhjelm at the Helsinki Cons, (diploma, 1938). Following further studies with Tiessen at the Berlin Hochschule f?r Musik (1937?39), he studied with Vogel in Switzerland. Returning to …
Bergmann, Carl, German cellist and conductor; b. Ebersbach, Saxony, April 12, 1821; d. N.Y., Aug. 10, 1876. He was a pupil of Zimmerman in Zittau and of Hesse in Breslau; in consequence of his involvement in the revolutionary events of 1848?49, he went to America. In 1850 he joined the traveling Germania Orch. as a cellist; later became its conductor; also led the Handel and Haydn Soc. of Boston (…
Bergonzi, Carlo, eminent Italian tenor; b. Polisene, near Parma, July 13, 1924. He studied with Grandini in Parma, where he also took courses at the Boito Cons. During World War II, he was imprisoned for his fervent anti-Fascist stance. After his liberation, he made his operatic debut in the baritone role of Rossini?s Figaro in Lecce in 1948. In 1951 he made his debut as a tenor singing Andrea Ch?…
Bergsma, William (Laurence), notable American composer and pedagogue; b. Oakland, Calif., April 1, 1921; d. Seattle, March 18, 1994. His mother, a former opera singer, gave him piano lessons; he also practiced the violin. After the family moved to Redwood City, Bergsma entered Burlingame H.S., where he had theory lessons. In 1937 he began to take lessons in composition with Hanson at the Univ. of …
[bairg stroem] (1916? ) Swedish biochemist. Educated at the Royal Caroline Institute in Stockholm, Bergstr?m returned there as professor of biochemistry in 1958. His interest focused on the prostaglandins, a group of related compounds whose biological effects were first noted in the 1930s by U . Their effects are complex, but a common feature is their ability to induce contraction of smooth muscle…
Berigan, Bunny (Rowland Bernard), well known jazz trumpeter, singer, leader; b. Hubert, Wise, Nov. 2, 1908; d. N.Y., June 2, 1942. His powerful, clearly conceived solos made him a favorite of musicians as well as the public, winning a jazz poll in 1939 with five times as many votes as his nearest competitor. His brother Don was a drummer, their mother played piano. Bunny began on violin, then swit…
Berio, Luciano, eminent Italian composer, conductor, and pedagogue; b. Oneglia, Oct. 24, 1925. Following initial training from his father, Ernesto Berio, he entered the Milan Cons, in 1945 to study composition with Paribeni and Ghedini, obtaining his diploma in 1950. He married Cathy Berberian in 1950 (marriage dissolved in 1964), who became a champion of his most daunting vocal works. In 1952 he …
B?riot, Charles (-Auguste) de, celebrated Belgian violinist, pedagogue, and composer, b. Louvain, Feb. 20, 1802; d. Brussels, April 8, 1870. After initial instruction from a provincial teacher, he was left to perfect his technique on his own. In 1821 he went to Paris, where he briefly attended Baillot?s class as the Cons.; that same year, he made a successful debut in Paris. In 1826 he made his fi…
Berlin, Irving (originally, Ba?ne, Israel), adaptable Russian-born American songwriter; b. Mohilev, May 11, 1888; d. N.Y., Sept. 22, 1989. The most sucessful songwriter of the first half of the 20th century, Berlin counted among his 1, 500 published songs such standards as ?Alexander?s Ragtime Band? ?Oh, How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning? ?A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody? ?Always,? ?Blue Skies,? …
Berlioz, (Louis-) Hector, great French composer who exercised profound influence on the course of modern music in the direction of sonorous grandiosity, and propagated the Romantic ideal of program music, unifying it with literature; b. La C?te-Saint-Andr?, Is?re, Dec. 11, 1803; d.Paris, March 8, 1869. His father was a medical doctor who possessed musical inclinations. Under his guidance, Berlioz …
Berman, Lazar (Naumovich), brilliant Russian pianist; b. Leningrad, Feb. 26, 1930. He began music training in infancy with his mother, and at the age of 3 began piano lessons with Savshinsky. At age 7, he made his debut at the Ail-Union Festival for young performers in Moscow, where, at age 9, he became a pupil of Alexander Goldenweiser at the Central Music School, and later at the Cons, (graduate…
(1942-) Grand Casinos, Inc. Lyle Berman is the chairman of the board of Grand Casinos Inc., which develops, builds, and manages casinos. He is also the chairman and CEO of Rainforest Cafe, an innovative concept combining restaurant and retail shopping with an environmental flair, including live birds and lush plants. Lyle Berman was born around 1942 and raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The son …
Bermudo, Juan, Spanish music theorist; b. Ecija, Seville, c. 1510; d. Andalusia, after 1555. He first studied theology and devoted himself to preaching. He later turned to music and studied at the Univ. of Alcal? de Henares. He spent 15 years as a Franciscan monk in Andalusia. In 1550 he entered the service of the Archbishop of Andalusia, where Crist?bal de Morales was choir director. The writings…
Bernac (real name, Bertin), Pierre, eminent French baritone and teacher; b. Paris, Jan. 12, 1899; d. Villeneuve-les-Avignon, Oct. 17, 1979. He received private voice lessons in Paris. He began his career as a singer rather late in life, being first engaged in finance as a member of his father?s brokerage house in Paris. His musical tastes were decidedly in the domain of modern French songs; on May…
Reviver and promoter of the Cistercian order, Bernard (c.1090?1153) exerted a profound and lasting influence on both religion and politics in the Middle Ages. An eloquent preacher (e.g., of the Second Crusade in 1146), famed for his pious austerity and mystical and devotional writings, Bernard joined the reformed Benedictines (Cistercians) at Citeaux c.1113 but left with twelve others, to establis…
Reviver and promoter of the Cistercian order, Bernard (c.1090?1153) exerted a profound and lasting influence on both religion and politics in the Middle Ages. An eloquent preacher (e.g., of the Second Crusade in 1146), famed for his pious austerity and mystical and devotional writings, Bernard joined the reformed Benedictines (Cistercians) at Citeaux c.1113 but left with twelve others, to establis…
[bairnahr] (1813?78) French physiologist: pioneer of experimental medicine and physiological chemistry. Bernard was the son of vineyard workers and he remained fond of country life; later he spent his time in either a Paris laboratory or, during the harvest, in the Beaujolais vineyards. His schooling was provided by his church, and at 19 he was apprenticed to an apothecary. His first talent was in…
Bernardi, Mario (Egidio), Canadian conductor of Italian descent; b. Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Aug. 20, 1930. He studied piano, organ, and composition with Bruno Pasut at the Manzato Cons, in Treviso (1938?45), and took his examination at the Venice Cons. (1945). He was a student of Lubka Kolessa (piano) and Ettore Mazzoleni (conducting) at the Royal Cons, of Music of Toronto (1948?51) before complet…
Bernardi, Stefano, Italian composer and music theorist; b. Verona, c. 1585; d. probably in Salzburg, 1636. He sang at Verona Cathedral in his youth, and then served as chaplain there in 1603. In 1610 he was maestro di cappella at the church of the Madonna dei Monti in Rome, and then held that position at Verona Cathedral from 1611 to 1622. After serving the Archduke Carl Joseph, Bishop of Breslau …
Berne, Tim, eclectic jazz alto saxophonist; b. Syracuse, N.Y., Jan. 16, 1954. He didn?t begin playing alto until 19, when he was attending Lewis and Clark Coll. in Ore. He was deeply affected by Julius Hemphill?s album Dogon A.D. , which established his direction. He moved to N.Y. (1974), sought Hemphill out, and entered into an apprenticeship with the elder musician. The ?lessons? they had togeth…
Berners, Lord (Sir Gerald Hugh TyrwhittWilson, Baronet), eccentric English composer, writer, and painter; b. Arley Park, Bridgnorth, Sept. 18, 1883; d. Farringdon House, Berkshire, April 19, 1950. He was mainly self-taught, although he received some music training in Dresden and England, and advice and encouragement from Stravinsky. He served as honorary attach? to the British diplomatic service i…
Bernhard, ChristOph, German music theorist, singer, and composer; b. Kolberg, Jan. 1, 1628; d. Dresden, Nov. 14, 1692. He was a student of Siefert in Danzig and of Sch?tz in Dresden, where he then was a singer and teacher of singing to the choirboys (1649?55) and Second Kapellmeister (1655?63) at the electoral court. From 1664 to 1674 he was Kantor at the Johannisschule and municipal director of c…
Born Wolfgang Ayerle in September, 1960, in B?hen, Germany. Education: Earned master?s degree in electrical engineering and economics from the Technical University, Darmstadt, Germany, 1986; Columbia University, M.B.A., 1988; earned doctorate in economics from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany, 1990. Addresses: Office?Volkswagen AG, D-38436 Wolfsburg, Germany. Management co…
Bernheimer, Martin, German-born American music critic; b. Munich, Sept. 28, 1936. He was taken to the U.S. as a child in 1940 and became a naturalized citizen in 1946. He studied at Brown Univ. (Mus.B., 1958); after attending the Munich Hochschule f?r Musik (1958?59), he studied musicology with Reese at N.Y. Univ. (M.A., 1961), where he also taught (1959?62). He was contributing critic of the N.Y.…
[ber noo yee] (1700?82) Swiss mathematician: pioneer of hydrodynamics and kinetic theory of gases. Bernoulli?s principle. 1.?Liquid flow through a narrowed tube. 2.?Air flow supporting a wing: air has a longer path above the wing than below it, so it moves faster, and its pressure is lower, above the wing; hence there is an uplift acting on the wing. 3.?Trajectory of a golf shot: the dimpled, sp…
Bernstein, Lawrence F, American musicologist; b. N.Y., March 25, 1939. He studied at Hofstra Univ. (B.S., 1960) and with LaRue and Reese at N.Y. Univ. (Ph.D., 1969, with the diss. Cantus Firmus in the French Chanson for Two and Three Voices, 1500-1550) . He taught at the Univ. of Chicago (1965?70). Bernstein was assoc. prof. (1970?81) and prof. (from 1981) of music at the Univ. of Pa., where he al…
Bernstein, Leonard(actually, Louis), prodigiously gifted American conductor, composer, pianist, and teacher; b. Lawrence, Mass., Aug. 25, 1918; d. N.Y., Oct. 14, 1990. He was born into a family of Russian-Jewish immigrants. When he was 16, he legally changed his given name to Leonard to avoid confusion with another Louis in the family. He was 10 when he began piano lessons with Frieda Karp. At age…
(1943-) Ford Foundation Susan V. Berresford is the president of the Ford Foundation, the second-largest philanthropic organization in the United States with about $9 billion in assets. It gives grants and loans to individuals and institutions that promote democratic values, fight poverty and injustice, increase international cooperation, and advance human achievement. Susan Vail Berresford was b…
Berry, Chu(actually, Leon Brown), jazz tenor saxophonist; b. Wheeling, W.Va., Sept. 13, 1908; d. Conneaut, Ohio, Oct. 30, 1941. He came from a musical family; his brother, Nelson, was a tenor sax player. He took up sax after hearing Coleman Hawkins playing on a Fletcher Henderson summer tour. He played alto sax at high school, and later, during his three years at W.Va. State Coll., played alto and…
Berry, Chuck(actually, Charles Edward Anderson), American rock ?n? roll songwriter, singer, and guitarist; b. St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 18, 1926. Berry?s songs, such as ?Roll over Beethoven,? ?Rock & Roll Music,? ?Sweet Little Sixteen,? ?Johnny B. Goode,? and ?Memphis, Tennessee,? with their articulate, teen-oriented lyrics and distinctive guitar chords, created a basic repertoire for rock ?n? roll. He…
BERRY , HALLE (1968?). Actress. Born to an interracial family in Cleveland , Ohio , she grew up to win the Miss Teen Ohio beauty pageant. She studied broadcast journalism at Cleveland ?s Cuyahoga Community College before moving to Chicago to work as a model and study acting. Relocating to New York in 1988, she was cast in Paper Dolls , her first television series. Her film break came in 1991 when …
In a remarkable and innovative medical career spanning over forty years, Leonidas H. Berry became a world-renown physician who dedicated his life to the pursuit of racial, physical, and economic parity for African Americans in Chicago through medicine, teaching, writing, lecturing, and community service. Berry was a pioneer in gastroscopy and gastroenterology. His expertise in the study of the hum…
Mary Frances Berry was born on February 17, 1938, in Nashville, Tennessee, of African-American ancestry. She is the daughter of Frances Southall Berry and George Ford Berry. The family?s economic and personal hardships resulted in the placement of Mary and one of her two siblings, George, in an orphanage for a time. The combination of poverty, cruelty, and racism created for Mary what she would la…
Sara Berry was born on March 21, 1940, in Washington, D.C., and attended public and private schools in western Massachusetts and southern California. Her mother worked full time as a homemaker; her father worked as a professor. After receiving a bachelor?s degree in history from Radcliffe College in 1961, Berry went on to pursue graduate work in economics, earning a master?s degree and then a doct…
Berry, Walter, admired Austrian bass-baritone; b. Vienna, April 8, 1929; d. Oct. 27, 2000. He studied engineering at the Vienna School of Engineering before pursuing vocal training with Hermann Gallos at the Vienna Academy of Music. In 1950 he made his debut at the Vienna State Opera in Honegger?s Jeanne d?Arc , and subsequently sang there regularly; he also appeared at the Salzburg Festivals (fro…
Bertali, Antonio, influential Italian composer; b. Verona, March 1605; d. Vienna, April 17, 1669. He was a student of Stefano Bernardi in Verona (1611?22). In 1622 he entered the service of Archduke Carl Joseph, Bishop of Breslau and Bressanone, the brother of Emperor Ferdinand II of Austria. In 1624 he went to Vienna, where he became a composer and violinist in the service of the imperial court. …
[bairtuhloh] (1827?1907) French chemist: pioneer in organic synthesis and in thermochemistry. As the son of a Paris physician, Berthelot saw the city life of the poor and the sick and was often unwell himself. His life was successful from school prizes to world-wide honours in old age, but his early impressions remained, and at 71 he wrote ?I have never trusted life completely?. Originally a medic…
(Count) [bairtolay] (1748?1822) French chemist: worked on a range of inorganic problems. Originally a physician, Berthollet moved to chemistry and was an early staff member of the ?cole Polytechnique, but was not an effective teacher. He was a friend of Napoleon, and joined him in the attack on Egypt in 1798. In 1814 he helped depose Napoleon ?for the good of France?, and was made a peer by Louis …
Bertini, Gary, Russian-born Israeli conductor and composer; b. Brichevo, May 1, 1927. He was taken to Palestine as a child and began violin lessons at age 16. After studies at the Milan Cons, (diploma, 1948), he continued his training with Seter and Singer at the Tel Aviv Coll. of Music (diploma, 1951). He then went to Paris, where he studied at the Cons, and the ?cole Normale de Musique, his prin…
Berwald, Franz (Adolf), outstanding Swedish composer, cousin of Johan Fredrik Berwald; b. Stockholm, July 23, 1796; d. there, April 3, 1868. His father, Christian Friedrich Berwald (1740?1825), was a German musician who studied with Franz Benda and settled in Stockholm in the 1770s as a member of the orch. of the Royal Chapel. Franz received training in violin from his father and cousin, and in co…
Berwald, Johan Fredrik (Johann Friedrich), Swedish violinist and composer, cousin of Franz (Adolf) Berwald; b. Stockholm, Dec. 4, 1787; d. there, Aug. 26, 1861. He was a member of a musical family of German nationality that settled in Sweden. A precocious musician, he played the violin in public at the age of 5; took lessons in composition with Abb? Vogler during the latter?s stay in Sweden. At 16…
[ber zay leeus] (1779?1848) Swedish chemist; dominated chemical theory for much of his lifetime. Orphaned, Berzelius was brought up by relatives. He was interested in natural history and medicine was his chosen career from his schooldays. After studying medicine he graduated at Uppsala in 1802. He had read and experimented in chemistry under J Afzelius and his interest focused upon the subject. Th…
Besard, Jean-Baptiste, French lutenist, anthologist, music theorist, and composer; b. Besan?on, c. 1567; d. after 1617. He was educated at the Univ. of Dole (Licentiate and Doctor of Laws, 1587), and then pursued the study of medicine in Rome, where he also claimed to have studied with Lorenzini. In 1613 he inherited letters of nobility from his father. He was mainly active in the fields of law an…
Khalil Beschir (Bashir) is a Lebanese driver on the international A1 auto racing circuit, one of the first Arabs and certainly the most successful in this sport. Beschir was born 18 June 1982 in Khersaf, Lebanon. His father and mother currently have a sports shop in the mountain town of Bikfaya. Beschir does not come from a wealthy background, and has often not been able to race because of lack of…
Besozzi, Alessandro, celebrated Italian oboist; b. Parma, July 22, 1702; d. Turin, July 26, 1793. He was a musician at the ducal chapel in Parma (1728?31). He made concert tours with his brother, Girolamo (see 3 below), appearing with him in Paris in 1735; he then lived in Turin. He publ. numerous trio sonatas for Flute, Violin, and Cello, 6 violin sonatas (with Basso Continuo), etc. Other members…
Bessaraboff, Nicholas (actually, Nikolai), Russian-born American writer on music; b. Voronezh, Feb. 12, 1894; d. N.Y., Nov. 10, 1973. He was trained as a mechanical engineer and a draftsman, but he also played the horn and became interested in the mechanics and acoustics of musical instruments. After the completion of his studies at the polytechnical inst. in St. Petersburg, he was sent in 1915 wi…
(1784?1846) German astronomer and mathematician: made first measurement of a star?s distance by parallax; detected that Sirius had a companion; introduced Bessel functions. As a young trainee accountant in Bremen, Bessel prepared for travel by studying navigation and then astronomy. This in turn took him, aged 26, to be director of the new K?nigsberg Observatory. Much of Bessel?s work deals with t…
Besseler, Heinrich, eminent German musicologist; b. Dortmund-H?rde, April 2, 1900; d. Leipzig, July 25, 1969. He was a pupil of Gurlitt at the Univ. of Freiburg im Breisgau (Ph.D., 1923, with the diss. Beitrage zur Stilgeschichte der deutschen Suite im 17. Jahrhundert; Habilitationsschrift, 1925, Die Motettenkomposition von Petrus de Cruce bis Philipp von Vitry (ca. 1250?1350) , Adler at the Univ.…
[be semer] (1813?98) British engineer and inventor: developed a process for the manufacture of cheap steel. Bessemer?s father was an English mechanical engineer at the Paris Mint who returned to England during the French Revolution. Bessemer first gained some knowledge of metallurgy at his father?s type foundry. It was a time of rapid progress in industrial manufacture and Bessemer was interested …
Born May 22, 1946, in Belfast, Northern Ireland; died of multiple organ failure, November 25, 2005, in London, England. Professional soccer player. George Best was England?s top soccer star in the late 1960s and early ?70s, famous for his talent on the pitch but equally legendary for a rather decadent lifestyle enthusiastically chronicled by the press. Enormously popular to the point where he was …
Bethune (Green), Thomas, blind black American pianist and composer, known as Blind Tom; b. Columbus, Ga., May 25, 1849; d. Hoboken, N.J., June 13, 1908. He was born blind in slavery and was purchased with his parents in 1850 by the Columbus journalist, lawyer, and politician James N. Bethune. At the age of 4, he began studying music with his master?s daughter. In 1857 he was taken on his first tou…
Mary McLeod Bethune dedicated her life to promoting education and combating the debilitating effects of racism in America. Two of her major accomplishments? the founding of a school for young black girls, which in the early twenty-first century is one of the major historically black colleges and universities, and organizing the Council for Negro Women, now housed in its own building on Pennsylvani…
(ABC, 12/3/1974, 90 mins). Amanda Blake, in her TV movie debut and her first role after 18 years on ?Gunsmoke,? is a lonely widow who hires a young woman companion, unaware that the girl and her boyfriend are killer-extortionists planning to make her their next victim. Singer/actor Dick Haymes also made his initial TV movie appearance in this adaptation of Doris Miles Disney?s ?Only Couples Need A…
Central to the plays in this chapter are themes of betrayal and guilt, and the inevitably related issues of blame and responsibility. Miller and Shepard see the American tendency toward denial as self-destructive, and suggest that it is better for people to accept their guilt in order for life to go on. Eddie Carbone dies rather than accept his guilt in A View from the Bridge . It is possible that…
Principal social themes: hate groups, racism/civil rights United Artists. R rating. Featuring: Debra Winger, Tom Berenger, John Heard, Betsy Blair, Ted Levine, John Mahoney, Jeffrey DeMunn, David Clennon, Robert Swann, Richard Libertini, Albert Hall. Written by Joe Eszterhas. Cinematography by Patrick Blossier. Edited by Jo?le Van Effenterre. Music by Bill Conti. Produced by Irwin Winkler. Directe…
(NBC, 10/17/1979, 120 mins). A feisty senior citizen (Harold Gould) who, in this lighthearted drama directed by actor Richard Crenna, refuses to abide by the rules in a stodgy retirement home leads a revolt against the dour head of the house (Tyne Daly). Originally, this one was called ?Never Too Young,? and its title song was sung by an uncredited Fred Astaire. Then it was retitled ?Darn You, Har…
(1964-) Amazon.com, Inc. Pioneer retailer on the World Wide Web, Jeff Bezos has proven that a fortune can be made by convincing people to rethink the way they shop. With Amazon.com, Bezos has created the world?s largest bookstore of available titles with virtually no inventory or property costs. Browsing for a book will never be quite the same again with the online ease and convenience that Amaz…
Bianchi, Francesco, Italian composer; b. Cremona, c. 1752; d. (suicide) London, Nov. 27, 1810. He studied in Naples with Jommelli and Cafaro. He wrote nearly 80 operas, some quite pleasing, but ephemeral. His first was Giulio Sabino (Cremona, 1772); it was followed by II Grand Cidde (Florence, 1773). From 1775 to 1778 he was in Paris serving as maestro al cembalo at the Com?die-Italienne, where he…
Biber, Heinrich Ignaz Franz von, outstanding Bohemian composer and violinist; b. Wartenberg, Aug. 12, 1644; d. Salzburg, May 3, 1704. He was in the service of Prince Bishop Karl, Count Liechstenstein-Kastelkorn of Olm?tz, by about 1665. In 1670 he settled in Salzburg as a member of the archbishop?s Kapelle, where he was made Vice-Kapellmeister in 1679 and Kapellmeister in 1684. In 1690 he was enno…
The Bible is the central authority enshrining prohibitions against swearing, but it is also a storehouse of curses and strong language, which has attracted bowdlerism. Biblical injunctions against swearing are frequent and punitive, especially in the Old Testament. The third commandment (Exodus 20:7) is quite explicit: ?Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain, for the Lord will no…
Bibliography is the study of books as conceptual content and as physical objects. The books in question, once limited to hardbound objects available in bookstores, are today generally defined more broadly. The term ?book? is now generally applied to all texts (be they published or in manuscript) that are meant to be permanent, including periodicals, maps, music, pictures, and ephemera, as well as …
(1786-1844) Bank of the United States A talented administrator and pragmatic businessman, Nicholas Biddle developed the Bank of the United States into a prototype of the modern central banking system. Using the power of the Bank to expand and contract the money supply, he played a prominent role in bringing order to the chaotic American marketplace and creating a stable currency. A member of one…
Margarete Bieber, a leading authority on Greek and Roman art, was born July 31, 1879, in Schoenau, West Prussia (now Preshowo, Poland). Her father was ? Jacob Bieber, an industrialist, and her mother was Vally (Bukofer) Bieber. Margarete attended Berlin University from 1901 to 1904 and received a Ph.D. from Bonn University in 1907. She became an assistant at the German Archaeological Institute in …
(NBC, 6/27/1978, 120 mins). A rambunctious comedy about a ragtag auto racing team that helps an heir to gain the inheritance his uncle is trying to snatch from him, and finds itself in a race from one end of Louisiana to the other that pits one Rolls-Royce against another. Production Companies Playboy Productions, Paramount Network Television. Director Jack Starrett. Executive Producers Edward L. …
Bigard, Barney (Albany Leon), noted New Orleans-style clarinetist, b. New Orleans, March 3, 1906; d. Culver City, Calif., June 27, 1980. His uncle, Emile Bigard was a violinist; his brother, Alex, a drummer. Barney was one of the most highly regarded jazz clarinetists, whose unique ?woodsy? sound was featured with Ellington for about 12 years and Armstrong for about nine. The Bigard brothers are c…
The craft of mural painting owes itself immeasurably to the work of John Thomas Biggers. While his predecessors, such as Hale Woodruff, Aaron Douglas, and Charles White, have left indelible marks on the tradition, Biggers augmented the craft as a pioneering muralist and as an educator. At the age of twenty-five he co-founded the art department at Texas Southern University where he championed Afric…
Stephen Bantu Biko was born to Alice Duna Biko and Mzingaye Biko, Stephen was the third of four children. His eldest sister Bukelwa and elder brother Khaya were born in Queenstown in 1942 and 1944 respectively. His youngest sister Nobandile was born in 1949. Biko?s birthplace is uncertain because his parents frequently moved around. As a policeman, his father was transferred to different locations…
Born c. 1962, in New York; son of William (owner of a real estate management company and metals importer) and Suzie (a homemaker) Bikoff; married Nanne Puritz (an actress), May 28, 1994; children: one daughter. Education: Graduated from Colgate University, 1983. Addresses: Home ?New York, NY. Office ?Glaceau, 17-20 Whitestone Expressway, Whitestone, NY 11357. Began part-time at William Bikoff Asso…
Bilk, (Mr.) Acker (Bernard Stanley), jazz clarinetist; b. Pensford, Somerset, England, Jan. 29, 1929. He played piano as a child but took up clarinet while serving in Egypt with the Royal Engineers (1948). He soon formed his own band in Bristol. In 1954, he played with Ken Colyer in London, then continued to lead his Paramount Jazz Band in Bristol area; the band also toured Poland (summer 1956). T…
Billings, William, pioneer American composer of hymns and anthems and popularizer of ?fuging tunes? b. Boston, Oct. 7, 1746; d. there, Sept. 26, 1800. A tanner?s apprentice, he acquired the rudiments of music from treatises by Tans?ur. He compensated for his lack of education by a wealth of original ideas and a determination to put them into practice. His first musical collection, The New England …
Billington, Elizabeth (n?e Weichsel), famous English soprano; b. London, Dec. 27, 1765; d. near Venice, Aug. 25, 1818. Her mother, a singer, was a pupil of Johann Christian Bach, and Elizabeth, too, had some lessons with him. She received her early musical training from her father, a German oboist. She also studied with James Billington, a double-bass player by profession, whom she married on Oct.…
(NBC, 9/12/1977, 120 mins). Drama about a ghetto youth?s efforts to escape from his dismal existence and his chance at a future as a veterinarian?s assistant. LeVar Burton of ?Roots? has the title role opposite Ossie Davis as the vet. Based on the book ?Peoples? by Robert C.S. Downs. Production Company Mark Carliner Productions. Director Steven Gethers. Producer Mark Carliner. Teleplay Steven Geth…
Bimstein, Phillip (Kent), noteworthy American composer and politician, b. Chicago, Nov. 20, 1947. He studied theory and composition at the Chicago Cons, of Music (B.M., 1972). In the 1980s he led the new wave band Phil ?n? the Blanks, whose 3 albums and 6 videos were college radio and MTV hits. After further studies at the Univ. of Calif, at Los Angeles in composition, orchestration, and conductin…
The Saudi militant and global jihadist Usama bin Ladin (Osama bin Laden, Abu Abdullah, ?the Shaykh?) is the founder of al-Qa?ida, the movement accused of perpetrating numerous acts of terrorism since the 1990s. Active in the anti-Soviet jihad in Afghanistan during the 1980s, bin Ladin became an outspoken critic of the Saudi royal family and religious establishment and a supporter of both the Islam…
Bing, Sir Rudolf (Franz Joseph), prominent Austrian- born English opera manager; b. Vienna, Jan. 9, 1902; d. N.Y., Sept. 2, 1997. He studied at the Univ. of Vienna and took singing lessons. After working at the Darmstadt Landestheater (1928?30) and the Berlin St?dtische Oper (1930?33), he went to England and joined the Glyndebourne Festival in 1934, where he then was its general manager (1936?49).…
Binkley, Thomas (Eden), American lutenist, wind player, and music scholar; b. Cleveland, Dec. 26, 1931; d. Bloomington, Ind., April 28, 1995. He studied at the Univ. of 111. (B.M., 1956), then pursued postgraduate studies at the Univ. of Munich (1957?58) and the Univ. of 111. (1958?59). His principal mentors were Dragan Plamenac, Claude Palisca, John Ward, Thrasybulos Georgiades, and George Hunter…
(1866-1934) Binney & Smith Inc. A pioneer in the manufacture of carbon black, EdwinBinney was a founder of Binney & Smith, better known today for its Crayola products used by millions of children. Smith?s innovations made black automobile tires, electric light carbons, and many other technological advances possible. He was also active in many natural gas companies, was instrumental in the develo…
The subjects of these thumbnail sketches include many of the innovative giants of the past and some of the great veterans (all of whom are at least sixty) on the current jazz scene. This list could easily be several times longer. Also included are a recommended recording or two for most of the artists, augmenting the ones listed after each chapter. Abrams, Muhal Richard (1930?). Abrams began his c…
Editor?s note: The following pages include an alphabetical listing sharing over 250 short biographies of some of last century?s most influential photographers. These entries were compiled by authors and photographers Robert Hirsch, Ken White, and Garie Waltzer. This selection concentrates on image-makers rather than related influential individuals such as authors, curators, editors, educators, or …
JOSEPH M. OGRODNICK New York State Agricultural Station?Cornell University Dating back to the cave paintings of primitive man, biological themes have long been popular subject material for artists. It is of little surprise then, that soon after the invention of photography, practitioners of this new method of illustration were doing likewise. Among other things, Henry Fox Talbot was making photo…
Mayank Vatsa Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Richa Singh Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India P. Gupta Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India A. K. Kaushik Electronic Niketan, India Identity verification in computer systems is done based on measures like keys, cards, passwords, PIN and so forth. Unfortunately, these may often be forgotten, disclosed or changed. A rel…
Claus Villager and Jana Dittmann Otto-von-Gerick University Magdeburg, Germany Definition: User authentication can be viewed at as the problem of binding identities to subjects. Authentication can be based on biometrics information, which uses physiological or behavioral traits. Recently security has become one of the most significant and challenging problems for spreading new information tech…
Stewart T. Fleming University of Otago, New Zealand Information security is concerned with the assurance of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information in all forms. There are many tools and techniques that can support the management of information security and systems based on biometrics that have evolved to support some aspects of information security. Biometric systems support …
Paul Benjamin Lowry Brigham Young University, USA Jackson Stephens Brigham Young University, USA Aaron Moyes Brigham Young University, USA Sean Wilson Brigham Young University, USA Mark Mitchell Brigham Young University, USA The need for increased security management in organizations has never been greater. With increasing globalization and the spread of the Internet, information-technology (…
[beeoh] (1774?1862) French physicist: pioneer of polarimetry. A child during the French Revolution, Biot joined the artillery at 18 but soon left to study mathematics, and at 26 was teaching physics at the Coll?ge de France. His research showed variety. With he made an early balloon ascent (1804) and made meteorological and magnetic observations up to 5 km; his nerve failed for a second attempt. H…
The term biracial refers to a person with parents of two different ?races.? However, the more inclusive term multiracial is increasingly being used instead. Biracial and multiracial Americans can come from any combination of racial backgrounds. While all multiracial Americans have faced, and continue to deal with, some degree of discrimination, those with both black and white parentage have encoun…
Adolpho Augustus Birch Jr., a lawyer and jurist, became the first African American to hold several judicial posts in Nashville and the first to become a chief justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court. During his forty-three-year judicial career, Birch covered every level of the judicial branch of government in Nashville and the state of Tennessee. Birch was born on September 22, 1932 in Washington, …
Bird, Arthur, American pianist, organist, music critic, and composer; b. Belmont, Mass., July 23, 1856; d. Berlin, Dec. 22, 1923. He began his training with his father and uncle, both composers and compilers of hymn tunes. By age 15 he was an organist in Brookline and Cambridge, Mass. After studies with Haupt, L?schhorn, and Rohde at the Berlin Hochschule f?r Musik (1875?77), he was a church organ…
The symbolism of birds in medieval art derives from the same sources and motivations as medieval animal symbolism in general. Particular birds mentioned in the Bible feature in pictorial narratives and also as independent symbols for human conduct and religious concepts. For example, the DOVE , which plays a critical role in the story of *Noah and the *Deluge, is a symbol of peace and purity. Henc…
Biret, Idil, remarkable Turkish pianist; b. Ankara, Nov. 21, 1941. She began her music studies when she was only 3. Her talent prompted the Turkish government to send her to Paris to study at the Cons., where she was a student of Jean Doyen (piano), Nadia Boulanger (accompaniment), and Jacques F?vrier (chamber music), and where she took premiers prix in all three at age 15. When she was 11, Kempff…
Idil Biret is a Turkish pianist who has been called one of the greatest pianist prodigies of the twentieth century. Birit was born in Ankara, Turkey, on 21 November 1941, and displayed an outstanding talent for music from the age of three. Biret was sent to Paris with her parents by the Turkish government?the Turkish parliament passed a special law enabling her to go?when she was seven. Trained at…
[beer kuhlahnt] (1867?1917) Norwegian physicist: devised process for nitrogen fixation. Birkeland studied physics in Paris, Geneva and Bonn before returning to his native Oslo to teach at the Christiania University. He studied the aurora borealis and in 1896 suggested (correctly) that it resulted from some charged solar radiation becoming trapped in the Earth?s magnetic field near the North Pole. …
(1884?1944) US mathematician: proved the ergodic theorem of probability theory. After taking his first degree at Harvard and a doctorate on boundary problems at Chicago, Birkhoff taught at Michigan and Princeton. He became an assistant professor at Harvard in 1912 and a full professor there at 35 in 1919, retiring in 1939. An early interest in differential and difference equations allowed Birkhoff…
ames Gillespie Birney was born in Danville, Kentucky, on February 4, 1792. A politician and reformer, Birney was one of the leading abolitionists in the United States, serving as corresponding secretary of the American AntiSlavery Society (AAS) and twice as the presidential candidate of the abolitionist Liberty Party. The son of a southern slaveholder, Birney graduated from the College of New Jers…
African Americans were concerned about race and racism in the motion picture industry from its inception. The negative portraits of blacks on film resulted from popularly held, romantic beliefs in the white community about blacks and black lifestyles as depicted in historical and contemporary literature and personal accounts about the old plantation and happy, faithful slaves. Film is a powerful m…
BIRTH OF A NATION, THE . 1915. 175 min. Drama. Based on the book, The Clansman , by Thomas Dixon, The Birth of a Nation was a technical masterpiece and the first feature length silent film ever made. It set the standard for future production techniques and virtually invented film grammar. However, as monumental as the release of this film may have been, it distorted the public?s perception of Afri…
(ABC, 11/23/1979, 120 mins). The early days of the Fab Four are traced from their bleakest hours as unknowns on Penny Lane in Liverpool to their triumph on ?The Ed Sullivan Show.? Five unknowns play John, Paul, George and Ringo, and Stu Sutcliffe, the ?fifth Beatle.? The Beatles? songs are performed by the rock group, Rain, in this British-made film. Production Company dick clark productions. Dire…
eminent English composer; b. Accrington, Lancashire, July 15, 1934. He was a student of Frederick Thurston (clarinet) and Richard Hall (composition) at the Royal Manchester Coll. of Music (1952?60), and then of Reginald Kell (clarinet) at the Royal Academy of Music in London (1960?61). After serving as director of music at the Cranbourne Chase School in Dorset (1962?65), he was a visiting prof. at…
Bischoff, John, innovative American composer, live- electronic music performer, and programmer; b. San Francisco, Dec. 7, 1949. He studied composition at the San Francisco Cons, of Music (1968?70), Calif. Inst. of the Arts (B.F.A., 1971), and Mills Coll. (M.F.A., 1973), where he received the Elizabeth Mills Crothers Prize in Composition (1973). His teachers in composition and electronic music have…
Azmi Anton Bishara is a Palestinian thinker and politician from Israel, known for his deep and comprehensive writings in the political and literary fields. Until April 2007 Bishara was a member of the Israeli Knesset (parliament) and leader of the National Democratic Assembly, a party representing the national movement among the Palestinians living in Israel. For his contact with leaders from the …
Bishop, Anna (n?e Ann Riviere), famous English soprano; b. London, Jan. 9, 1810; d. N.Y., March 18, 1884. She studied piano with Moscheles and voice with Henry Bishop in London, marrying the latter in 1831. On April 20, 1831, she made her debut in a London concert. In 1839 she toured with the harpist Bochsa, and then returned to London to appear at Her Majesty?s Theatre. After she and Bochsa becam…
Bishop, Sir Henry (Rowley), English conductor and composer; b. London, Nov. 18, 1786; d. there, April 30, 1855. He studied harmony with Francesco Bianchi. From 1810 to 1824 he was music director at London?s Covent Garden. In 1813 he also helped to organize the Phil. Soc. of London, with which he appeared as a conductor. In 1824 he became music director at London?s Drury Lane Theatre, where he brou…
Bispham, David (Scull), American baritone; b. Philadelphia, Jan. 5, 1857; d. N.Y., Oct. 2, 1921. He first sang as an amateur in church choruses in Philadelphia. In 1886 he went to Italy, where he studied with Vannuccini in Florence and Francesco Lamperti in Milan; later studied in London with Shakespeare and Randegger. He made his operatic debut as Longueville in Messager?s La Basoche (English Ope…
Bitch has the longest history among animal terms as an insult, extending from the fourteenth century to the present, during which time it has steadily lost force through generalization. Although the etymology lies in late Old English bicche , a female dog, the word was not used demeaningly in the earliest period of the language, as the cognate Old Norse term bikkja was. (The same pattern applies t…
Horace Waymon Bivins was born on May 8, 1862, on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay at Pungoteague, in Accomack County, Virginia. His parents, Severn S. and Elizabeth Bivins, were farmers. Bivins worked with his parents learning how to farm. At the age of fifteen, Bivins was placed in charge of an eight-horse farm located one mile from Keller Station, Virginia. But Bivins had bigger dreams that w…
Bizet, Georges (baptismal names, Alexandre-C?sar-L?opold), great French opera composer; b. Paris, Oct. 25, 1838; d. Bougival, June 3, 1875. His parents were both professional musicians: his father, a singing teacher and composer; his mother, an excellent pianist. Bizet?s talent developed early in childhood. At the age of 9, he entered the Paris Cons., his teachers being Marmontel (piano), Benoist …
[byerk nes] (1862?1951) Norwegian meteorologist: pioneer of dynamical meteorology. Depression?plan view of the six idealized stages in the development and final occlusion of a depression along a polar front in the Northern Hemisphere. Stage 4 shows a well developed depression system and stage 5 shows the occlusion. The cross-section (7) is taken along the line AB in stage 4. The cloud types are:…
Bjoner, Ingrid, Norwegian soprano; b. Kraakstad, Nov. 8, 1927. She studied pharmacy at the Univ. of Oslo (graduated, 1951) and pursued vocal training at the Oslo Cons, with Gudrun Boellemose, at the Frankfurt am Main Hochschule f?r Musik with Paul Lohmann, and in N.Y. with Ellen Repp. After making her operaric debut as the 3 rd Norn and Gutrune with the Norwegian Radio in Oslo in 1956, she made he…
Bj?rling, Jussi (actually, Johan Jonatan), eminent Swedish tenor; b. Stora Tuna, Feb. 5, 1911; d. Siar?, near Stockholm, Sept. 9, 1960. He studied voice with his father, a professional singer, making his first public appearance in 1916 as a member of the Bj?rling Male Quartet, which included his father, David Bj?rling (1873?1926), and 2 other brothers, Johan Olof ?Olle? (1909?65) and Karl Gustai ?…
Blacher, Boris, remarkable German composer; b. Newchwang, China (of half-German, quarter-Russian, and quarter-Jewish ancestry), Jan. 19, 1903; d. Berlin, Jan. 30, 1975. His family moved to Irkutsk, Siberia, in 1914, remaining there until 1920. In 1922 Blacher went to Berlin, where he studied architecture and then took a course in composition with F.E. Koch. From 1948 until 1970 he was prof. at the…
Blachly, Alexander, distinguished American choral conductor and musicologist; b. Washington, D.C., Nov. 13, 1944. He was educated at Haverford Coll. (B.A. in music composition, 1967) and at Columbia Univ. (M.A., 1971, with the thesis The Motets of Philippe de Vitry; Ph.D., 1995, with the diss. Mensuration and Tempo in 15 th -Century Music: Cut Signatures in Theory and Practice) . In 1971-72 he was…
BLACK AMERICAN CINEMA SOCIETY (BACS). BACS was founded by Dr. Mayme Clayton in 1976, and serves as the Film Archives of the Western States Black Research and Educational Center (WSBREC), which maintains one of the largest collections of vintage black films and research materials in the United States . The WSBREC exists to preserve and disseminate the unique history and cultural history of American…
MIKE GRISTWOOD Formerly of Ilford Imaging UK This is a popular technique with photojournalists and other users of high-speed and ultra high-speed films working under unfavorable conditions. It involves exposing the film at a higher than usual speed rating and then giving extended development, preferably in a speed-increasing developer. The extended development increases the effective speed of th…
(NBC, 1/31/1978 to 2/4/1978, 5 Parts, 60 mins each, 5 hours). A sentimental, all-star retelling (the ninth and most lavish filming since 1906) of Anna Sewell?s beloved animal classic, stretched out in its premiere showing over five nights in hourly episodes. Subsequently shown in two parts over four hours. Production Company Universal Television. Director Daniel Haller. Executive Producer Peter S …
The service of black soldiers in the Union army during the American Civil War (1861?1865) represents one of the most dramatic episodes in African-American history. Over a short time period, black men went from being powerless chattel to being part of a liberating army, helping to free nearly four million slaves from bondage. Yet their experience was not entirely positive. Their services as soldier…
In the United States, the term black codes usually refers to statutes designed to regulate and define the status of free blacks. Black codes were found in some antebellum northern states, all the antebellum slave states, and, immediately after the Civil War, in most of the former slave states. In some antebellum slave states, black codes were incorporated into the laws regulating slaves, which wer…
Black consciousness is a broad category that encompasses things as varied as race consciousness, race relations, black pride, black power, and even rebellion and revolutionary consciousness as it relates to a historically oppressed community, nation, or group acting and reacting against its oppression. The scholar, Dorscine Spigner-Littles, an elder from Oklahoma who lived through the civil rights…
Among women of African descent in Brazil, feminist consciousness is positioned at the intersection of racism and women?s concerns. It is generally approached in two ways. First, women activists place the roots of their consolidation in the post-slavery era, when former slaves started to organize themselves. The early twentieth century witnessed important achievements in this regard, including the …
Black feminism in the United Kingdom (UK) has it roots in the postcolonial activism and struggles of black women migrants from the Caribbean, Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. These women came to Great Britain during the post?World War II recruitment drive for cheap labor. Official statistics as well as historical and social texts documenting this period often overlook the female contribution t…
A major sociological issue in any analysis of race and racism is the absence of a gender lens in race studies. This may seem surprising in the early twenty-first century in the wake of the growth and development of the feminisms of women of color in general and black feminist theorizing in particular. Nonetheless, the attempt to fully integrate gender and class into studies of race and racism rema…
BLACK FILMMAKERS FOUNDATION (BFF). BFF is a product of the political and artistic consciousness that developed in the early 1970s. It was founded as an organization to redress the institutional disenfranchisement of black filmmakers and black audiences. It was originally structured as a distribution cooperative of two dozen New York City-based filmmakers that has grown into a national arts service…
The term Black Indian is used to describe a broad range of roles and identities that are very different from one another. At one end of the spectrum are people of African ancestry who also have Native Americans in their genealogies but generally have not participated in native society or culture. These include such prominent Americans as Crispus Attucks (a victim of the Boston Massacre in 1770), F…
Principal social themes: hate groups, immigration Warner Brothers. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Humphrey Bogart, Dick Foran, Erin O?Brien-Moore, Ann Sheridan, Robert Barrat, Helen Flint, Joseph Sawyer, Addison Richards, Eddie Acuff, Paul Harvey, Samuel S. Hinds, John Litel, Alonzo Price, Henry Brandon, Egon Brecher, Dorothy Vaughan, Pat C. Flick, Harry Hayden, Dickie Jones, Emmett Vogan, Paul Stanto…
Principal social theme: racism/civil rights Walter Reade/Sterling. No MPAA rating. Featuring: James Whitmore, Sorrell Booke, Roscoe Lee Browne, Al Freeman Jr., Will Geer, Robert Gerringer, Clifton James, John Marriott, Thelma Oliver, Lenka Petersen, P. J. Sidney, Alan Bergmann, Stanley Brock, Heywood Hale Broun, Sarah Cunningham, David Huddleston, Eva Jessye, D?Urville Martin, Walter Mason, Richar…
(ABC, 10/7/1977, 120 mins). A young college girl becomes pregnant, and she and the father-to-be are caught in the middle of a desperate struggle with a black market adoption ring out to take their baby. Based on Elizabeth Christman?s 1976 novel ?A Nice Italian Girl.? The original preairing title was ?A Dangerous Love,? and theatrically overseas it was called ?Don?t Steal My Baby.? Production Compa…
Although black popular culture involves all people of African descent internationally, U.S. black popular culture is often highlighted because it is within U.S. culture and U.S. culture is increasingly exported to the entire world. Black popular culture is the part of all black cultures that is concerned with pleasure, enjoyment, and amusement; that represents the identity and politics of black cu…
The term Black Reconstruction refers to the actions and activities of both black and white Americans in the period immediately after the Civil War. It involved the transformation of Southern political, economic, and social institutions in a manner consistent with the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, which collectively established black freedom and equality. Many historians define …
(1944-) Hearst Magazines Cathleen Black, as president of Hearst Magazines, oversees 16 high-profile titles, including Cosmopolitan, Esquire, Harper?s Bazaar, Popular Mechanics, and Red-book. She worked her way up the ladder in publishing, beginning in advertising sales for New York and Ms., and becoming publisher of New York and then USA Today. She served about five years as the CEO of the Natio…
(1728?99) British physician, chemist and physicist: pioneer of modern chemical logic; discoverer of latent heat and specific heat. Black was born in Bordeaux, where his Scots-Irish father was a wine merchant. Joseph was educated in Belfast, Glasgow and Edinburgh. Finally, he studied medicine. His work for his MD degree, expanded in a paper of 1756, is his major contribution to chemistry; it is a m…
Mary Childs Black was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, on April 7, 1922, to George and Isabelle (Merrill) Childs. She received a B.A. from the University of North Carolina in 1943 and served in the U.S. Navy Women?s Reserve (WAVES) from 1943 to 1946 as a lieutenant junior grade. She married Richard Winthrop Black on April 7, 1947. In 1951 she received an M.A. from George Washington University. F…
(1924?) British pharmacologist: designer of novel drugs. A graduate in medicine from St Andrews, Black was a university lecturer there, in Malaya and in Glasgow before working in pharmacology first with ICI, and later with Smith, Kline & French and with Wellcome. At the time of his Nobel Prize in 1988 he had been professor of analytical pharmacology at King?s College Hospital Medical School, Londo…
The term intermarriage typically refers to marriages between individuals of different socially constructed racial and ethnic groups. In the United States, however, these unions are usually defined as interracial . Such unions are often depicted as being between white and nonwhite persons, with an emphasis on white-black unions. Historically, interracial sexuality, especially between white women an…
(1897?1974) British physicist: used an improved Wilson cloud chamber to make discoveries using cosmic rays. Blackett, the son of a stockbroker, was educated at Osborne and Dartmouth Naval Colleges and saw action at sea in the battles of the Falkland Islands (1914) and Jutland (1916). He then studied physics at Cambridge and, continuing in research, made the first cloud chamber photographs (1924) o…
In Latin America, the Spanish Crown created two republics: the Republic of Spaniards and the Republic of Indians. Although excluded from both of these republics, African and African-descended people grew and diversified throughout Latin America. In Spanish, the quality of blackness is called lo negro . The racialized ethnic category negro (black) emerged as a representation of human chattel betwee…
Given the cultural histories of the dominant English-speaking communities, black people have consistently been seen as outsiders. Although initially perceived as exotic, they have been subject to various kinds of negative stereotyping, deriving from the roles in which they have been variously placed, as barbarians, heathens, warriors, mercenaries, colonial subjects, and slaves. The assumption that…
(1821?1910) British?US physician: the first woman to graduate in medicine in the USA and the first woman on the British Medical Register. Elizabeth Blackwell was born in Bristol and was taught by a tutor at home. When she was 11, the family emigrated to the USA and she went to school in New York. After the death of her father 6 years later, she became a teacher, but was not attracted to the work. …
Robert Blackwell Sr. is the founder and chief executive officer of Blackwell Consulting Services, a Chicago-based company that is one of the top minority-owned information-technology (IT) consulting firms in the Midwest. A longtime executive with International Business Machines Inc. (IBM), Blackwell struck out on his own in the early 1990s to take advantage of what he correctly forecast as a growi…
(1858?1944) British amateur astronomer; prepared the definitive uniform lunar nomenclature. Mary Blagg was born in Cheadle, North Staffordshire, the eldest daughter of a solicitor, and lived there all her life. After education at home and boarding school in London she remained at home, occupying herself with voluntary social work. She had a natural aptitude for mathematics and taught herself using…
B. 1942 Birthplace: Canary Islands Awards: CFDA Special Award, Accessory Design, 1987, 1989 ???????? Fashion Council of America Award, 1988, 1991 ???????? British Fashion Council Award, 1991 ???????? Balenciaga Award, 1991 ???????? American Leather Award, 1991 ???????? Antonio Lopez Award (Hispanic Institute), 1991 Some women admit to having more than 100 pairs of his provocative pumps. …
Blake, Eubie (actually, James Hubert), noteworthy ragtime pianist, composer; b. Baltimore, McL, Feb. 7, 1883; d. N.Y., Feb. 12, 1983. Both his parents were former slaves. Relatives and friends called him Hubie (from Hubert), which was abbreviated to Eubie. He grew up in an atmosphere of syncopated music and sentimental ballads played on music boxes, and had some lessons from a friendly church orga…
Blake, Ran, jazz pianist, composer; b. Springfield, Mass., April 20, 1935. He studied at Bard Coll. (B.A., 1960) and at Columbia Univ. (1960?2), where he attended classes in improvisation with William Russo; he also studied at the School of Jazz, Lenox, Mass., and with Oscar Peterson, Mai Waldron, and Mary Lou Williams. His most influential mentor was Gunther Schuller, who inculcated him in ?third…
Blake, Rockwell (Robert), gifted American tenor; b. Plattsburgh, N.Y., Jan. 10, 1951. He studied voice with Renata Booth as part of his high school education. Following attendance at the State Univ. of N.Y. at Fredonia, he receivd a scholarship to pursue vocal training at the Catholic Univ. of America in Washington, D.C.; completed his vocal studies in N.Y. He began his career singing with various…
Blakey, Art (Buhaina, Abdullah ibn), famed bebop drummer, leader; b. Pittsburgh, Oct. 11, 1919; d. of lung cancer in N.Y., Oct. 16, 1990. He worked in steel mills as a youth, taught himself to play piano, and performed at night in local clubs. He claimed that he switched to drums after hearing his local competition, Errol Garner, on piano; it is also said that when the regular drummer was too sick…
Bland, Bobby ?Blue? (originally Robert Calvin), American blues singer; b. Rosemark, Term., Jan. 27, 1930. Bland, a soulful baritone, was a reliable presence on the R&B charts for almost 30 years, making him one of the most successful blues singers of the second half of the 20th century. Among his biggest hits were ?Farther Up the Road,? ?I Pity the Fool,? and ?That?s the Way Love Is.? After spendi…
Blankenburg, Walter, German theologian and musicologist; b. Emleben, near Gotha, July 31, 1903; d. Schl?chtern, March 10, 1986. He was born into a family of Lutheran ministers. He received a classical education in Gotha and Altenburg (1914?22), and then pursued training in theology (1922?29) with B?chsel and Althaus in Rostock, Heim in T?bingen, and Barth and Hirsch in G?ttingen. He also studied m…
Blanton, Jimmy (actually, James), innovative jazz bassist, famous for his work with Duke Ellington; b. Chattanooga, Term., Oct. 5, 1918; d. Monrovia, Calif., July 30, 1942. His hard-swinging lines introduced a chromaticism not typical of jazz bass before him, and through exposure with Ellington, who always appreciated bassists, he became the role model for the entire next generation. His mother wa…
A stereotypical characterization of a group of which one is not a member. The term means literally a ?popular emblem or badge,? but it is given to a group by outsiders, not worn spontaneously by them. Although the term has an international currency in scholarship, it is not in general use. The stereotypes are based on folklore and on prejudice, since the characterizations are invariably negative, …
Blasphemy is the contemptuous use of religious symbols or names, either by swearing or abuse. A distinction is often made between blasphemy and profanity on the grounds that blasphemy is intentional, whereas profanity is more habitual. Thus the rituals of black magic would fall under blasphemy, whereas most swearing would be categorized as profanity. The distinction, though valuable, is not absolu…
B. June 22, 1922 Birthplace: Fort Wayne, Indiana Awards: Coty American Fashion Critics ?Winnie? Award, 1961, 1963, 1970 ???????? Gold Coast Award, Chicago, 1965 ???????? National Cotton Council Award, New York, 1966 ???????? Coty American Fashion Critics, Menswear Award, 1968 ???????? Neiman Marcus Award, Dallas, 1969 ???????? Coty American Fashion Critics, Hall of Fame Award, 1970 ???…
The root sense of this ancient word, recorded from Anglo-Saxon times, is ?a strong gust of wind,? which in the sixteenth century extended to ?a sudden infection destroying vegetable or animal life,? in those times thought to be the consequence of lightning or a malignant wind or planet. The verbal sense of ?to curse with imprecations? or ?to wish the wrath or curse of heaven upon,? with an appeal …
Blasters, The, first recognized for their authentic, original re-creations of the sound and spirit of vintage rockabilly and rhythm and blues; formed in 1979 in Downey, Calif. M EMBERSHIP: Phil Alvin, lead voc, rhythm gtr. (b. Los Angeles, March 6, 1953); Dave Alvin, rhythm gtr. (b. Los Angeles, Nov. 11, 1955); John Bazz, bs. (b. July 6, 1952); Bill Bateman, drms. (b. Orange, Calif., Dec. 16, 1951…
Blatn?, Pavel, Czech pianist, conductor, teacher, and composer, b. Brno, Sept. 14, 1931. He began music studies with his father, and then had instruction in piano and theory at the Brno Cons. (1950?55) and in musicology at the Univ. of Brno (1954?58). He also took composition lessons with Borkovec at the Prague Academy of Music (1955?59) and attended summer courses of new music at Darmstadt (1965?…
(1894?1970) Austrian physicist: introduced photographic emulsion for detection of nuclear particles. Born and educated in Vienna, Blau worked mainly there, on gamma-rays, X-rays and radioactive decay, largely unpaid. In the early 1930s she began to work on the tracks formed in photographic emulsion by ionizing particles and radiation. At that time the study of cosmic rays was of rising importance …
BLAXPLOITATION. The Blaxploitation Era was firmly launched in the early 1970s by the films Sweet Sweetback?s Baadasssss Song , 1971; Shaft , 1971; and Superfly , 1972. Coming out of the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s, the subject matter of these motion pictures caused an industry shift and ushered in a series of heroes and sheroes on the silver screen. Aptly named for exploiting the black imag…
Blaze (called Castil-Blaze), Fran?ois-Henri-Joseph, French writer on music, father of Henri Blaze, Baron de Bury; b. Cavaillon, Vaucluse, Dec. 1, 1784; d. Paris, Dec. 11, 1857. He studied with his father, a lawyer and amateur musician, then went to Paris in 1799 as a law student; held various administrative posts in provincial towns in France. At the same time he studied music and compiled informa…
Blech, Leo, eminent German conductor and composer; b. Aachen, April 21, 1871; d. Berlin, Aug. 25, 1958. As a young man he was engaged in a mercantile career. He then studied briefly at the Hochschule f?r Musik in Berlin, and returned to Aachen to conduct at the Municipal Theater (1893?99); also took summer courses in composition with Humperdinck (1893?96). He was subsequently engaged as opera cond…
Bley, Paul, jazz pianist; b. Montreal, Canada, Nov. 10, 1932. He led his own quartet in a hotel in 1945, playing Montreal nightclubs in the wake of Oscar Peterson; he was soon accompanying visiting artists such as Ben Webster, Charlie Parker (1953), Lester Young, and Roy Eldridge. Bley?s debut album (1953) was a trio album produced by and featuring Charles Mingus and Art Blakey. He left Montreal f…
(CBS, 5/20/1979 to 5/23/1979, 4 Parts, 120 mins each, 8 hours). The Watergate crisis as viewed by John Dean and his wife Maureen, based on their personal accounts his best seller, her book on how it affected their marriage and distilled into an eight-hour drama with all of the political figures of the day parading by as Dean relates his story to his attorney when his world, based on blind ambition…
Bliss, Sir Arthur (Drummond), eminent English composer; b. London, Aug. 2, 1891; d. there, March 27, 1975. He studied counterpoint with Charles Wood at the Univ. of Cambridge (Mus.B., 1913), and then pursued training with Stanford, Vaughan Williams, and Hoist at the Royal Coll. of Music in London (1913?14). While serving in the British Army during World War I, he was wounded in 1916 and gassed in …
Blitzstein, Marc, significant American composer; b. Philadelphia, March 2, 1905; d. Fort de France, Martinique, Jan. 22, 1964. He studied piano and organ with Sternberg in Philadelphia. In 1921 he entered the Univ. of Pa. on a scholarship, but left the following year when he failed to meet the physical education requirements. He then studied piano with Siloti in N.Y. From 1924 1926 he was a compos…
Blitzstein, Marc(us Samuel), astringent American composer, lyricist, and librettist; b. Philadelphia, March 2, 1905; d. Fort-de-France, Martinique, Jan. 22, 1964. Blitzstein was a notable composer of contemporary classical music and wrote the music, lyrics, and books of several operalike Broadway musicals. But he is best known for his libretto and English lyrics for the Off-Broadway production of …
Bloch, Ernest, remarkable Swiss-born American composer of Jewish descent, father of Suzanne Bloch; b. Geneva, July 24, 1880; d. Portland, Ore., July 15, 1959. He studied solfeggio with Jaques-Dalcroze and violin with Louis Rey in Geneva (1894?97); then went to Brussels, where he took violin lessons with Ysaye and studied composition with Rasse (1897?99); while a student, he wrote a string quartet …
[blokh] (1905?83) Swiss?US physicist: invented nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Bloch was educated at Z?rich and Leipzig, but following a short period of teaching in Germany moved to the USA in 1933. He spent the rest of his career at Stanford. The theory of solid-state physics and of how electrons behave in solids was advanced by Bloch?s research. The Bloch wavefunction describes an elect…
Blochwitz, Hans Peter, n German tenor; b. Gar-misch- Partenkirchen, Sept. 28, 1949. He received an engineering degree in computer science; after singing in amateur choruses and occasional concerts, he pursued a vocal career. In 1984 he made his operatic debut as Lensky at the Frankfurt am Main Opera; then sang in Brussels, Geneva, Hamburg, Milan, and Vienna. In 1987 he made his U.S. debut as the E…
Definition: Block matching is the most widely used method for disparity estimation in stereo coding algorithms. Disparity/depth estimation is an important key step in many stereo coding algorithms, since it can be used to de-correlate information obtained from a stereo pair. In the predictive coding framework (consisting of disparity estimation/compensation, transform/quantization, and entropy cod…
Blom, Eric (Walter), eminent English writer on music; b. Bern, Switzerland, Aug. 20, 1888; d. London, April 11, 1959. He was of Danish and British descent on his father?s side; his mother was Swiss. He was educated in England. He was the London music correspondent for the Manchester Guardian (1923?31); then was the music critic of the Birmingham Post (1931?46) and of The Observer in 1949; ed. Musi…
Blomdahl, Karl-Birger, significant Swedish composer; b. Vatildexjouml, Oct. 19, 1916; d. Kungs?ngen, near Stockholm, June 14, 1968. He studied composition with Hilding Rosenberg and conducting with Tor Mann in Stockholm; in 1946 he traveled in France and Italy on a state stipend; in 1954?55 he attended a seminar at Tanglewood on a grant of the American?Scandinavian Foundation. Returning to Sweden,…
Blomstedt, Herbert (Thorson), prominent American-born Swedish conductor; b. Springfield, Mass, (of Swedish parents), July 11, 1927. He took courses at the Stockholm Musikh?gskolan and at the Univ. of Uppsala; after conducting lessons with Markevitch in Paris, he continued his training with Morel at the Juilliard School of Music in N.Y. and with Bernstein at the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood…
the most commercially successful group to emerge from the late-1970s N.Y. punk scene. M EMBERSHIP: Deborah Harry, voc. (b. Miami, Fla., July 1, 1945); Chris Stein, gtr. (b. Brooklyn, N.Y., Jan. 5, 1950); Jimmy Destri, kybd. (b. Brooklyn, N.Y., April 13, 1954); Gary Valentine, bs.; Clem Burke, drms. (b. N.Y., Nov. 24, 1955). Later members include Frank Infante, bs., gtr.; Nigel Harrison, bs. (b. St…
Among Native peoples, blood quantum is an ingrained fact of everyday existence. Since its origin and institutional interjection into numerous federal policies concerning peoples of indigenous descent, it remains one of the most controversial and divisive issues afflicting contemporary Native North America. The origins of blood quantum are directly linked to the development of chattel slavery. By 1…
Blood, Sweat and Tears influential late 1960s-early 1970s group bringing big-band instrumentation into a rock context. M EMBERSHIP: Al Kooper, kybd., voc. (b. Brooklyn, N.Y., Feb. 5, 1944); Steve Katz, gtr. voc. (b. Brooklyn, May 9, 1945); Jerry Weiss, trpt., flugelhorn (b. N.Y.C., May 1, 1946); Randy Brecker, trpt., flugelhorn (b. Philadelphia, Nov. 27, 1945); Fred Lipsius, alto sax., pno. (b. N.…
An expletive much used in the past four centuries, although its impact and currency in global varieties of English have varied considerably. It is common in British English, essential in Australian English, but rare in American English. In general it shows loss of intensity, having become a mere intensifier through overuse. Discussions of the origins of bloody have been confused by a frequently re…
innovative jazz soprano saxophonist, composer; b. Boston, Jan. 12, 1955. From 1968, she studied with Herb Pomeroy and Joseph Viola at Berklee, Donald Sinta at the Hartt Coll. of Music, and George Coleman in N.Y. From 1973-77, she studied at Yale (B.A., M.M.). Moving to N.Y., Bloom steadily built up a reputation and has worked primarily as a leader. Among her honors have been grants from the Ford a…
Born in 1971 in Melbourne, Australia; daughter of a clothing-store owner; married Brian Hamersfeld (a marketing executive), 1999; children: Chloe, Amber. Education: Earned degree in visual communication from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, 1992. Addresses: Home?Melbourne, Australia. Worked as a graphic designer in Melbourne, Australia, 1992?93, and then as a freelance graphic designer…
great English composer and organist; b. Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire (baptized), Feb. 23, 1649 (1648, Julian calendar); d. Westminster (London), Oct. 1, 1708. In 1660-61 he was a chorister at the Chapel Royal, under Henry Cooke; he later studied organ with Christopher Gibbons. His progress was rapid, and on Dec. 3, 1668, he was appointed organist of Westminster Abbey. In 1679 he left this post…
Principal social theme: abortion 20th Century Fox. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Carol Lynley, Brandon de Wilde, Macdonald Carey, Marsha Hunt, Warren Berlinger, Roberta Shore, Nina Shipman, Buck Class, Vaughn Taylor, William Schallert, Michael Gainey, Jenny Maxwell, Juney Ellis, Grace Field. Written by Philip Dunne and Edith R. Sommer based on a play by James Leo Herlihy and William Noble. Cinematogr…
mainstays of heavy-metal music during the 1970s, the group formed as Soft White Underbelly on Long Island in 1968. M EMBERSHIP: Donald ?Buck Dharma? Roeser, lead gtr., voc, kybd., bs.; Allen Lanier, kybd., gtr., voc; Eric Bloom, gtr., synthesizer., voc; Joe Bouchard, bs., voc (b. Watertown, N.Y., Nov. 9, 1948); and Albert Bouchard, drms., voc. (b. Watertown, N.Y., May 24, 1947). Blue ;Oyster Cult …
the archetypal rock band in atypical times (formed Princeton, N.J., c. 1983). M EMBERSHIP: John Popper, voc, har. (b. Cleveland, Ohio, 1967); Chan Kinchla, gtr; Bobby Sheehan, bs; Brendan Hill, drms. In many ways, Blues Traveler led the ?movement? of ?jam bands? like Phish and the Spin Doctors that flew in the face of the prevailing alternative sounds of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Fronted by …
Stella Blum was born in Schenectady, New York, on October 19, 1916, to Joseph Biercuk, a machinist, and Mary (Kiskiel) Biercuk. She graduated from Syracuse University in 1938 with a B.F.A., then attended New York University, Queens College (now City University of New York), and the New York Institute of Fine Arts. She married George A. Blum, a travel agent, in 1939. In 1940 she was on the staff of…
eminent German musicologist and editor; b. Schluchtern, Jan. 5, 1893; d. there, Nov. 22, 1975. He was the son of a Prussian government functionary. He first studied medicine in Eisenach; in 1911 he went to the Univ. of Munich, where he began musico-logical studies; then went to the univs. of Leipzig and Berlin. During World War I, he served in the German army; he was taken prisoner by the British …
Born c. 1951; married Edward Markey (a congressman), 1988. Education: Earned her M.D. and M.P.A. Addresses: Office ?Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111. Branch chief in the National Institutes of Health, including director of behavioral medicine, 1984?93; professor, Georgetown University Medical School, 1980s?; Vice-President and Research Director, Society for …
?Nellie Bly? was the pen name of Elizabeth Jane Cochrane Seaman, a pioneer of ?stunt? journalism (an early form of investigative reporting). Bly?s most important investigative pieces included detailing the miserable conditions of a mental asylum, exposing corruption in New York state government, and publicizing the plight of the families of workers during the Pullman Palace Car Company strike of 1…
B? ddecker, Philipp Friedrich, German organist, bassoonist, and composer; b. Hagenau, Alsace (baptized), Aug. 5, 1607; d. Stuttgart, Oct. 8, 1683. He first studied in Stuttgart with J.U. Steigleder. From 1626 to 1629 he served as organist and singing master in Buchsweiler, Alsace, and then was organist and bassoonist at the courts in Darmstadt and Durlach. In 1638 he became organist at Frankfurt a…
Franz Boas was the pre-eminent early-twentieth-century American anthropologist who oriented anthropology toward the view that knowledge about race is a product of culture rather than biology. Known as ?the father of American anthropology,? Boas trained a whole generation of influential anthropologists who spread this view both academically and publicly. As a result, his impact was widespread. Boas…
American violinist, conductor, music educator, and composer; b. Newport News, Va., March 16, 1918; d. Syracuse, N.Y., Feb. 20, 1999. He studied violin with Israel Feldman in Norfolk. At age 17, he made his debut as soloist with the Richmond (Va.) Sym. Orch. From 1943 to 1945 he taught violin at the Univ. of Tex. in Austin, and then studied composition with Hindemith at Yale Univ. (1945^8), where h…
1988-1994 Bobby Hamilton made his first NASCAR appearance in 1988 at Charlotte Motor Speedway in the Busch Series. He finished in 14th place while driving his own Chevrolet which was marked #16. He finished in 20th place in the following race at North Carolina Speedway. In 1989, he drove for FILMAR Racing in the Lighting & Fans Buick. Though he finished in 11th place, he managed to win his only ca…
The important and influential author and scholar Giovanni Boccaccio is known as the founder of Italian prose literature. Educated in Florence and Naples, he associated with a cosmopolitan and courtly group of humanists, scholars, artists, and authors, including *Petrarch and perhaps Giotto. His works show inspiration from wide-ranging sources: classical mythology and history, medieval theology, co…
famous Italian cellist and composer; b. Lucca, Feb. 19, 1743; d. Madrid, May 28, 1805. He was the son of Leopoldo Boccherini, a double bass player in the Cappella Palatina in Lucca, from whom he may have received his initial instruction in cello before studying the instrument with Domenico Francesco Vannucci at the seminary school of Lucca Cathedral. In 1753-54 he completed his training as a celli…
celebrated French harpist; b. Montm?dy, Meuse, Aug. 9, 1789; d. Sydney, Australia, Jan. 6, 1856. He first studied music with his father, and played in public at the age of 7. He wrote a sym. when he was 9, and an opera, Trajan, at 15. He then studied with Franz Beck in Bordeaux, and later at the Paris Cons, with M?hul and Catel (1806). His harp teachers were Nadermann and Marin. Of an inventive na…
Bock, Jerry (actually, Jerrold Lewis), and Sheldon (Mayer) Harnick, American songwriting team. Composer Bock (b. New Haven, Conn., Nov. 23, 1928) and lyricist Harnick (b. Chicago, April 30, 1924) wrote the songs for seven musicals that opened on Broadway between 1958 and 1970. Their greatest success was Fiddler on the Roof, a warmhearted examination of the breakdown of tradition set in a turn?of?t…
Bodanzky, Artur, famous Austrian conductor; b. Vienna, Dec. 16, 1877; d. N.Y., Nov. 23, 1939. He studied at the Vienna Cons., and later with Zemlinsky. He began his career as a violinist in the Vienna Court Opera Orch. In 1900 he received his first appointment as a conductor, leading an operetta season in Budweis; in 1902 he became assistant to Mahler at the Vienna Court Opera; conducted in Berlin…
[boh duh] (1747?1826) German astronomer: publicized numerological relationship between planetary distances. Although Bode was director of the Berlin Observatory for almost 40 years and constructed a notable star atlas, his fame rests, strangely enough, on his popularization of a relationship discovered by someone else. In 1772 J D Titius (1729?96) pointed out that the members of the simple series …
Bodley, Se?irse, Irish composer, teacher, conductor, and pianist; b. Dublin, April 4, 1933. He studied in Dublin at the Royal Irish Academy of Music and at Univ. Coll. (B.M., 1955). Following training in Stuttgart (1957?59) with J.N. David (composition), Alfred Kreutz (piano), and Hans M?ller?Kray (conducting), he returned to Dublin and took his D.Mus. at Univ. Coll. (1960). In 1959 he joined its …
Award: Diving Hall of Fame and the Pioneers of Surfing, 1990 Body Glove was founded by identical twins Bob and Bill Miestrell. The brothers were born in Missouri, two of seven children. Both boys loved the water and were taught to swim by their older brother, Joe, a local lifeguard. By the time the boys were fourteen, they had become avid swimmers and explorers and soon became interested in deep-s…
According to Judith Rodin, Lisa Silberstein, and Ruth Striegel-Moore (1984), the concern American women have with weight has become ?a normative discontent.? Consider the mother, sister, or friend who is perpetually on a diet to lose ?those last five pounds.? Such widespread concern with body shape (or ?body-image disturbance?) is a relatively new historical development that mirrors the increasing…
Although swearing is generally regarded as an exclusively verbal practice, blasphemy, profanity, and obscenity cover a wide variety of modes, including violations of taboos through insulting signs or outrageous actions. These modes can be highly developed in what were traditionally called ?primitive? cultures. Thus the ritualistic action of pointing the finger among the Australian aborigines can i…
The term body politics refers to the practices and policies through which powers of society regulate the human body, as well as the struggle over the degree of individual and social control of the body. The powers at play in body politics include institutional power expressed in government and laws, disciplinary power exacted in economic production, discretionary power exercised in consumption, an…
Body, Jack (actually, John Stanley), New Zealand composer, ethnomusicologist, teacher, and experimental photographer; b. Te Aroha, Oct. 7, 1944. He studied with Ronald Tremain and Robin Maconie at the Univ. of Auckland (B.M., 1966; M.M., 1967), at Lilburn?s electronic music studio in Wellington, in Cologne (1968), and with Koenig at the Inst. of Sonology in Utrecht (1969). After serving as a guest…
Boehm, Theobald, famous German flutist and flute manufacturer; b. Munich, April 9, 1794; d. there, Nov. 25, 1881. He was the son of a goldsmith and learned mechanics in his father?s workshop. He also studied flute, and eventually established himself as one of the greatest flute virtuoso of his era. In 1818 he became a court musician in Munich. He opened a factory in Munich in 1828 and introduced h…
(1881-1956) The Boeing Company William Edward Boeing was an aviation pioneer and supplier of the B-17, B-29, and B-52 airplanes to the United States military. The powerful company he built through mergers and acquisitions eventually included manufacturing, supplier operations, and a passenger airline service. By the mid-1930s, the U.S. government had begun antitrust action, causing the company t…
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, Roman philosopher, theologian, man of letters, and statesman; b. Rome, c.480; d. (executed) c. 524. He was of a distinguished Roman family and received a thorough academic education. In 510 he became consul, and about 520 was made magister officium to King Theodoric. When the senator Albinus was charged with treason, Boethius defended him and was himself charge…
Bofill, Angela, jazz singer; b.N.Y., 1954. Migrating between contemporary jazz and slick pop, Bofill?s biggest successes came within the realm of the latter, though at both the beginning of her professional career (with Dizzy Gillespie, Cannonball Adderley, and others) and then after its commercial success waned, she performed in genuine jazz contexts. The Hispanic multi-instrumental prodigy grew …
B?hm, Karl, renowned Austrian conductor; b. Graz, Aug. 28, 1894; d. Salzburg, Aug. 14, 1981. He studied law before enrolling at the Graz Cons., where he took lessons in piano and theory; subsequently he studied musicology with Mandyczewski at the the Univ. of Vienna. After service in the Austrian Army during World War I, he made his debut as a conductor at the Graz Opera in 1917. He then completed…
Bohnen, (Franz) Michael, noted German bass-baritone; b. Cologne, May 2, 1887; d. Berlin, April 26, 1965. He received training from Fritz Steinbach and Schulz-Dornburg at the Cologne Cons. In 1910 he made his operatic debut as Caspar in Der Freisch?tz in Dusseldorf. After singing in Wiesbaden (1912?13), he was a highly respected member of the Berlin Royal (later State) Opera from 1913 to 1921. He a…
B?hner, (Johann) Ludwig, German pianist and composer; b. T?ttelst?dt, Jan. 7, 1787; d. Gotha, March 28, 1860. Following his musical training, he attained the position of music director in Nuremberg. As a pianist, he scored his first major success at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig on May 16, 1814. Concert tours then followed in Germany, and he also played in Austria, Denmark, and Switzerland. B?hner?s e…
[baw?] (1885?1962) Danish theoretical physicist: put forward the quantum theory of the electronic structure of atoms. Bohr?s family was distinguished, his father was professor of physiology at Copenhagen and his younger brother Harald a gifted mathematician. Niels and Harald were both footballers to a professional standard and Niels and his son Aage (born in 1922) both won the Nobel Prize for phys…
Boieldieu, Fran?ois-Adrien, celebrated French opera composer; b. Rouen, Dec. 16, 1775; d. Jarcy, near Grosbois, Oct. 8, 1834. His father was a clerical functionary who at one time served as secretary to Archbishop Larochefoucauld; his mother owned a millinery shop; the parents were divorced in 1794. Boieldieu received his musical instruction from Charles Broche, then was apprenticed to Broche as a…
Boiling, Claude, pop-jazz pianist, composer, leader; b. Cannes, France, April 10, 1930. He began formal piano training at age 12, receiving thorough grounding in the classical repertoire while mastering the jazz idiom; later he studied harmony and composition with Maurice Durufle in Paris, where he immersed himself in the jazz scene. Boiling became a prominent figure in the crossover movement when…
(1818?96) German physiologist: pioneer electrophysiologist. Du Bois-Reymond?s father was a Swiss teacher who moved to Berlin; he was an expert on linguistics and authoritarian enough to ?arouse his son?s spirit of resistance?. The family spoke French and felt part of the French community in Berlin. Emil studied a range of subjects at Berlin for 2 years before he was fully attracted to medicine, wh…
Boito, Arrigo (baptismal name, Enrico), important Italian poet and opera composer; b. Padua, Feb. 24, 1842; d. Milan, June 10, 1918. He studied at the Milan Cons, with Alberto Mazzucato and Ronchetti-Monteviti. His 2 cantatas, II 4 Giugno (1860) and Le Sorelle d?Italia (1861), written in collaboration with Faccio, were performed at the Cons., and attracted a great deal of favorable attention; as a…
Bok, Mary Louise Curtis, munificent American music patroness; b. Boston, Aug. 6, 1876; d. Philadelphia, Jan. 4, 1970. She inherited her fortune from Cyrus H.K. Curtis, founder of the Curtis Publishing Co. In 1917 she founded the Settlement School of Music in Philadelphia. In 1924 she established in Philadelphia the Curtis Inst. of Music and endowed it initially with a gift of $12.5 million in memo…
(1936? ) British astrophysicist: inventor of an image photon counting system (IPCS) of great value in optical astronomy. Boksenberg studied physics in London, and from the 1960s worked on image-detecting systems for use in space vehicles and ground-based telescopes. For a century, photographic plates or films have been used to accumulate light in faint telescopic images, but the method has disadva…
Bolcom, William (Elden), prominent American composer, pianist, and teacher; b. Seattle, May 26, 1938. He studied at the Univ. of Washington in Seattle with George Frederick McKay and John Verrall (B.A., 1958), took a course in composition with Darius Milhaud at Mills Coll. in Oakland, Calif. (M.A., 1961), and attended classes in advanced composition with Leland Smith at Stanford Univ. (D.M.A., 196…
Bolden, Buddy (Charles Joseph), New Orleans cornetist, leader, and perhaps the most legendary figure in all jazz; b. New Orleans, Sept. 6, 1877; d. Jackson, La., Nov. 4. 1931. His legendary status is due partly because he preceded the known jazz artists and by some accounts, was a powerful player, but he never recorded (despite rumors) and did not perform publicly after 1907. Because he was in fac…
Buddy Bolden is known to jazz enthusiasts as the ?Father of Jazz.? He was the originator and leader of New Orleans? first jazz band, the first prominent New Orleans jazz musician, the first to play blues for dancing, and the first King of Jazz. The stories about Bolden are legendary; some have claimed that when Bolden blew his horn it could be heard across the Mississippi River, and still others h…
Bolet, Jorge, brilliant Cuban-born American pianist; b. Havana, Nov. 15, 1914; d. Mountain View, Calif., Oct. 16, 1990. After training in Havana, he enrolled at the age of 12 as a scholarship student at the Curtis Inst. of Music in Philadelphia, where he studied with Saperton (piano) and Reiner (conducting); he also studied piano with Godowsky (1932?33) and Rosenthal (1935). In 1935 he made his Eu…
Bolton, Ivor, English conductor; b. Lancashire, May 17, 1958. He was educated at Clare Coll., Cambridge (Mus.B.; M.A.), at the Royal Coll. of Music in London, and at the National Opera Studio. In 1981?82 he was conductor of the Schola Cantorum at Oxford. From 1982 to 1990 he was music director at St. James?s, Piccadilly. He was founder-director of the St. James?s Baroque Players in London from 198…
Sarah Knowles Bolton was born in Farmington, Connecticut, on September 15, 1841, daughter of John Segar and Elizabeth Mary (Miller) Knowles and descendant of Joseph Jenckes, governor of Rhode Island from 1727 to 1732, and Col. John Ally, a historian of the Pequot War. Her father died when she was eleven, and she and her mother went to live with an uncle, Samuel Miller, and later another uncle, Col…
[bolts mahn] (1844?1906) Austrian physicist: established classical statistical physics; and related kinetic theory to thermodynamics. Boltzmann grew up in Wels and Linz, where his father was a tax officer. He obtained his doctorate at Vienna in 1866 and held professorships during his career at Graz, Vienna, Munich and Leipzig. Theoretical physics in the 1860s was undergoing great changes following…
Bon Jovi, the band that defined mid-1980s pop-metal. MEMBERSHIP: Jon Bon Jovi (real name, John Francis Bongiovi), gtr., voc. (b. Pert Amboy, N.J., March 2, 1962); Richie Sambora, gtr. (b. Woodbridge, N.J., July 11, 1959); David Bryan, kybd. (b. Feb. 7, 1962); Alec John Such, bs. (b. Yonkers, N.Y., Nov. 14, 1956); Tico Torres (real name, Hector Torres), drm. (b. N.Y.C., Oct. 7, 1953). The son of a …
Bon, Maarten, Dutch pianist and composer; b. Amsterdam, Aug. 20, 1933. He graduated from the Muzieklyceum in Amsterdam in 1954. He studied piano with T. Bruins and Spaanderman, and composition with Baaren, and then gave recitals with his wife, the violinist Jeannelotte Hertzberger. His compositions, often whimsical, include Caprichoso y Obstinato for Flute (1965); Disturbing the Peace, improvisati…
he Tuscan-born scholastic theologian and philosopher Giovanni de Fidanza (1221?1274, later named Bonaventura, ?good fortune?) joined the Franciscans in 1243. After studies at the University of Paris, he was appointed master of the Franciscan School in Paris in 1253 and in 1257 was appointed minister-general of the Franciscans, after receiving his doctorate in theology with Saint *Thomas Aquinas (w…
An award-winning architect and designer of international acclaim, J. Max Bond has built a variety of structures; his range includes libraries in the States and abroad, cultural centers, university research facilities, office buildings, and museums. Although the plan was later discarded, he is the first African American to become a major player in redeveloping the trade center site, or the World Tr…
Bond, Victoria, American conductor and composer; b. Los Angeles, May 6, 1945. Her father was a physician and an opera singer and her mother was a pianist. Following initial music instruction from her mother, she attended the Mannes School of Music in N.Y. and pursued piano training with Nadia Reisen-berg. Returning to Los Angeles, she studied composition with Dahl at the Univ. of Southern Calif. (…
(1919? ) Austrian?British mathematical physicist and astronomer: proponent of the steady-state theory for the origin of the universe. Bondi was born in Vienna and had his schooling there, studied at Cambridge, where he held academic posts, and in 1954 was appointed professor of mathematics at King?s College, London. From 1967?84 he was in the public service (European Space Agency, Defence, Ene…
Bonds, Margaret (Allison), black American pianist, teacher, and composer; b. Chicago, March 3, 1913; d. Los Angeles, April 26, 1972. She first studied with her mother, then had training in piano and composition from Florence Price; also studied with William Dawson. Following studies at Northwestern Univ. (B.M., 1933; M.M., 1934), she went to N.Y. and pursued training with Djane Herz (piano) and St…
BONET, LISA (1967?). Actress, writer, director. She was born in San Francisco, and grew up in New York and Los Angeles. She attended Reseda High School and the Celluloid Actor?s Studio. She began acting in commercials at age 11, and landed her breakout role as Denise Huxtable in the hit sitcom The Cosby Show when she was 16. She was at one time married to musician Lenny Kravitz, and was active in …
Bonnet, Joseph (?lie Georges Marie), eminent French organist, pedagogue, and composer; b. Bordeaux, March 17, 1884; d. Ste. Luce-sur-Mer, Quebec, Aug. 2, 1944. He studied with his father, organist at Ste. Eulalie; at the age of 14, he was appointed regular organist at St. Nicholas, and soon after at St. Michel; entered the class of Guilmant at the Paris Cons, and graduated with first prize. In 190…
Bonney, Barbara, admired American soprano; b. Montclair, N.J., April 14, 1956. She received training in Canada and with Walter Raninger at the Salzburg Mozarteum. In 1979 she became a member of the Darmstadt Opera, where she made her first appearance as Anna in Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor; among her subsequent roles were Blondchen, Adina, Cherubino, Gilda, Massenet?s Manon, and Natalie in Henz…
Bonno, Giuseppe, noted Austrian composer of Italian descent; b. Vienna, Jan. 29, 1711; d. there, April 15, 1788. His father, Lucrezio Bonno, was the imperial footman. Giuseppe Bonno began his musical studies with Johann Georg Reinhardt, the court organist. Charles VI sent Bonno to Naples in 1726 for further musical education; there he studied composition with Durante and Leo. His first opera, Nige…
Bononcini, Antonio Maria, Italian opera composer, son of Giovannia Maria and brother of Giovanni Bononcini; b. Modena, June 18, 1677; d. there, July 8, 1726. He studied with his father. His first success came with the production of his opera II trionfo di Camilla, regina dei Volsci (Naples, Dec. 26, 1696). This opera was produced in many other theaters in Italy, sometimes under different titles, a…
Bononcini, Giovanni, Italian composer, son of Giovanni Maria and brother of Antonio Maria Bononcini; b. Modena, July 18, 1670; d. Vienna, July 9, 1747 (buried July 11). His first teacher was his father, and he also studied with G.P. Colonna in Bologna and took cello lessons from Giorgio. In 1687 he was a cellist in the chapel of S. Petronio in Bologna; in the same year he became maestro di cappell…
Bontempi (real name, Angelini), Giovanni Andrea, Italian singer and composer; b. Perugia, c. 1624; d. Torgiano, July 1, 1705. He was a castrato, and sang in the choir of S. Marco in Venice (1643?50). After studies with Mazzocchi, he was appointed joint Kapellmeister in Dresden, with Schiitz and Vincenzo Albrici, in 1656. He assumed the name Bontempi after his patron, Cesare Bontempi. In 1680 he re…
Bonvin, Ludwig, Swiss-American organist, conductor, music scholar, and composer; b. Sierre, Feb. 17, 1850; d. Buffalo, Feb. 18, 1939. He was mainly autodi-dact as a musician. He studied medicine in Vienna and law in Switzerland before entering his noviate in a German Jesuit order in Exaeten, the Netherlands, in 1874, where he was active as organist and choirmaster. After his ordination in England …
Booker T. and the MGs, best remembered historically as the studio band for Stax/Volt Records during the 1960s, the band created the so- called Memphis Sound, illustrated in the hit recordings of Carla and Rufus Thomas, Otis Redding, and Sam and Dave, among others. M EMBERSHIP: Booker T. Jones, kybd., gtr., bs. (b. Memphis, Term., Nov. 12, 1944); Steve Cropper, lead and rhythm gtr. (b. Willow Sprin…
Booker, James, American jazz pianist; b. New Orleans, La., Dec. 17, 1939; d. there, Nov. 8, 1983. The troubled, flamboyant master of New Orleans piano, James Carroll Booker had so much technique and energy that other keyboard players were in awe. On a good night Booker could take those 88s and drive tunes into an ever-widening spiral of improvisation that left performers such as Mac Rebennack (a.k…
Primarily a journalist who concentrates on race matters, Simeon Booker played a prominent role in documenting activities of the civil rights movement and the work of the Freedom Riders and their efforts to enforce federal legislation to integrate public transportation and interstate travel. In so doing, he lived at risk during the Freedom Rides, though not in fear, concluding that progress would n…
Bookspan, Martin, American music critic, administrator, and broadcaster; b. Boston, July 30, 1926. He was educated at the Boston Music School (violin and theory) and Harvard Coll. (B.S. in German literature, 1947). He was executive director of the New England Opera Theater (1952?54); from 1956 to 1968, held various administrative positions with WQXR Radio in N.Y. In 1968 he was named coordinator f…
Try Wall Street. That?s headquarters for suckers. BANKER IN On with the Show , RELEASED IN JUNE 1929 The transition to sound straddled a watershed in American economic history. The rush to expand business by heavy borrowing and investing created unprecedented growth. Boom times gave the film industry the money for expansion. The collapse of the banking system in 1929-1930 and the onset of the Depr…
Boone, Pat (Charles Eugene), American singer and actor; b. Jacksonville, Fla., June 1, 1934. Boone wasone of the most successful recording artists of the second half of the 1950s and the only one who effectively straddled the conflicting styles of traditional pop and emerging rock ?n? roll. Though his well-articulated tenor and relaxed singing style marked him as a successor to Bing Crosby and Per…
Boosey & Hawkes, English music publishers. Thomas Boosey was a London bookseller and a continental traveler from 1792. He was often asked to handle music, and in 1816 founded a music publishing house on Holies Street. On the Continent he met eminent musicians of the time; he visited Vienna and negotiated about publication with Beethoven (who mentions Boosey?s name in one of his letters to the Phil…
(1917?83) British physicist: co-discoverer of the magnetron microwave generator. Boot graduated in physics at Birmingham in 1939 and continued there in the early years of the Second World War, working with J T Randall (1905?84) on microwave generation. It was known that radiation in the microwave range (mms up to 30 cm) would be suited for radar use, to detect submarines and aircraft by reflection…
Mary Louise Booth was born on April 19, 1831, in Millville (later Yaphank), Long Island, New York, to William Chatfield Booth, descendant of John, who in 1652 took title to Shelter Island, off Long Island, and Nancy (Monsell) Booth, granddaughter of a French Revolutionary emigrant. Mary Louise was largely self-taught but was considered to be very precocious; she was said to have read the Bible and…
Borca, Karen, jazz bassoonist; b. Green Bay, Wise, Sept. 5, 1948. She studied music with her mother, a schoolteacher who played and taught classical and stride piano. She played alto saxophone for 10 years and began bassoon in high school, continuing at the Univ. of Wise. (B.M., 1971); there Alec Wilder and members of the N.Y. Woodwind Quintet encouraged her to go to N.Y. to study before returning…
Borden, David, American composer, pianist, and teacher; b. Boston, Dec. 25, 1938. After studies at Boston Univ. (1956?58), he took degrees at the Eastman School of Music (B.M., 1961; M.M., 1963) and Harvard Univ. (M.A., 1965). He also studied on a Fulbright scholarship at the Hochschule f?r Musik in Berlin (1965?66). Upon his return to the U.S., he was composer-in-residence for the Ithaca City Sch…
Migration is a global phenomenon, a consequence of corporate globalization, neoliberal economic policies, political instability, ethnic conflicts, war, and domestic violence. The United Nations (UN) estimates that ?one out of every 35 persons worldwide is an international migrant,? a figure inclusive of migrant workers, families, refugees, and other immigrants. Countries typically receiving an inf…
Principal social theme: immigration MGM. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Ricardo Montalban, George Murphy, Howard da Silva, Arnold Moss, Charles McGraw, James Mitchell, Alfonso Bedoya, Teresa Celli, Jose Torey, Arthur Hunnicutt, John Ridgely, Sig Ruman, Otto Waldis, Harry Antrim, Tony Barr, Fred Graham, Martin Garralaga. Written by John C. Higgins. Cinematography by John Alton. Edited by Conrad Nervig.…
The National Origins Act of 1924 placed strict limitations upon legal immigration to the United States. Persons prohibited from entering the United States included, but were not limited to, Chinese and Japanese laborers, epileptics, beggars, prostitutes, lunatics, convicts, and those likely to become public charges. Further, the National Origins Act established a national quota system that promote…
Boretz, Benjamin (Aaron), American composer, writer on music, and teacher; b. N.Y., Oct. 3, 1934. He studied piano and cello, and received lessons in conducting from Julius Rudel and in harpsichord from Erwin Bodky. He was educated at Brooklyn Coll. (B.A., 1954), Brand?is Univ. (M.F.A., 1957), and Princeton Univ. (M.A., 1960; Ph.D., 1970). Among his composition mentors were Arthur Berger, Irving F…
Dorothy Borg was born on September 4, 1902, in Elberon, New Jersey, to Sidney C., a banker, and Madeleine (Beer) Borg. She graduated from Wellesley College in 1923 and obtained a master?s degree in 1931 and a doctorate in 1946 at Columbia University. She became a researcher at Harvard University, and during the 1960s she helped organize programs that trained scholars in American and East Asian his…
Borg, Kim, Finnish bass, teacher, and composer; b. Helsinki, Aug. 7, 1919; d. April 28, 2000. He studied voice with Heikki Teittinen in Helsinki (1936-41; 1945-47), where he also received training in theory and composition with Leo Funtek and Aarre Merikanto, and then pursued vocal studies with Andrejewa de Skilondz in Stockholm (1950?59). He also studied biochemistry at the Helsinki Inst. of Tech…
Bori, Lucrezia (real name, Lucrecia Borja y Gonzalez de Riancho), distinguished Spanish soprano; b. Valencia, Dec. 24, 1887; d. N.Y., May 14, 1960. She studied at the Valencia Cons, and with Melchior Vidal in Milan. She made her operatic debut in Rome at the Teatro Adriano on Oct. 31, 1908, as Micaela; then sang in Milan, in Naples, and, in 1910, in Paris as Manon Lescaut with the Metropolitan Ope…
(1882?1970) German physicist: invented matrix mechanics and put forward the statistical interpretation of the wavefunction. Max Born was the son of a professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau and, following the death of his mother when he was 4, he was brought up by his maternal grandmother. He studied at Breslau, Heidelberg, Z?rich and Cambridge, gaining his PhD at G?ttingen (1907). He re…
Borodin, Alexander (Porfirievich), celebrated Russian composer; b. St. Petersburg, Nov. 12, 1833; d. there, Feb. 27, 1887. He was the illegitimate son of a Georgian prince, Gedianov; his mother was the wife of an army doctor. In accordance with customary procedure in such cases, the child was registered as the lawful son of one of Gedianov?s serfs, Porfiry Borodin; hence, the patronymic, Alexander…
Borodina, Olga (Vladimirovna), notable Russian mezzo-soprano; b. Minsk, July 29, 1963. She studied at the Leningrad Cons. and in San Francisco. In 1987 she won the All-Union Glinka Competition in her homeland and the Rosa Ponselle Competition in the U.S., and in 1989 the Francisco Vignas Competition in Barcelona. In 1987 she joined the Kirov Opera, where she made her formal operatic debut as Siebe…
Bortniansky, Dimitri (Stepanovich), Russian composer; b. Glukhov, Ukraine, 1751; d. St. Petersburg, Oct. 10, 1825. He was a choirboy in the court chapel, where he attracted the attention of Galuppi, who was at the time conductor there; was sent to Italy, where he studied with Galuppi and with other Italian masters in Venice, Bologna, Rome, and Naples (1769?79). In Italy he produced his operas Creo…
Boschot, Adolphe, French music critic; b. Fonte-nay-sous-Bois, near Paris, May 4, 1871; d. Paris, June 1, 1955. He was music critic of Echo de Paris from 1910, and of Revue Bleue from 1919; founded, with Th?odore de Wyzewa, the Paris Mozart Soc; was elected to the Institut de France in 1926, succeeding Widor as permanent secretary of the Acad?mie des Beaux-Arts. His greatest work is an exhaustive …
Boscovich, Alexander Uriah , significant Israeli composer; b. Klausenburg, Transylvania, Aug. 16, 1907; d. Tel Aviv, Nov. 13, 1964. He studied in Budapest; later enrolled at the Vienna Academy of Music, where he studied piano with Victor Ebenstein and composition with Richard St?hr; then went to Paris, where he took courses with Dukas and Boulanger; also had a few lessons in piano with Cortot. Fro…
[bohs] (1894?1974) Indian physicist: discovered the quantum statistics of particles of integral spin. An education at Presidency College in Calcutta led Bose to a lectureship at the Calcutta University College of Science, and another at the University of Dacca when it was formed in 1921. During his research career he made significant advances in statistical mechanics and quantum statistics, the de…
Bose, Sterling (Belmont) (Boze, Bozo) , early jazz trumpeter, cornetist (singer); b. Florence, Ala., Feb. 23, 1906; d. St. Petersburg, Fla., June 1958. He sat in with various New Orleans bands in early 1920s (including Tom Brown?s). Late in 1923 he moved to St. Louis; gigged with various bands, then with Crescent City Jazzers and Arcadia Serenaders until 1927. He joined Jean Goldkette in Detroit a…
Bossi, (Marco) Enrico, Italian composer, father of (Rinaldo) Renzo Bossi; b. Salo, Brescia, April 25, 1861; d. at sea (en route from America to Europe), Feb. 20, 1925. Son and pupil of the organist Pietro Bossi of Morbegno (1834?96), he studied at the Liceo Rossini in Bologna (1871?73), and at Milan (1873?81) under Sangali (piano), Fumagalli (organ), Campanari (violin), Boniforti (counterpoint), a…
Bostic, Earl, jazz/R&B alto saxophonist, arranger, leader; b. Tulsa, Okla., April 25, 1913; d. Rochester, N.Y., Oct. 28, 1965. He started on alto and clarinet while at local Booker T. Washington School. He worked with Terrence Holder?s Band (1931?2), briefly with Bernie Moten early in 1933, then enrolled at Xavier Univ. in New Orleans; while there became proficient on several instruments; worked w…
Boston, an MIT grad?s high-tech idea of a rock band. MEMBERSHIP: Tom Scholz, voc, various inst. (b. Toledo, Ohio, March 10, 1947); Barry Goudreau, gtr. (b. Boston, Nov. 29, 1951); Brad Delp, voc. (b. Boston, June 12, 1951); Fran Sheehan, bs. (b. Boston, March 26, 1949); Sib Hashian, drm. (b. Boston, Aug. 17, 1949). Boston started in the Tom Scholz?s basement. Scholz had moved to Boston after earni…
1939 Born in Laurel, Mississippi on May 9 1956 Sets national high school record in hurdles 1960 Breaks world record and wins Olympic gold medal in long jump 1964 Wins Olympic silver medal in long jump 1968 Wins Olympic bronze medal in long jump 1975 Inducted into U.S. Track and Field Hall of Fame 1977 Inducted as first black athlete in Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame 1982 Becomes corporate executi…
Bostridge, Ian (Charles), English tenor; b. London, Dec. 25, 1964. He was educated at St. John?s Coll., Oxford (M.A., Ph.D. in history, 1990), St. John?s Coll., Cambridge (M.Phil, in history and the philosophy of science), and Corpus Christi Coll., Oxford (postdoctoral fellow in history). In 1993 he made his professional debut in opera in a minor role in a concert performance of Tristan und Isolde…
Boswell Sisters, The, American vocal group. The Boswell Sisters were the most successful singing group of the first half of the 1930s, injecting a distinctly jazz flavor into their intricate arrangements and improvised harmonies. They scored a series of record hits between 1931 and 1936, the most popular of which was ?The Object of My Affection/? They also made personal appearances and performed o…
Boswell, Connee (actually, Constance Foore) , American singer and actress; b. Kansas City, Dec. 2, 1907; d. N.Y., Oct. 11, 1976. With her siblings as the Boswell Sisters in the early 1930s and as a solo performer thereafter, Boswell was a popular jazz-oriented vocalist on records, radio, film, and television. Her biggest solo hits included ?On the Beach at Bali-Bali,? ?On the Isle of May,? and ?Le…
PAUL HARCOURT-DAVIS Professional photographer and author In the purest definition, botanical photography is used to depict plants accurately with respect to their form and color, providing relevant information documenting plant morphology and function, the environment, plant life histories, diseases, the effects of pollution, and relationships with other life forms. Successful botanical photogra…
Botstein, Leon , Swiss-born American educator, historian, and conductor; b. Zurich, Dec. 14, 1946. After graduating from the H.S. of Music and Art in N.Y. (1963), he studied history at the Univ. of Chicago (B.A., 1967) and Harvard Univ. (M.A., 1968; Ph.D., 1985). In 1969 he was a lecturer in history at Boston Univ. From 1970 to 1975 he was president of Franconia (N.H.) Coll., and also founder-prin…
Bottenberg, Wolfgang (Heinz Otto), German-born Canadian composer and teacher; b. Frankfurt am Main, May 9, 1930. He studied theology and philosophy at the Vallender Theologische Hochschule (1952?57), during which time he taught himself music theory and organ performance. In 1958 he emigrated to Canada and in 1964 he became a naturalized Canadian citizen. He studied theory and piano with Robert Sta…
Bottesini, Giovanni , Italian double-bass virtuoso, conductor, and composer; b. Crema, Dec. 22, 1821; d. Parma, July 7, 1889. He took lessons in double-bass playing with Rossi at the Milan Cons. (1835?39). He played in various orchs. In 1847 he visited the U.S., and in 1848 he went to England, where he appeared as a cello soloist, making his independent concert debut in London on June 26, 1849. In…
Tunisian Lotfi Bouchnaq (also Lutfi Bushnaq, Boushnak, Bouchnak) is a composer, oud (ud) player and singer whose vast repertoire of Arabic music extends from secular Egyptian popular music or Algerian-inflected Ra? music, to sacred music and derived compositions. He is famous, in particular, for introducing Tunisian ma?luf (Andalusian music) to the outside world via his modern renditions of the ol…
Boucourechliev, Andr?, Bulgarian-born French composer and writer on music; b. Sofia, July 28, 1925; d. Boulogne-Billancourt, Nov. 13, 1997. He enrolled at the Sofia Cons, in 1946 and studied piano with Pelischek. After winning first prize in the National Competition for Musical Interpretation in 1948, he was awarded a French government grant to pursue training at the ?cole Normale de Musique in Pa…
Rachid Boudjedra, an Algerian novelist and essayist, is one of the most important contemporary North African writers, in both French and Arabic. His work is characterized by the use of language, imagery, and technique that draw from European and Arab-Muslim cultural traditions. Boudjedra has been an active opponent of political Islam, denouncing it as ?fascist? and totalitarian, and a firm support…
Boughton, Rutland , English composer; b. Ayles-bury, Jan. 23, 1878; d. London, Jan. 24, 1960. He studied at the Royal Coll. of Music in London with Stanford and Davies; without obtaining his diploma, he engaged in professional activity; was for a time a member of the orch. at the Haymarket Theatre in London; taught at the Midland Inst. in Birmingham (1905?11); also conducted a choral society there…
Boulanger, Lili (Juliette Marie Olga), talented French composer, sister of Nadia (Juliette) Boulanger; b. Paris, Aug. 21, 1893; d. M?zy, Seine-et-Oise, March 15, 1918. She studied composition with Vidal at the Paris Cons. (1909?13), attracting considerable attention when she won the Grand Prix de Rome at graduation with her cantata Faust et H?l?ne, becoming the first woman to receive this distinct…
Boulanger, Nadia (Juliette), illustrious French teacher, sister of Lili (Juliette Marie Olga) Boulanger; b. Paris, Sept. 16, 1887; d. there, Oct. 22, 1979. Both her father and grandfather were teachers at the Paris Cons.; her mother, the Russian Countess Myshetskaya, was a professional singer, and it was from her that Boulanger received her first music lessons. She entered the Paris Cons., where s…
Boulez, Pierre , greatly significant French composer and conductor; b. Montbrison, March 26, 1925. He received training in piano, and pursued his secondary studies in Montbrison and St.-Etienne. After studying advanced mathematics in Lyons (1941), he went to Paris in 1942. In 1944 he entered the harmony class of Messiaen at the Cons. In 1946 he became music director of the Renaud-Barrault theater …
Kamal J. Boullata (Bullata) is a prominent Palestinian modern artist. Boullata was born to a Christian Palestinian family in Jerusalem, mandatory Palestine in 1942. He graduated from the Accademia di Belle Arte in Rome in 1965 and attended the Corcoran Academy for the Fine Arts in Washington, D.C., from 1968 to 1971. Boullata stayed in Washington thereafter, teaching at Georgetown University and p…
Hassiba Boulmerka distinguished herself in track and field as an Algerian middle distance runner. At the Olympic Games held in Barcelona, Spain, in 1992 she won a gold medal, the first ever earned by an Arab and African woman in her event. This accomplishment was achieved at considerable cost. Because she trained and competed in men?s shorts, Islamists condemned her dress and deportment. For other…
Boult, Sir Adrian (Cedric), eminent English conductor; b. Chester, April 8, 1889; d. London, Feb. 22, 1983. His mother, a professional writer on music, gave him piano lessons; at age 12 he received some instruction in music from a science teacher, H.E. Piggott, at the Westminster School in London. At 19 he entered Christ Church, Oxford, and sang in the Oxford Bach Choir; then he studied with Hans …
Franco-Algerian novelist Nina Bouraoui (daughter of an Algerian father and a French mother) was considered a prodigy by many of her contemporaries. She wrote her first novel, La Voyeuse interdite (1991; The Forbidden Vision , 1995), at the age of nineteen; it was later published by Gallimard, one of the most prestigious French publishing houses. Her subsequent books, dealing with themes of sexuali…
The need for the recognition of African American health concerns along with a strong voice regarding education and the entrepreneurial spirit bolstered the groundbreaking contributions of Midian Othello Bousfield. Bousfield?s successes as the Army Medical Corp?s first African American colonel, the first African American member of Chicago?s board of education, and president of Supreme Liberty Life …
[boosigoh] (1802?87) French chemist: pioneer of experimental agricultural chemistry. After a school career lacking distinction, Boussingault entered the ?cole des Mines at Saint-?tienne and soon after graduation was employed to direct a mine in Venezuela. During his 10 years there he travelled and reported on the geology and geography of the area to the Institut de France, and on his return was ap…
Abdelaziz Bouteflika (?Abd al-Aziz Butafliqa, Boutaflika) is one of the most prominent statesmen in the history of postcolonial Algeria. During the War of Liberation from French rule (1954?1962), he joined the Front de Lib?ration Nationale (FLN; National Liberation Front) and served in the Arm?e de Lib?ration Nationale (ALN; National Liberation Army). After Algeria attained independence, Bouteflik…
Boutmy, family of South Netherlands musicians: (1) Jacques-Adrien Boutmy, organist; b. Ghent, Jan. 16, 1683; d. Brussels, Sept. 6, 1719. He was organist at St. Nicholas in Ghent, and then at the collegiate church of SS. Michel et Gudule in Brussels from 1711. (2) Josse (actually, Charles Joseph) Boutmy, organist, harpsichordist, and composer, brother of the preceding; b. Ghent, Feb. 1, 1697; d. Br…
Egyptian politician and diplomat Boutros Boutros-Ghali (also Butrus Butrus Ghali) is best known as the United Nations (UN) secretary general from 1992 to 1996. Boutros-Ghali was born on 14 November 1922 in Cairo, Egypt, to a family of Coptic Christians. He was the son of a former minister of finance and the grandson of Boutros Pasha Ghali, who served as prime minister from 1908 until he was assass…
[bo veri] (1862?1915) German cytologist: did basic work on relation of chromosomes to heredity. Boveri began his university life as a student of history and philosophy at Munich, but soon changed to science and later taught zoology and anatomy at Munich and W?rzburg. By 1884 it was known (largely from work) that in sexual reproduction the nuclei of spermatozoon and ovum provide equal numbers of ch…
[bohvay] (1907?92) Swiss?French?Italian pharmacologist: introduced antihistamines, and curare-type muscle relaxants for surgery. After qualifying in Geneva, Bovet went to the Pasteur Institute in Paris, later moving to Rome. In Paris he was a member of a group that showed that the antibacterial drug Prontosil owed its effect to its conversion in the body to sulphanilamide, which is the parent of t…
Dr. Thomas Bowdler (1754?1825), a retired physician turned country gentleman, became a self-appointed censor with the uncompromising view that ?Words that give an impression of obscenity should not be spoken, written or printed.? He put his views into practice by publishing major texts in bowdlerized or clearly expurgated versions. The most famous of these was The Family Shakespeare (1818), in whi…
The publication of a text that has been expurgated, doctored, or castrated, to accommodate ?family values,? following the practice of Dr. Thomas Bowdler (1754?1825) and his family, who produced expurgated or sanitized texts of major works, most notably The Family Shakespeare (1807). The related eponymous terms are bowdlerize (1836), bowdlerism (1869), and bowdlerization (1882). Thomas?s learned mo…
Catharine Shober Drinker Bowen was born on the Haverford (Pennsylvania) College campus on January 1, 1897, to Henry Sturgis and Aimee Ernesta (Beaux) Drinker. The Drinker family motto was ?Excellence is the starting point,? and among Catharine?s five siblings were a lawyer (Harry), the inventor of the iron lung (Philip), and a dean of the Harvard School of Public Health (Cecil). Her aunt, Cecilia …
Amultitalented scholar, J. W. E. Bowen helped to shape African American culture through his service as seminary administrator, minister, writer, and an indefatigable lecturer, and through his actions as a race man. He fought for full assimilation of African American ministers in leadership positions in the Methodist Episcopal Church, which finally led to the church?s acceptance of black clergymen …
Born Julie Bowen Luetkemeyer, March 3, 1970, in Baltimore, MD; daughter of Jack (worked in commercial real estate) and Susie Luetkemeyer; married Scott Phillips, September, 2004. Education: Brown University, B.A., 1991. Addresses: Office ?c/o Boston Legal , David E. Kelley Productions, 1600 Rosecrans Ave., Manhattan Beach, CA 90266. Actress in films, including: Five Spot Jewel , 1992; Happy Gilmor…
Bowie, David (originally, Jones, David), rock?s English master of image and sound manipulation; b. Brixton, London, England, Jan. 8, 1947. David Bowie has pursued an erratic career based very much on image, as opposed to musical substance. His successes have totally transformed the way in which musical heroes are regarded by the consuming public, in terms of shock value, cleverness, and timeliness…
Bowles, Paul (Frederic) , American man of letters and composer; b. N.Y., Dec. 30, 1910; d. Tangier, Nov. 18, 1999. He became fascinated with pictorial arts, belles lettres, and the vocal projection of poetry as a child, and when he was 8 he also began to study music. At 17, he had his first poem publ. in the literary review transition . In 1929 he made his way to Paris, where he was dazzled by its…
Bowlly, Al, one of the all-time most popular British pop vocalists, guitarist, banjo player, pianist; b. Maputo, Mozambique, Jan. 7, 1898; d. London, April 17, 1941. Born to a Greek father and a Lebanese mother, he grew up in Johannesburg and learned to play the ukelele. Bowlly toured Africa and India as a banjo/guitarist and was a resident at Raffles in Singapore. He made his first records in Ber…
Bowman, James (Thomas), notable English countertenor; b. Oxford, Nov. 6, 1941. He was educated at New Coll., Oxford (Dip.Ed., 1964; M.A. in history, 1967) and received vocal instruction in London from De Rentz and Manen. In 1967 he made his operatic debut as Britten?s Oberon at Aldeburgh with the English Opera Group. From 1967 he sang with the group regularly in London, and also was a member of th…
Box Tops, The, hit-making Memphis group that issued one of the shortest hits of all time and started the career of power-pop legend Alex Chilton (b. Memphis, Tenn., Dec. 28, 1950), formed 1965, Memphis, Term. Alex Chilton is one of rock?s great underground legends, certainly revered among his peers. So much so, The Replacements once recorded a song called ?Alex Chilton.? Not bad for someone who ha…
Today the sport of boxing is associated with a variety of racial stereotypes. In the late twentieth century these included the belief that no white man would be able to contend for the world heavyweight championship. This idea results from the general racial stereotype circulating in the Western world that persons of African descent are simply better athletes compared to persons of European descen…
Boyce, William , significant English organist and composer; b. London (baptized), Sept. 11, 1711; d. Kensington, Feb. 7, 1779. As a youth he was a chorister in St. Paul?s Cathedral under Charles King. He then studied organ with Maurice Greene, the cathedral organist. From 1734 to 1736 he was organist at the Earl of Oxford?s Chapel, then at St. Michael?s, Cornhill, from 1736 to 1768. Concurrently h…
(1627?91) Irish chemist: established the study of chemistry as a separate science and gave a definition of an element. The youngest of the 14 children of the first Earl of Cork, Boyle was educated by a tutor at home (Lismore Castle) and at Eton. He showed an ability in languages before the age of 8, and in his interest in algebra he found a useful distraction during convalescence (he was to suffer…
Born Thomas John Boyle, December 2, 1948, in Peekskill, NY; son of a janitor/bus driver and secretary; married Karen Kvashay, 1974; children: Kerrie, Milo, Spencer. Education: State University of New York at Potsdam, B.A., 1968; University of Iowa Writers? Workshop, M.F.A., 1974, Ph.D., 1977. Addresses: Agent ?Georges Borchardt, 136 E. 57th St., New York, NY 10022. Office ?Department of English, U…
(1855?1944) British experimental physicist: ingenious inventor of sensitive instruments. Educated at Cambridge and a Fellow of the Royal Society, Boys distinguished himself as a clever and original experimenter. In 1895 he designed a torsion balance, which was an improvement on previous models, and with this he determined the value of constant of gravitation, thus arriving at a value of 5.5270 for…
BOYZ N THE HOOD . 1991.? 112 min. Urban Drama. This is a hard-hitting, coming-of-age story about growing up in the drug infested, gangridden, often violent streets of south central Los Angeles . A rebellious 10 year old Trey is sent to live with his strict, disciplinarian father and further bonds with Ricky and Doboy, two very different brothers, sired by different fathers, who live across the str…
Braceros (in Spanish, ?laborer,? derived from brazo , ?arm?), or field workers from Mexico, have long been an important feature of U.S. agriculture, especially in the southwestern United States. Since the early twentieth century, many millions of such workers have left Mexico on a seasonal or permanent basis in search of jobs on U.S. family farms and in corporate ?factories in the fields.? Some wo…
Brackeen, Charles , American tenor saxophonist and jazz reed player; b. Eufala, Okla., March 13, 1940. Charles Brackeen lived on a cattle and hog farm in Eufaula until he was 11, then moved to Paris, Tex., internalizing the capacious Southwest tenor sound and incantational Amerindian rhythms in his mind?s ear. He played piano and violin from a young age, on which he?d accompany his aunt at church …
Brackeen, JoAnne (nee Grogan), jazz pianist, composer; b. Ventura, Calif., July 26, 1938. She is mostly self-taught as a jazz musician. While a student at the Los Angeles Cons., she listened to her parents? records of pianist Frankie Carle, then directly imitated his solos, and later solos of Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, and John Coltrane. Brackeen played with Teddy Edwards, Harold Land, Dexter Gor…
Bradbury, William Batchelder, American composer, teacher, piano manufacturer, and music publisher; b. York County, Maine, Oct. 6, 1815; d. Montclair, N.J., Jan. 7, 1868. He studied in Boston with Sumner Hill and at Lowell Mason?s Academy of Music. After teaching music in Machias, Maine (1836?38) and at St. John?s, New Brunswick (1838?40), he went to Brooklyn as choirmaster of the first Baptist Chu…
Bradford, Perry (John Henry) (Mule), pioneering jazz leader, composer, pianist; b. Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 14, 1893; d. Queens, N.Y., April 20, 1970. Family moved to Atlanta, Ga., when Perry was six. By 1906 he was working with minstrel shows; he joined Allen?s New Orleans Minstrels in 1907. He left to work as a solo pianist, and played in Chicago (1909). In 1910, he visited N.Y., and toured theatr…
(1693?1762) English astronomer: discovered stellar aberration; obtained first accurate measurement of the speed of light and direct proof of Earth?s motion. Bradley was successor as Astronomer Royal. While attempting to observe parallax in the position of ? Draconis (caused by the Earth?s movement across the diameter of its orbit), Bradley found that the star did indeed appear to move, but that th…
Bradley, Will (originally, Schwichtenberg, Wilbur), jazz trombonist, leader; b. Newton, N.J., July 12, 1912; d. Flemington, N.J., July 15, 1989. Raised in Washington, N.J., he played in the local high school band. He moved to N.Y. in 1928 and did local gigs before joining Milt Shaw?s Detroiters; he then worked with Red Nichols and later joined the CBS studio staff (1931?34). He was with Ray Noble …
Bradshaw, Tiny (Myron), jazz/R&B singer, drummer, pianist, bandleader; b. Youngstown, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1905; d. Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 26, 1958. He majored in psychology at Wilberforce Univ., Ohio. He began his singing career with Horace Henderson?s Collegians and subsequently worked in N.Y. with Marion Hardy?s Alabamians, The Savoy Bearcats, The Mills Blue Rhythm Band (1932). He sang with Luis Rus…
(1890?1971) British physicist: founder with W H Bragg of X-ray crystallography. Born in Adelaide, W L Bragg studied mathematics there and at Cambridge, and in 1910 moved his interest to physics. Like his father, he was attracted by observation that X-rays could be diffracted by crystals. Bragg showed that the condition for diffraction by a crystal with lattice planes (layers of atoms) d apart, for…
(1862?1942) British physicist: discovered characteristic X-ray spectra; and developed (with his son) X-ray diffraction methods for determining crystal structures. The Bragg method for studying the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. A narrow beam of X-rays from the X-ray tube (left) strikes the crystal; an ionization chamber is used to find the position of the diffracted beam. Bragg is unus…
Braham (real name, Abraham), John, renowned English tenor; b. London, March 20, 1774; d. there, Feb. 17, 1856. He studied with Leoni in London, with Rauzzini in Bath, and with Isola in Genoa. He made his debut at Covent Garden (April 21, 1787); then appeared at Drury Lane in 1796, in the opera Mahmoud by Storace. He was subsequently engaged to sing at the Italian Opera House in London. In 1798 he …
Braham, David, English composer and conductor; b. near London, 1834; d. N.Y., April 11, 1905. He learned to play the violin in his youth and began his career playing in London music halls. In 1856 he settled in N.Y., where he played in orchs. and began to compose songs and theater pieces. He worked as musical director for several theaters, including the Theatre Comique from 1865, where he had his …
Tyge Brahe ( Dan ) [brah- hoe] (1546?1601) Danish astronomer: produced important star catalogue; the greatest pre-telescopic observer. Brahe, son of a nobleman, was brought up by a childless uncle who effectively kidnapped him, gave him a good education and planned a political career for him. However, young Tycho at 14 saw the partial solar eclipse of 1560 and devoted his life to astronomy therea…
Brahms, Johannes great German composer, the preeminent guardian of the classical tradition in the late Romantic era; b. Hamburg, May 7, 1833; d. Vienna, April 3, 1897. His father, who played the double bass in the orch. of the Phil. Soc. in Hamburg, taught Brahms the rudiments of music. In 1840 he began to study piano with Otto F.W. Cossel, and made his first public appearance as a pianist with a …
Brailoiu, Constantin distinguished Romanian-born French ethnomusicologist; b. Bucharest, Aug. 25, 1893; d. Geneva, Dec. 20, 1958. He studied music in Lausanne, with G?dalge at the Paris Cons. (1912?14), and in Romania. After a period as a composer and music critic, he turned to ethnomusicological research. In 1921 he became a prof, of music history and aesthetics at the Acad?mie Royale de Musique …
Brain, Dennis phenomenal English horn player, son of Aubrey (Harold) and nephew of Alfred (Edwin) Brain; b. London, May 17, 1921; d. in an automobile accident in Hatfield, Sept. 1, 1957. He received piano lessons as a child and took up the bugle in his school cadet band. In 1936 he began studying the horn at home with his father, who continued as his teacher when he entered the Royal Academy of Mu…
Braithwaite, (Henry) Warwick New Zealand conductor, father of Nicholas (Paul Dallon) Braithwaite; b. Dunedin, Jan. 9, 1896; d. London, Jan. 18, 1971. He studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London; won the Challen Gold Medal and the Battison Hayes Prize. He began his career as a conductor with the O?Mara Opera Co.; then conducted with the British National Opera Co. He was asst. music director …
Brand, Max(imilian) Austrian-born American composer; b. Lemberg, April 26, 1896; d. Langenzers-dorf, near Vienna, April 5, 1980. He became a student of Schreker in Vienna in 1919, and continued as his student in Berlin in 1920. He also received instruction from Alois H?ba and Erwin Stein. Brand?s early use of 12-tone methods is revealed in his F?nf Balladen nach Gedichten von Else Lasker-Sch?ler (…
Brandy, (actually, Norwood, Brandy) soulful, intelligent teen hitmaker and actress; b. McComb, Miss., Feb. 11, 1979. Brandy?s father was the church music director, so it?s not surprising that Brandy Norwood and her brother, Willie Ray Jr., had musical talent and performed in the church choir. Recognizing the depth of their children?s talent, the Norwood family relocated to L.A. by the time Brandy …
(1950-) Virgin Group Richard Branson is the self-made British billionaire who began Virgin Records and Virgin Atlantic Airways, among a host of other enterprises. He chairs the Virgin Group, which is the umbrella over Virgin Interactive, Virgin Megastores, Virgin Cola, and other divisions. Branson is also noted for the adventurous spirit he brings to both his work and his personal life. He has e…
Brant, Henry remarkable and innovative American composer; b. Montreal (of American parents), Sept. 15, 1913. He received rudimentary instruction in music from his father, Saul Brant (1882?1934), a concert violinist, and began to compose when he was only 8. After studies at the McGill Conservatorium in Montreal (1926?29), he went to N.Y. and continued his training with Leopold Mannes at the Inst. o…
Wiley A. Branton was the mastermind behind the legal strategy that caused the Little Rock Nine to claim national attention in 1957 when nine African American students successfully integrated Central High School. These students and the adults who supported them faced great personal danger from whites who did not want to see the end of the South?s rigidly segregated social system. Branton began work…
Branzell, Karin Maria noted Swedish contralto; b. Stockholm, Sept. 24, 1891; d. Altadena, Calif., Dec. 14, 1974. She was a pupil of Thekla Hofer in Stockholm, Louis Bachner in Berlin, and Enrico Rosati in N.Y. In 1912 she made her operatic debut as Prince Sarvilaka in d?Albert?s Izeyl in Stockholm, where she sang at the Royal Opera until 1918; then was a member of the Berlin State Opera until 1923…
(1902?87) US physicist: co-inventor of the transistor. Born in China, Brattain grew up in the state of Washington on a cattle ranch, and gained his PhD in physics at Minnesota in 1929. In the same year he joined the talented team at Bell Telephone Laboratories, and soon began work on the surface properties of semiconductors; at first he used copper(I) oxide, but during the Second World War silicon…
Braud (Breaux), Wellman, jazz bassist; b. St. James Parish, La., Jan. 25, 1891; d. La., Oct. 27, 1966. A major force in the early Ellington band, he was one of those who brought, at Ellington?s instigation, a New Orleans influence into the music. He began playing violin at the age of seven, later played violin and bass in string trios in New Orleans, including residency at Tom Anderson?s Cabaret; …
Braun, family of German musicians: (1) Anton Braun, instrumentalist and composer; b. Ober-Beisheim, near Bad Hersfeld, Jan. 20, 1729; d. Kassel, April 26, 1798. He settled in Kassel about 1743 and became an oboist in the military band. In 1760 he was made first violinist and copyist of the court orch. Five of his children became musicians: (2) Johann Braun, violinist and composer; b. Kassel, Aug. …
[brown] (1912?77) German?US rocket engineer: a pioneer of rockets and space travel. The son of a baron and a former Government minister, von Braun was educated at the Z?rich and Berlin Institutes of Technology. In 1932 he started working on rocket design for the German military, developing his first successful liquid-fuel rocket 2 years later. By 1938 he was technical head of the rocket research e…
Braunfels, Walter, German composer and pedagogue; b. Frankfurt am Main, Dec. 19, 1882; d. Cologne, March 19, 1954. He studied piano in Vienna with Leschetizky and composition in Munich with Thuille. In 1925 he became a co-director of the Hochschule f?r Musik in Cologne. With the advent of the Nazi regime in 1933, he was compelled to abandon teaching; after the collapse of the Third Reich in 1945, …
Wdward McKnight Brawley was a religious leader and educator and one of the original founders of the National Baptist Convention. He championed the education of black ministers and the publication of their material. Brawley was the first black graduate of Bucknell University and the president of two Southern universities. Brawley was born on March 18, 1851 in Charleston, South Carolina. He was the …
Braxton, Anthony, avant-garde jazz alto saxophonist, contrabass clarinetist, composer, pianist; b. Chicago, June 4, 1945. He studied at Chicago School of Music (1959?63), and began playing alto saxophone at age 17, influenced by Roscoe Mitchell. His other early influences included Paul Desmond, Warne Marsh, Charlie Parker, John Coltrane, Omette Coleman, Eric Dolphy, and composer-theorists such as …
Brazil has the largest nonwhite population of any country outside the African continent. The 2000 Brazilian census found that 45 percent of Brazilians, out of a population of some 185 million, identified themselves as ?people of color.? In Brazil, this term implies a range of skin tones from very dark to the many shades usually included under the English rubric ?Mulatto.? The term is widely used i…
Bread, one of the defining bands in 1970s soft, middle-of-the-road rock, formed 1969, L.A. MEMBERSHIP: David Gates, voc, gtr., kybd. (b. Tulsa, Okla., Dec. 11, 1940); James Griffin, voc, gtr; (b. Nashville, Term.); Rob Royer, kybd.; Mike Botts, drm. (b. Sacramento, Calif.). David Gates? father, who directed the band and orchestra for the local high school, warned his son against playing music for …
(ABC, 1/2/1978, 120 mins). A drama about a woman (Lee Remick) who faces a harrowing fight to rediscover her personal identity when her husband of 15 years announces that he is leaving her and their children to search for the indefinable joy he feels he is missing from his life. Subsequently a one-hour pilot called ?Tom and JoAnn? was aired (with Elizabeth Ashley and Joel Fabiani) to test the water…
(ABC, 9/5/1979 and 9/7/1979, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). Six buddies spend the summer together at a Malibu beach house after each has separated from his wife at about the same time. This two-part four-hour film, exploring separation and divorce from the man?s point of view, took its title from the Neil Sedaka-Howard Greenfield song, and subsequently was edited down to a single-part three-hou…
Brecker, Michael, pop-jazz tenor saxophonist, brother of Randy Brecker; b. Philadelphia, March 29, 1949. He grew up in a musical family and his father is a jazz pianist. As a child, he shared his brother?s love of R&B; he began playing the clarinet at seven, switched to alto sax, and then tenor. He studied under Vince Trombetta and Joe Allard and Charles Banacos in the mid 1960s, and cut his teeth…
Brecker, Randy, pop-jazz trumpeter, flugelhornist, brother of Michael Brecker; b. Philadelphia, Nov. 27, 1945. His first instrument was the piano, which his father played professionally; his love of R&B led him to take up the trumpet while in high school. While studying classical trumpet at school, Randy would play with local R&B bands at night. He attended the Univ. of Ind. but quit early to purs…
Bregman, Buddy, jazz/pop composer, arranger, conductor, TV and film producer, director, author; b. Chicago, July 9, c. 1937. He was from a well-to-do family. His mother?s brother is songwriter Jule Styne; another uncle was saxophone player Maurie Stein. Bregman studied piano and clarinet with Mossaiye Bogaslowski and Buck Wells at age 5 and 11 respectively. He wrote arrangements from age 11, inspi…
Breitkopf & H?rtel, important German firm of book and music publishers. As an established printing firm in Leipzig, it was bought in 1745 by Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf (b. Klausthal Harz, March 2, 1695; d. Leipzig, March 23, 1777). His son, Johann Gottlob Immanuel (b. Nov. 23, 1719; d. Jan. 28, 1794), entered the business in 1745; it was his invention which made the basis for the firm?s position…
Brema, Marie (real name, Minny Fehrmann), English mezzo-soprano; b. Liverpool (of a German father and an American mother), Feb. 28, 1856; d. Manchester, March 22, 1925. She was a pupil of Henschel (1890). Under the name Bremer (in honor of her father?s native city of Bremen), she made her concert debut in London singing Schubert?s Ganymed on Feb. 21, 1891. Her operatic debut followed on Oct. 19, 1…
Brendel, (Karl) Franz, German writer on music; b. Stolberg, Nov. 26, 1811; d. Leipzig, Nov. 25, 1868. He was educated at the univs. of Leipzig and Berlin. He studied piano with Wieck and through him entered the Schumann circle; ed. Schumann?s periodical Neue Zeitschrift fiir Musik from 1845 until his death in 1868, and also was co-editor, with R. Pohl, of the monthly Anregungenfiir Kunst . In 1846…
Brendel, Alfred, great Austrian pianist; b. Wiesen-berg, Jan. 5, 1931. He studied in Zagreb with S. Dezelic (piano, 1937?43) and F. Dugan (harmony), and in Graz with L Kaan (piano, 1943?47) and A. Michl (composition). He pursued his training in piano with P. Baum-gartner in Basel, and also attended the master classes of E. Fischer in Lucerne and E. Seuermann in Salzburg. In 1947 he was awarded his…
Brennan, John Wolf, Irish-Swiss composer and pianist; b. Dublin, Feb. 13, 1954. He moved to Switzerland as a youth, and began playing bass and guitar as a teenager in Lucerne. He studied musicology, film, and literature at the Univ. of Fribourg and attended the Swiss Jazz school in Berne (1975?79), continuing his studies in piano, composition, and theory in Lucerne, Dublin, and N.Y. (1979?84). Fro…
(1927? ) South African?British molecular biologist: co-discoverer of triplet nature of genetic codons. Brenner?s parents had emigrated to South Africa from Russia and Lithuania. He qualified in medicine and medical biology at Johannesburg and then became a research student with at Oxford, working on bacteriophage. In 1957 he joined the Medical Research Council?s Molecular Biology Laboratory at Cam…
Bresgen, Cesar, Austrian composer and teacher of German descent; b. Florence, Oct. 16, 1913; d. Salzburg, April 7, 1988. He studied organ, piano, conducting, and composition at the Munich Academy of Music (1930?36), his mentors being Emmanuel Gatscher, Gottfried Riidinger, and Joseph Haas. In 1936 he won the Felix Motti Prize for composition. After working in the music division of the Bavarian Ead…
Bresnick, Martin, American composer and teacher; b. N.Y., Nov. 13, 1946. He studied at the H.S. of Music and Art in N.Y., and then with Arnold Franchetti at the Hartt School of Music in Hartford, Conn. (B.A., 1967), Leland Smith and John Chowning at Stanford Univ. (M.A., 1968; D.M.A., 1972), Einem and Cerha at the Vienna Academy of Music on a Fulbright fellowship (1969?70), and with Ligeti. After …
Brewer, Teresa (originally Theresa Breuer), vocalist who spanned jazz, country, and MOR popin a 60-year career; b. Toledo, Ohio, May 7, 1931. Breuer?s father worked as a glass inspector for the Libby-Owens Co., and no one else in her family was particularly musical. However, Theresa was a precocious performer. Her mother got her onto the radio by the time she was two years old, singing ?Take Me Ou…
Brian Urlacher was born in Washington to parents Lavoyda and Brad Urlacher. When hiis parents divorced in the 1980s, Lavoyda was given custody of Brian and his siblings. His mother, Lavoyda, moved the family to New Mexico. His mother worked multiple jobs to support the family, allowing Urlacher the luxury of playing sports in his free time. Urlacher became interested in football and used his physi…
(ABC, 11/30/1971, 120 mins). One of the most critically acclaimed of all made for TV movies, this was a finely told and acted story of Brian Piccolo, running back for the Chicago Bears, his lasting rivalry and friendship with fellow player Gale Sayers, and his losing battle with cancer. The film was an Emmy winner as Best Dramatic Program (1971-72), and Emmy awards also were given to William Blinn…
Brian, (William) Havergal, English composer of extreme fecundity and longevity; b. Dresden, Staffordshire, Jan. 29, 1876; d. Shoreham-by-the-Sea, Sussex, Nov. 28, 1972. He studied violin, cello, and organ with local teachers; left school at age 12 to earn his living and help his father, who was a potter?s turner. At the same time he taught himself elementary theory and also learned French and Germ…
Briccetti, Thomas (Bernard), American conductor and composer; b. Mt. Kisco, N.Y., Jan, 14, 1936; d. Perugia, May 27, 1999. He studied piano with Jean Dansereau and composition with Barber, Mennin, and Hovhaness, and attended the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, N.Y. (1955). In 1959-60 he held the Prix de Rome, and then Ford Foundation Composer?s fellowships (1961?63). He was music director of…
Brico, Antonia, Dutch-American pianist, conductor, and teacher; b. Rotterdam, June 26, 1902; d. Denver, Aug. 3, 1989. She studied at the Univ. of Calif, at Berkeley (graduated, 1923); after piano studies with Stojowski in N.Y., she studied conducting at the Berlin Hochschule f?r Musik and privately with Muck. Overcoming general skepticism concerning women conductors, she raised funds to conduct a …
Bridge, Frank, distinguished English composer; b. Brighton, Feb. 26, 1879; d. Eastbourne, Jan. 10, 1941. He studied composition with Stanford at the Royal Coll. of Music in London (1899?1903). He was active as a violinist and violisi in several string quartets, among them the Joachim, Grimson, and English string quartets. In 1910-11 he was conductor of the New Sym. Orch. in London, and in 1913 he …
Bridge, Sir (John) Frederick, English organist, conductor, and composer, brother of Joseph (Cox) Bridge; b. Oldbury, near Birmingham, Dec. 5, 1844; d. London, March 18, 1924. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to John Hopkins, organist of Rochester Cathedral, and later studied under John Goss. He was principal organist at Westminster Abbey (1882?1918), and took the degree of D.Mus. at Oxford in 1…
(ABC, 9/10/1976, 120 mins). A true-life adventure of legendary mountain man Jim Bridger who, with the fate of the Pacific Northwest at stake, is given 40 days to blaze a trail through the Rockies to the California coast and told that failure means loss of the territory to England. This two-hour movie was cut to 90 minutes for its rerun and subsequent syndication. Production Company Universal Telev…
(NBC, 11/12/1974, 90 mins). An updated version of David Lean?s 1946 film classic (based on Noel Coward?s 1936 drama ?Still Life?) retelling the bittersweet tale of two married strangers who meet by chance in an English train station and drift into a short but poignant romance. Sophia Loren made her TV acting debut not as the proper British lady of the original but as an Italian-born housewife marr…
Briegel, Wolfgang Carl, German organist and composer; b. K?nigsberg, May 1626; d. Darmstadt, Nov. 19, 1712. He received his musical training in Nuremberg; from 1645 to 1650 he was active in Schweinfurt. In 1650 he was appointed cantor at the court of Gotha, and in 1671 he went to Darmstadt, where he served as court Kapellmeister until his death. He dedicated himself primarily to sacred choral comp…
Br?ndus, Nicolae, Romanian composer, pianist, writer on music, and teacher; b. Bucharest, April 16, 1935. He studied piano (1952?57) and composition (1960?64) at the Bucharest Univ. of Music, and then attended intermittent summer courses in new music in Darmstadt (1969?80). Later he worked at IRCAM in Paris (1985). After serving as pianist of the Ploiesti Phil. (1960?69), he taught chamber music a…
(CBS, 3/26/1976, 120 mins). The third film in Quinn Martin?s productions from the annals of the FBI re-creates the infamous January 17, 1950 Brink?s Incorporated robbery in Boston involving the theft of $2,750,000 and the Bureau?s dogged pursuit of the perpetrators, whose names were changed for this movie in the traditional protection of their privacy. Production Companies Quinn Martin Productions…
Born December 6, 1946, in Peoria, IL; daughter of Marvin (a commercial real-estate developer) and Eleanor (a homemaker; maiden name, Newman) Goodman; married Robert Leitstein (divorced); married Norman E. Brinker (a restaurant chain founder/owner), 1981; children: Eric (from first marriage). Education : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, B.A., 1968. Addresses: Home ?Dallas, TX. Office ?Su…
There is no Mr. Brioni, and there never has been. In 1945 two partners, Gaetane Savini and Nazareno Fonticoli, opened a tailor shop in Rome and named it after a resort island in the Adriatic Sea, where the wealthy frolicked. The two craftsmen became known for creating handmade suits of exceptional quality at a time when nothing similar was available anywhere but on London?s Savile Row. In the earl…
Bristow, George Frederick, American violinist, organist, conductor, teacher, and composer; b. Brooklyn, Dec. 19, 1825; d. N.Y., Dec. 13, 1898. His father was the clarinetist, conductor, and composer William Richard Bristow (1803?67). He studied piano and violin with his father and W. Musgriff. It is believed that he later received lessons in violin from Ole Bull and in harmony, counterpoint, and o…
Britten, (Edward) Benjamin, Lord Britten of Aldeburgh, outstanding English composer; b. Lowestoft, Suffolk, Nov. 22, 1913; d. Aldeburgh, Dec. 4, 1976. He grew up in moderately prosperous circumstances; his father was an orthodontist, his mother an amateur singer. He played the piano and improvised facile tunes; many years later he used these youthful inspirations in a symphonic work which he named…
Mariana Hentea Southwestern Oklahoma State University, USA The term ?home networking? implies that electronic network devices work together and communicate amongst themselves. These devices are classified in three categories: appliances, electronics and computers. Home networks include home theater, home office, small office home office (SOHO), intelligent appliances, smart objects, telecommunica…
Definition: In one-way communication system, broadcast encryption is intended to provide a means for two parties not known to each other, to communicate a cryptographic key for content protection and other applications. Broadcast encryption was first proposed by Fiat, et. al, of IBM. The initial goal was to allow a central broadcast site to broadcast secure transmissions to an arbitrary set of rec…
This section concerns radio and television broadcasting, since film is covered under the headings of cinema and Hollywood. Both media have in the course of their development tested the parameters of what is considered ?decent? or ?unacceptable? in the realm of broadcast language. However, the basic understandings, assumptions, and constitutional rights concerning broadcasting differ considerably b…
The system of broadcast regulation by the U.S. government evolved from the early twentieth century into an intricate web of influences that include government agencies, courts, citizen groups, and the industry itself. These entities work in concert to shape the regulation of broadcast content, networking, technology, advertising, ownership, public-interest obligations, community relations, and oth…
As with many other industries, the broadcasting industry practices a form of self-regulation in addition to following the regulations imposed by the government. Self-regulation is attractive for several reasons. First, an industry that regulates itself in certain areas can avoid potentially harsher regulations by the government because the government will often refrain from entering the realm that…
Broadstock, Brenton, (Thomas), Australian composer and teacher; b. Melbourne, Dec. 12, 1952. He studied at Monash Univ. (B.A., 1976), Memphis (Tenn.) State Univ. (M.M., 1980), the Univ. of Sydney (with Sculthorpe; postgraduate composition diploma, 1981), Trinity Coll. in London (A.Mus., 1981), and the Univ. of Melbourne (D.Mus., 1989). In 1988 he served as the first composer-in-residence of the Me…
Broadwood & Sons, family of English piano manufacturers. The firm was founded in London in 1728 by Burkhard Tschudi or Shudi (b. Schwanden, Switzerland, March 13, 1702; d. London, Aug. 19, 1773). John Broadwood (b. Cockburnspath, Scotland, 1732; d. London, 1812), a Scottish cabinetmaker, was Shudi?s son-in-law and successor; in 1773 he began to build square pianos modeled after Zumpe?s instruments…
(NBC, 3/5/1973, 120 mins). A comedy drama about a New York cop who retires to his small ranch in the West and is reluctantly drawn into a local case of an Indian accused of killing a sheriff with a bow and arrow. This pilot for a series that never materialized looked suspiciously like a reworking of ?McCloud? in reverse. Pilot to be a prospective series. Production Companies Talent Associates, Nor…
(1918? ) Canadian physicist. Born in Alberta but growing up in Vancouver, BC, Brockhouse in the 1930s became a radio enthusiast; many boys did, but Brockhouse was soon more expert than most, and added to his pocket money by part-time work as a radio repairer. His skills increased with his war service in the Royal Canadian Navy working with radio and other electrical devices, followed by a physics …
Fawn Brodie was born September 15, 1915, in Ogden, Utah, the daughter of Thomas E. and Fawn (Brimhall) McKay. Her uncle, David O. McKay, was president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in the fifties and sixties, and her maternal grandfather, George H. Brimhall, was once president of Brigham Young University. Fawn graduated from Weber College (then a junior college) at age fourtee…
Brodsky, Adolf, famous Russian violinist; b. Taganrog, April 2, 1851; d. Manchester, England, Jan. 22, 1929. A precocious violinist, he made his public debut at the age of 9 in Odessa. He was then sent to Vienna, where he studied with Joseph Hellmesberger Sr., and played the second violin in his string quartet. From 1866 to 1868 he was a violinist in the Vienna Court Orch. In 1873 he returned to M…
(Duke) de, Prinz (Prince) [broglee] (1892?1987) French physicist: discoverer of the wave nature of particles. Louis de Broglie was a member of a Piedmontese family; in 1740 Louis XIV had conferred on the head of the family the hereditary title of duc , which Broglie inherited in 1960 on the death of his brother Maurice (who was also a physicist). The German title Prinz dated in the family from ser…
Brook, Barry S(helley), eminent American musicologist; b. N.Y., Nov. 1, 1918; d. there, Dec. 7, 1997. He studied piano privately with Mabel Asnis, then entered the Manhattan School of Music, where he was a student of Louise Culver Strunsky in piano, of Hugh Ross in conducting, and of Sessions in composition. He subsequently studied at the City Coll. of the City Univ. of N.Y. (B.S., social sciences…
Brook, Peter (Stephen Paul), noted English theater and opera producer; b. London, March 21, 1925. He was educated at Magdalen Coll., Oxford. His career in the theater commenced at the age of 17 when he staged a performance of Marlowe?s The Tragedie of Dr. Faustus . After producing plays in Birmingham, Stratford, and London, he served as director of productions at the Royal Opera in London from 194…
Brooks Brothers, one of America?s oldest retailers, is known for its classic, sometimes staid, styling. Harry Sands Brooks founded Brooks Clothing Company in 1818 and passed it to his sons who renamed it Brooks Brothers in 1854. The company was one of the first to offer men?s ready-to-wear clothing. Before the introduction of ready-to-wear garments, men had to wait days, sometimes weeks, for their…
Brooks, Garth, 1990s country sensation who broke through big time on the pop charts; b. Luba, Okla., Feb. 7, 1962. Brooks?s mother, Coleen, was a small-time country singer who worked sporadically in their native Okla. on recordings and radio. Brooks himself grew up interested in sports, playing football, basketball, and track in high school, and entering Okla. State on a track-and-field scholarshi…
(1876?1933) Canadian nuclear physicist. Harriet Brooks went to McGill University in Montreal and gained a first-class honours degree in 1898. She was invited to join well-equipped physics research group at McGill, as his first graduate student, and gained a master?s degree in 1901; the highest award at that time and the first awarded to a woman at McGill. Radioactivity was then a very novel resear…
Juanita Leavitt Brooks was born on January 15, 1898, in Bunkerville, Nevada, to Henry and Mary Ann Hafen Leavitt. She attended one year of normal school before becoming a teacher at age nineteen. She was married to Leonard Ernest Pulsipher for sixteen months before he died in 1922 of cancer of the lymphatic system, leaving her to care for one young son. She completed her education at Dixie College…
Brigadier General Vincent K. Brooks? deft handling of the media and his outstanding performance as the United States Army?s most senior spokesman during the second Iraqi War earned him international recognition and respect. Millions of people around the world observed his televised press conferences on a daily basis and listened avidly to the information he shared about the progress of the war. To…
One of the most widely known clergymen of his era, Reverend Walter Henderson Brooks was an eloquent orator, poet, missionary, journalist, and reformer. Brooks provided leadership and service to one of the most important African American churches and denominations. A man of letters, Brooks was a published theologian and a scholar of Black Baptist Church history, as well as a poet and composer of hy…
(1866?1951) British?South African physician and palaeontologist: confirmed significance of Australopithecus as a hominid and proved his bipedality. After graduating in medicine from Glasgow in 1889, Broom practised general medicine in Australia for some years before moving to South Africa in 1897. In 1934 he gave up medicine and was appointed palaeontologist at the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. Some…
Broome, (William) Edward, English-born Canadian choral conductor, organist, teacher, and composer; b. Manchester, Jan. 3, 1868; d. Toronto, April 28, 1932. He studied in Wales with Roland Rogers (organ and piano, 1876-90) and Jules Riviere (conducting); was awarded a piano diploma from the Royal Academy of Music in London (1884) and was made a Fellow of the Guild of Organists (1889). After settlin…
Born in the United States. Education : Earned degree in visual design. Addresses: Office ?Christopher Brosius Ltd., 93 Wythe Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11211. Worked as a taxicab driver in New York City; creative director, Kiehl?s Pharmacy, 1988?92; founder, vice president, and creative director, Demeter Fragrances, 1992?2004; founder, CB I Hate Perfume, 2004. Christopher Brosius is the founder of CB I Ha…
Brossard, S?bastien de French composer; b. Dompierre, Orne (baptized), Sept. 12, 1655; d. Meaux, Aug. 10, 1730. He studied theology at Caen (1670?76); was then in Paris (1678?87); in 1687 he went to Strasbourg; in 1689 became ma?tre de chapelle at the Strasbourg Cathedral; in 1698 received a similar post at the Cathedral of Meaux; in 1709 he became canon there. His fame rests upon the authorship o…
(CBS, 9/17/1970, 120 mins). Glenn Ford and Rosemary Forsyth both made their TV acting debuts in this tale of a successful professor who is presented with a due bill from a club he had joined years earlier?a secret society whose power to achieve monetary and professional security for its members is equaled only by its determination to punish those standing in its way. His job now is to prevent a lo…
Brott, Alexander prominent Canadian conductor, violinist, teacher, and composer, father of Boris and Denis Brott; b. Montreal, March 14, 1915. Following violin lessons with Alfred De S?ve, he studied with Maurice Onderet (violin) and Douglas Clarke (composition) at the McGill Cons. (Licentiate in Music, 1932) in Montreal; subsequently pursued training with Jacobsen (violin), Willeke (chamber music…
Brott, Boris Canadian conductor, son of Alexander and brother of Denis Brott; b. Montreal, March 14, 1944. He received training in violin from his father, and took courses at the Montreal Cons. (1957?61). After conducting studies with Monteux in Hancock, Maine (summer 1956), he pursued training with Markevitch at the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes in Mexico City, where he took first prize in t…
Brott, Denis Canadian cellist and teacher, son of Alexander and brother of Boris Brott; b. Montreal, Dec. 9, 1950. He studied with Walter Joachim at the Montreal Cons. (1959?67), Nelsova in Aspen (1963?68), Starker at Ind. Univ. (1968?71), and Piatigorsky at the Univ. of Southern Calif, in Los Angeles (1971?75); he then completed his training with Rose in N.Y., Gendron in Paris, and Navarra in Sie…
Brouwer, Leo noted Cuban guitarist, conductor, and composer; b. Havana, March 1, 1939. He began music training in Havana, where he made his debut as a guitarist in 1955. In 1959 he went to the U.S. to study composition at the Juilliard School of Music in N.Y. and guitar at the Hartt School of Music in Hartford, Conn. Returning to Havana, he became a leading figure in avant-garde music circles. He …
The Supreme Court?s historic school desegregation decision, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , was one of the most significant events of the twentieth century. The 1954 ruling outlawed racial segregation in public schools and led to the dismantling of a legal regime that had relegated African Americans to a subordinated position in American society . Brown was the culmination of a carefully o…
Brown, A(lfred) Peter learned American musicologist; b. Chicago, April 30, 1943. He was educated at Northwestern Univ. (B.M.E., 1965; M.M., 1966; Ph.D., 1970, with the diss. The Solo and Ensemble Keyboard Sonatas of Joseph Haydn: A Study in Structure and Style) . He also attended the Domaine School of Conductors in Hancock, Maine (1965) and pursued postdoctoral studies at N.Y. Univ. (1970). He was…
Anne S. K. Brown, one of the few women military historians, was born March 25, 1906, in Brooklyn, New York, to Arthur B. Kinsolving, a clergyman and Sally (Bruce) Kinsolving. She attended Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore, Maryland, and graduated in 1924. From 1925 until 1930, when she married John Nicholas Brown, Anne was a feature writer, columnist, and music critic. After her marriage she continued…
Brown, Bobby the singer who went from teen sensation to controversial R&B star, inventing New Jack Swing in the process; b. Boston, Mass., Feb. 5, 1969. Bobby Brown grew up in the projects in the Roxbury section of Boston. His father was a construction worker and his mother taught grade school. They sang in church, and listened to blues and R&B at home. Brown saw music as his way out of the projec…
Brown, Chris innovative American composer, performer, and teacher; b. Mendota, 111., Sept. 9, 1953. After studies in composition and electronic music with Williams Brooks and Gordon Mumma at the Univ. of Calif, at Santa Cruz (B.A., 1974), he studied computer music with David Rosenboom at Mills Colege in Oakland, Calif. (M.F.A. in electronic music and recording media, 1985), where, from 1987, he se…
(1953-) The New Yorker Christina Hambly Brown was the former editor-in-chief of the British magazine Tatler before moving to the United States to take over as editor-in-chief of Vanity Fair magazine at the age of 30. She mixed a little controversy with a target population of yuppies and got booming magazine sales at both publications. Her success led to her being named as the editor-in-chief of …
Brown, Cleo(patra) jazz pianist, singer; b. Meridian, Miss., Dec. 8, 1909; d. Denver, Colo., April 15, 1995. She was a creative two-handed pianist who was admired by Dave Brubeck, but whose singing overshadowed her instrumental ability. Her brother, Everett, was a pianist; their father was the pastor of the Pilgrim Baptist Church in Meridan. In 1919 when the family moved to Chicago, Cleo studied m…
Brown, Clifford (Brownie) important and widely influential 1950s-era jazz trumpeter; b. Wilmington, Del, Oct. 30, 1930; d. in an automobile accident on the Pennsylvania Tpke. near Bedford, Pa., June 26, 1956. He studied at Del. State Coll. and Md. State Coll. and gained experience playing in college jazz bands. He worked and recorded with Chris Powell. Later, Brown joined Tadd Dameron and toured E…
Brown, Earle (Appleton Jr.) significant American composer; b. Lunenburg, Mass., Dec. 26, 1926. He took courses in engineering and mathematics at Northeastern Univ. in Boston, and then studied theory with Kenneth McKillop (from 1946) and composition with Roslyn Brogue (from 1947), graduating from the Schill-inger School in 1950. From 1952 to 1955 he was associated with the Project for Music for Mag…
(1922-) Cosmopolitan Author and editor Helen Gurley Brown rose through the ranks of business from secretary to executive, with many of her achievements coming while she was unmarried and at a time when women were not common as business executives. Through her position as editor of Cosmopolitan magazine and her several books on single life, Brown defined the lifestyles of single people for an ent…
Henry ?Box? Brown got his nickname ?Box? after he mailed himself from Richmond, Virginia, to the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, antislavery office in 1849 in order to escape from slavery. His method of escape was so unusual that his story was told repeatedly. Brown, who was unlettered, got the abolitionist Charles Stearns to write down his autobiography for him. It was first published just several mo…
(1912? ) US chemist: introduced organoboranes for organic synthesis. Brown was born in London, but his family emigrated to Chicago in 1914. He obtained a university education with difficulty, but his talent secured a professorship at Purdue in 1947 which he held until retirement in 1978. His researches included studies on carbocations and on steric effects, and especially on boron compounds. He wa…
Born Howard Brown in 1967 in Montana; son of Bob and Florence (owners of a hardware store and a clothing store) Brown; married Karen Stewart; children: Hazel. Born Karen Stewart, c. 1969; married Howard Brown; children: Hazel. Education : Brown: Studied economics at the University of Montana after 1985; studied art in Italy; graduated with a degree in design from the University of Arizona, c. 1990…
Brown, Howard Mayer American musicologist; b. Los Angeles, April 13, 1930; d. Venice, Feb. 21, 1993. He studied composition with Piston and musicology with Gombosi at Harvard Univ. (B.A., 1951; M.A., 1954; Ph.D., 1959, with the diss. Music in the French Secular Theater, 1400-1550; publ, in Cambridge, Mass., 1963); also studied in Vienna (1951?53) and later held a Guggenheim fellowship in Florence …
Brown, James ?The Godfather of Soul?; b. Macon, Ga., May 3, 1928 (although some sources claim May 3, 1933, in Barnwell, S.C.). Raised in Augusta, James Brown took up keyboards, then drums and bass, at an early age. Dropping out of school in the seventh grade, Brown spent a delinquent youth, serving four years in reform school for petty theft beginning in 1949. Upon release, he joined pianist Bobby…
According to his website, when asked by an interviewer to define ?funky,? tap dancer, teacher, and choreographer James ?Buster? Brown would reply, ?Funky? That?s when you look like it smells bad.? He would wrinkle his nose and do a funny dance, bringing laughter to anyone who was in the room. What the interviewer was likely getting at was that it was Brown himself who defined funky and not in the …
BROWN, JIM (1936?). Football player, athlete, actor. He was born on St. Simons Island off the southern coast of Georgia. Before graduating from Manhasset High School, he earned 13 letters in football, basketball, baseball, lacrosse, and track and field. Brown played nine seasons as a fullback in the NFL for the Cleveland Browns. As Cleveland?s first round draft pick at No. 6 overall, he was voted …
John Brown was born on May 9, 1800, in Torrington, Connecticut, and he died on the scaffold in Charlestown, Virginia, on December 2, 1859. He was the only white abolitionist who repeatedly took up arms against slavery before the Civil War. Convinced that the standard tactics of persuasion and politics had done nothing to dislodge the South?s ?peculiar institution,? the deeply religious Brown becam…
Brown, Lawrence jazz trombonist; b. Lawrence, Kans., Aug. 3, 1907; d. Los Angeles, Sept. 5, 1988. His brother, Harold, is a professional pianist; their father was a minister. Lawrence started on piano, violin, and tuba, then specialized on trombone. While studying medicine at Pasadena Junior Coll., he played in school orchestra. Professional at 19 with Charlie Echols? Band, left after six months t…
Lee Patrick Brown is one of the top law-enforcement officials in the United States. After helming the police forces of Atlanta, Houston, and New York City, Brown served as drug czar in the first Clinton administration and then headed back to Houston to run for mayor. Voters in the city?an urban sprawl equally divided between black, white, and Hispanic residents?elected him in 1997 and returned him…
Brown, Les(ter Raymond) pop-jazz bandleader of the ?Band of Renown,? arranger, composer; b. Reinerton, Pa., March 14, 1912. He formed a band at Duke Univ. in the early 1930s. In 1938, he led Les Brown and his Band of Renown, which became the most popular white dance band in the U.S. in the 1940s and early 1950s. Doris Day was his vocalist; their biggest hits together included ?My Dreams Are Gettin…
The only full-time black faculty member at George Washington University from 1971 to 1976, Letitia Woods Brown was born on October 24, 1915, in Tuskegee, ? Alabama, to Mathew and Evadne (Adam) Woods, both members of the Tuskegee Institute (now University). She obtained a bachelor?s degree from Tuskegee in 1935, a master?s degree from Ohio State University in 1937, and a Ph.D. from Harvard Universi…
Louise Fargo Brown was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1878 to Albert Tower and Eva Perry (Fargo) Brown. She received a B.A. degree from Cornell University in 1903 and entered the graduate school there in 1905. She was twice awarded the Andrew White Traveling Fellowship, which enabled her to study in London, Oxford, Basel, Zurich, and Geneva. The results of her research during those years were publi…
Brown, Pete (James Ostend), jazz alto saxophonist; b. Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1906; d. N.Y., Sept. 20, 1963. His father was originally from Barbados and played trombone; his mother was a pianist. Pete?s cousin Estelle Carroll was a singer. He played piano from the age of eight, took up the ukelele soon after, and then specialized on violin. He played in local a movie-house band from the age of 12,…
Brown, Ray(mond Matthews), renowed jazz bassist; b. Pittsburgh, Oct. 13, 1926. He is one ofthe most recorded bassists in jazz. He moved to N.Y. around 1945 and performed and recorded with Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, and Bud Powell in the late 1940s. Brown played in Gillespie?s big band (1946?47) and is seen onscreen with the band in the film jivin? in Bebop . He was married to Ella Fitzgerald…
Adecorated military veteran, college president, and media personality, Roscoe Conkling Brown Jr. refused to go along with the racism of his era. Instead, he resisted discrimination and never let it stop him from pursuing and achieving his goals. He became a superior combat pilot at a time when many ranking members of the U.S. Air Corps believed African Americans lacked the ability to become pilots…
BROWN, ROSCOE LEE (1925?). Actor. He is a veteran character actor with a balding head and deep velvet voice. Before taking to the stage, he taught French and literature at Lincoln University, and set a world record for the 800 meter run in 1951. His film roles include The Comedians , 1967; The Liberation of L. B. Jones , 1970; and Uptown Saturday Night , 1974. He has toured with Anthony Zerbe, in …
Brown, Ruth (nee Alston Weston) , American R&B singer and actress; b. Portsmouth, Va., Jan. 12, 1928. Brown was the daughter of Leonard Weston, a dock worker, and Martha Jane Alston Weston. Her father served as a church choir director, and she received her first musical instruction singing spirituals in church. She began singing secular music while working at a USO club during World War II and aro…
Solomon G. Brown was as self-educated man, whose gifted intellect, hard work, creativity, and inventive spirit endowed him with a versatile public career. He helped Samuel F. Morse develop the telegraph and became the first African American employed by the Smithsonian Institute. Brown?s expertise as a naturalist and his talent as an illustrator made him a highly desirable lecturer in his day. Brow…
Brown, Tom (Red), early jazz trombonist; brother of Steve Brown; b. New Orleans, June 3, 1888; d. March 25, 1958. His early nickname was ?Red.? He began on violin at nine, later played trombone in Papa Jack Laine?s Reliance Bands, and led his own band from c. 1910. He took his own Brown?s Ragtime Band to open at Lamb?s Cafe, Chicago, on May 15, 1915. A newspaper ad for the band is the first known …
Hugh M. Browne was an influential educator and creative thinker whose ideas were a part of the early development of African American education and civil rights. Although Browne was a contemporary of both Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois, his philosophical positions marked a middle ground between Washington?s advocacy of industrial education for the masses and Du Bois?s advocacy for classi…
Browne, Jackson, perhaps the most stimulating and profound male song-poet of the 1970s, established the singer-songwriter genre with subtle, honest songs with romantic, spiritual, or apocalyptic themes; b. Heidelberg, Germany, Oct. 9, 1948. Exhibiting a feel for both folk and rock music, his compelling sound featured multi-instrumentalist David Lindley, who introduced unusual stringed instruments,…
Browning, John, brilliant American pianist; b. Denver, May 22, 1933. His father was a professional violinist, his mother an accomplished pianist. Browning studied with her from childhood; played a Mozart piano concerto at the age of 10, and was accepted as a student by Rosina Lh?vinne, who was giving a master course in Denver at the time. The family later moved to Los Angeles, where Browning becam…
Brownlee, John (Donald Mackensie), Australian baritone; b. Geelong, Jan. 7, 1900; d. N.Y., Jan. 10, 1969. He was a pupil of Gilly in Paris, where he made his operatic debut as Nilakantha in Lakm? at the Th??tre-Lyrique in 1926. On June 8, 1926, he first appeared at London?s Covent Garden as Marcello during Melba?s farewell concert. From 1927 to 1936 he was a member of the Paris Op?ra; also sang at…
Brubeck, Dave (originally David Warren), American jazz pianist, bandleader, and composer; b. Concord, Calif., Dec. 6, 1920. Brubeck?s father, Howard Peter Brubeck, was a cattle rancher; his mother, Elizabeth Ivey Brubeck, was a piano teacher. Though he began taking piano lessons from his mother at the age of four and played in bands as a teenager, he entered the Coll. of the Pacific as a veterinar…
The life of John Edward Bruce was marked by perseverance and fortitude. Born a slave, Bruce rose from humble beginnings on a plantation in Piscataway, Mary-land, to an adulthood in which he corresponded with friends and activists throughout Africa, the Caribbean, Central and South America, the Philippines, and Europe. While some found manumission by escaping or at the mercy of their masters, other…
Kathleen Eveleth Bruce was born October 21, 1885, in Richmond, Virginia, to Thomas Seddon and Mary Bruce (Anderson). She received her early education at Miss Ellett?s Private School in Richmond before moving west to Tucson, Arizona, and El Paso, Texas. She attended Radcliffe College and received an A.B. in 1918, an A.M. in 1919, and a Ph.D. in 1924. From 1924 to 1926 Bruce taught history and gover…
(1855?1931) British microbiologist: investigated undulant fever and sleeping sickness. Bruce belongs to a tradition of military medical men who worked on tropical diseases in an age of colonial concern. He studied medicine at Edinburgh and joined the Army Medical Service in 1883. The next year he was posted to Malta. There he studied undulant fever (now called brucellosis) and in 1886 he isolated …
Bruch, Max (Christian Friedrich), distinguished German composer, conductor, and pedagogue; b. Cologne, Jan. 6, 1838; d. Friedenau, near Berlin, Oct. 2, 1920. His mother was a soprano and singing teacher, and it was from her that he first studied piano. He was only 9 when he wrote his first composition. He soon began taking theory lessons with Heinrich Breidenstein in Bonn. After winning the Mozart…
Born September 21, 1945, in Detroit, MI; married Bonnie (a producer; marriage ended); married Linda Sue Cobb (a writer and antiques dealer). Education: University of Arizona, B.A., 1965. Addresses: Office ?Jerry Bruckheimer Films, 1631 Tenth St., Santa Monica, CA 90404. Worked for BBD&O, New York, NY, 1968?c.1972; began producing films, 1972; formed Simpson-Bruckheimer Productions, 1983; partnersh…
Bruckner, (Josef) Anton, great Austrian composer; b. Ansfelden, Sept. 4, 1824; d. Vienna, Oct. 11, 1896. He studied music with his father, a village schoolmaster and church organist; also took music lessons at H?rsching with his cousin Johann Baptist Weiss. After his father?s death in 1837, Bruckner enrolled as a chorister at St. Florian, where he attended classes in organ, piano, violin, and theo…
Bruneau, (Louis-Charles-Bonaventure-)Alfred, French opera composer; b. Paris, March 3, 1857; d. there, June 15, 1934. In 1873 he entered the Paris Cons., where he was a pupil of Franchomme. He won the first cello prize in 1876, and later studied harmony with Savard and composition with Massenet; in 1881 he won the Prix de Rome with his cantata Sainte- Genevi?ve . He was a music critic for Gil Bias…
[broo nel ] (1806?59) British civil engineer; pioneer designer of large steamships. Brunel revealed a talent for drawing and grasp of geometry by the age of 6. His father, Sir Marc Isambard Brunel (1769?1849), having fled his native France and the Revolution for America before settling in Britain, educated his son in England, Normandy and Paris. Brunel joined his father in his engineering projects…
Brunelle, Philip, American conductor, organist, and choral scholar; b. Faribault, Minn., July 1, 1934. He was educated at the Univ. of Minn. From 1968 to 1985 he was music director of the Minn. Opera, where he conducted operas by various American composers. In 1969 he was named organist and choirmaster at the Plymouth Congregational Church in Minneapolis, where he quickly organized and became arti…
Brunis (originally Brunies), George Clarence), pioneering New Orleans trombonist; b. New Orleans, Feb. 6, 1902; d. Chicago, Nov. 19, 1974. Henry Brunies Sr., a baker who played violin, and his wife, Elizabeth, a pianist, had six sons and a daughter, all of whom were musical. The daughter, Ada, played guitar, and the oldest son, Rudy (1884?1955), played double bass, although he earned his living as…
(1548?1600) Italian philosopher: supporter of the Copernican (heliocentric) system. Bruno entered but later left the Dominican Order, and spoke and wrote supporting radical views on religion, the infinity of space, the motion of the Earth and the Copernican system. He travelled widely in Europe, was arrested by the Inquisition (1592) and after a lengthy trial refused to recant. Details of the tria…
Born at Nola, Italy, the son of a military officer in the Spanish vice-regency of Naples, Giordano Bruno entered a Dominican monastery at the age of fifteen. After renouncing Aristotelian Scholasticism and leaving the order in 1576, he settled first in Geneva, then in Toulouse (1579), and finally in Paris (1581), where he lectured on systems of memory derived from the fourteenth-century mnemonics …
Brusilow, Anshel, American violinist, conductor, and teacher; b. Philadelphia, Aug. 14, 1928. He studied violin with Zimbalist at the Curtis Inst. of Music in Philadelphia (1943) and with Jani Szanto at the Philadelphia Musical Academy (diploma, 1947), and conducting with Monteux (1944?54). In 1944 he made his debut as a violinist with Ormandy and the Philadelphia Orch. He served as concertmaster …
Bryant, Boudleaux (Diadorius) and Felice (Matilda Genevi?ve Scaduto), American songwriters. Together and separately, the husband-andwife team of Boudleaux (b. Shellman, Ga., Feb. 13, 1920; d. Gatlinburg, Term., June 30, 1987) and Felice Bryant (b. Milwaukee, Aug. 7, 1925) wrote music and lyrics for numerous pop and country hits of the 1950s and 1960s. They were most closely associated with the Eve…
Bryant, Clora, jazz trumpeter, singer; b. Denison, Tex., May 30, 1929. Her mother died when she was about three years old, and her father raised her and her siblings. The entire family was musical: her father whistled and performed birdcalls; her mother was a singer; and her brother Fred played trumpet and brother Mel was a singer/dancer. She began playing trumpet, studying on her own and in schoo…
(1794-1878) New York Evening Post William Cullen Bryant enjoyed one of the longest and most influential careers in American journalism, but the New York Evening Post editor was really a poet at heart and achieved literary fame while still in his 20s. A leading personality in his day, Bryant?s leadership of one of the most widely read populist newspapers in American history was noted for his dedi…
Bryant, Willie (actually, William Steven), jazz band leader, singer; b. New Orleans, Aug. 30, 1908; d. Los Angeles, Feb. 9, 1964. His family moved to Chicago in 1912. He made a short-lived attempt to play trumpet, then worked as a candy-seller at the Grand Theatre, Chicago. In 1926 he began working as a softshoe dancer in the Whitman Sisters? Show, did extensive touring throughout the 1920s and in…
Bryars, (Richard) Gavin, significant English composer and teacher; b. Goole, Yorkshire, Jan. 16, 1943. He studied composition privately with Cyril Ramsey (1959?61) and George Linstead (1963?65) in England, and with Ben Johnston (1968) in the U.S.; also at the Univ. of Sheffield (B.A. in philosophy, 1964) and at the Northern School of Music (1964?66). After teaching at the Northampton Coll. of Tech…
Brymer, Jack, English clarinetist and teacher; b. South Shields, Jan. 27, 1915. He was educated at Goldsmiths? Coll., Univ. of London. Following service in the Royal Air Force in World War II (1940?45), he was principal clarinet in the Royal Phil. in London (1946?63), the BBC Sym. Orch. in London (1963?72), and the London Sym. Orch. (1972?87). He also was a member of the Wigmore, Prometheus, and L…
Bryson, Peabo (Pepo Bryson), one of the great singers of romantic soul, known for a smooth baritone and good looks; b. Greenville, S.C., April 13, 1951. Bryson was born into a musical family, and decided he wanted to sing by the age of four. His father left home when Bryson was five, and he lived with his mother and grandfather on the grandfather?s farm, where he worked hard, claiming to have slau…
B: 1987 Birthplace: Dallas, Texas Award: Dallas Designer Sportswear Award, 1991 Dana Buchman was named vice president of design for the Buchman division of Liz Claiborne, Inc., in 1987. This signature collection was created for working women who wanted fashionable dress but were concerned about professionalism and comfort. In 1989 Karen Harman was brought on as vice president of design and codesig…
[bukh ner] (1860?1917) German organic chemist: showed that fermentation does not require living cells. Buchner?s elder brother Hans (see below), first interested and guided him in science, succeeding so well that Eduard studied botany under and chemistry under and became the latter?s assistant. From 1893 he was professor at Kiel and, after several moves, at W?rzburg from 1911 until he was killed i…
Buck, Dudley, American organist, pedagogue, and composer; b. Hartford, Conn., March 10, 1839; d. West Orange, N.J., Oct. 6, 1909. He began piano lessons at age 16. After attending Trinity Coll. in Hartford (1855?57), he pursued studies at the Leipzig Cons, with Plaidy and Moscheles (piano), Schneider (organ), Hauptmann (composition), and Rietz (instrumentation). Returning to Hartford in 1862, he w…
Buck, Sir Percy Carter, English organist and teacher; b. London, March 25, 1871; d. there, Oct. 3, 1947. He studied at the Guildhall School of Music and the Royal Coll. of Music in London; subsequently served as a church organist. From 1901 to 1927 he was music director at the Harrow School; was prof. of music at Trinity Coll. in Dublin (1910?20) and at the Univ. of London (1925?37); also taught a…
B?cken, Ernst, eminent German musicologist; b. Aachen, May 2, 1884; d. Overath, near Cologne, July 28, 1949. He studied musicology at the Univ. of Munich with Sandberger and Kroyer; also took courses in composition with Courvoisier; received his Ph.D. there in 1912 with the diss. Anton Reicha; Sein Leben und seine Kompositionen (publ, in Munich, 1912); completed his Habilitation at the Univ. of Co…
Buckley, Emerson, American conductor; b. N.Y., April 14, 1916; d. Miami, Nov. 17, 1989. He studied at Columbia Univ. (B.A., 1936), where he began his career as conductor of its Grand Opera (1936?38). He subsequently was conductor of the Palm Beach (Fla.) Sym. Orch. (1938?41), the N.Y. City Sym. Orch. (1941?42), the San Carlo Opera in N.Y. (1943?45), and WOR Radio in N.Y. (1945?54). In 1950 he beca…
Buckner, Milt(on Brent), jazz pianist, organist, vibraphonist, arranger; b. St. Louis, July 10, 1915; d. Chicago, July 27, 1977. He was orphaned at the age of nine and raised in Detroit. He received musical education from his uncle, trombonist John Tobias. In 1930 he did first arrangements for Earl Walton?s Band. He studied at the Detroit Inst. of Arts for two years, and during this time gigged wi…
Buckner, Thomas, leading American baritone, composer, and producer; b. N.Y., Aug. 13, 1941. After brief studies at Yale Univ., he took both B.A. (1964) and M.A. (1965) degrees in English literature at the Univ. of Santa Clara in Calif.; also took courses in linguistics at Stanford Univ. He then devoted himself to vocal training, numbering among his mentors W.A. Mathieu, Martial Singher, Alden Gilc…
Budd, Harold (Montgomery), highly original American composer, pianist, and poet; b. Los Angeles, May 24, 1936. He grew up in Los Angeles and the Mojave desert town of Victorville. He studied composition and acoustics with Gerald Strang and Aurelio de la Vega at San Fernando Valley State Coll. (later Calif. State Univ. at Northridge; B.A., 1963) and with Dahl at the Univ. of Southern Calif, in Los …
The black soldiers known as ?Buffalo Soldiers? played a crucial role in the fight for black equality in the armed forces. They were created and served in the United States military during perhaps the most volatile period in the history of America, the post?Civil War era. Often the victims of racial discrimination, the Buffalo Soldiers conducted themselves with dignity and honor. Their efforts duri…
Buffalo Springfield, distinctive folk-rock pioneers. MEMBERSHIP: Neil Young, first lead gtr., voc.(b. Toronto, Ontario, Can., Nov. 12, 1945); Stephen Stills, second lead gtr., kybd., voc. (b. Dallas, Jan. 3, 1945); Richie Furay, rhythm gtr., voc. (b. Yellow Springs, Ohio, May 9, 1944); Bruce Palmer, bs. (b. Liverpool, Nova Scotia, Can., Sept. 1946); Dewey Martin, drm. (b. Chesterville, Ontario, Ca…
Buffett, Jimmy, one of the most amusing singersongwriters to emerge in the 1970s, appealed to country and rock audiences with an intriguing variety of songs, alternately silly and sentimental, about sailing, partying, and womanizing, all portraying his unique, laidback lifestyle; b. Mobile, Ala., Dec. 25, 1946. Achieving only one major hit in 25 years of recording (1977?s ?Margaritaville?), Buffet…
(1930-) Berkshire Hathaway Inc. Warren Buffett is regarded as one of America?s most brilliant investors and was one of its richest men in the late twentieth century. The subject of a cult of personality among satisfied investors, Buffett has been variously dubbed ?St. Warren,? the ?Wizard of Omaha,? and the ?Corn-Fed Capitalist,? among other nicknames. Despite his vast fortune, he is often seen …
(Count) de [b?f?] (1707?88) French naturalist and polymath: surveyed much of biology and had early ideas on evolution of species. Buffon?s mother was wealthy and, despite his father?s desire that Buffon should study law, it is likely that he studied medicine and mathematics. A duel made him leave France in 1730 for 2 years, but on his return he became active in scientific and financial circles; he…
The original senses of bugger , a predominantly British term, were powerfully xenophobic. Derived from French Bougre , from Latin Bularus meaning ?a Bulgarian,? it meant ?a heretic? from the fourteenth century and ?a sodomite? from the sixteenth. However, in the modern period it shows generalization and loss of intensity, its original critical sense giving way to a wide variety of tones, also seen…
Awards: World Trade Hall of Fame Mow Chao Wei came to the United States in 1949 when he was thirteen. His family fled Shanghai just before the city fell to Communist rule. They settled in New York City, and he became William C. Mow. In 1967 Mow completed his doctorate in electrical engineering at Purdue University, and two years later he founded Macrodata, a company which developed and tested comp…
Born Fernando Bujones Jr., March 9, 1955, in Miami, FL; died of complications from melanoma, November 10, 2005, in Miami, FL. Ballet dancer. Considered one of the best classical ballet dancers of the 1970s and 1980s, if not the best American-born male ballet dancer, Fernando Bujones was a rival of Mikhail Baryshnikov, but was considered more talented than the better-known Russian dancer. Bujones w…
Bukofzer, Manfred F(ritz), eminent Germanborn American musicologist; b. Oldenburg, March 27, 1910; d. Oakland, Calif., Dec. 7, 1955. He studied at the Hoch Cons, in Frankfurt am Main, and at the univs. of Heidelberg, Berlin, and Basel (Ph.D., 1936, with the diss. Geschichte des englischen Diskants un? des Fauxbourdons nach den theoretischen Quellen; publ, in Strasbourgh, 1936); also took courses w…
B. 1857 D. 1932 Birthplace: Greece Born in Greece in 1857, Sotirio Bulgari, armed with his skills as a silversmith, came to Naples in 1881 and opened a small shop where he engraved precious objects. He moved to Rome four years later and opened a shop on the Via Sistina, eventually moving his business to the Via Condotti, the same street on which its modern headquarters is located today. Sons Giorg…
Bull, John, famous English organist and composer; b. probably in Old Radnor, Radnorshire, c. 1562; d. Antwerp, March 12, 1628. He became a chorister at Hereford Cathedral in 1573. In 1574 he joined the Children of the Chapel Royal and studied music with William Blitheman and Willian Hunnis. In 1582 he became organist at Hereford Cathedral, and in 1583 he also became its master of the choristers. I…
Bull, Ole (Bomemann), eccentric Norwegian violinist and composer; b. Bergen, Feb. 5, 1810; d. Lyso, near Bergen, Aug. 17, 1880. He was extremely precocious, and played the violin experimentally even before acquiring the rudiments of music. At the age of 9, he played solos with the Bergen Harmonic Soc. His teachers were then Niels Eriksen and J.H. Poulsen; later he had regular instruction with M. L…
(1907?80) British geo-physicist: made first measurement of geothermal heat flow through the oceanic crust, and proposed dynamo theory for the Earth?s magnetic field. Bullard served in naval research during the Second World War, afterwards working in Cambridge and North America before becoming director of the National Physical Laboratory, England. In 1964 he was appointed director of the Department…
Bullock, Chick (Charles), jazz-pop singer; b. Butte, Mont., Sept. 16, 1908; d. Calif., Sept. 15, 1981. He was one of the most recorded singers of all time. He began singing in a vaudeville theater to accompany the projection of series of photographs and also took small acting roles in silent films. Success with his first recording coupled with a disfiguring eye ailment caused him to concentrate on…
B?low, Hans (Guido) Von, celebrated German pianist and conductor of high attainment; b. Dresden, Jan. 8, 1830; d. Cairo, Feb. 12, 1894. At the age of 9 he began to study piano with Friedrich Wieck and theory with Max Eberwein; then went to Leipzig, where he studied law at the univ. and took a music course with Moritz Hauptmann; he also studied piano with Plaidy. From 1846 to 1848 he lived in Stutt…
Since this complex term has a wide variety of meanings and tones, this entry focuses on the more critical. There are three basic senses in American English?namely as a noun, meaning ?an idler, layabout, or loafer?; as a verb, ?to beg?; and as an adjective, ?of low quality, substandard, or not right.? All ultimately originated in German bummler , ?an idler,? and bummeln , ?a leisurely stroll,? foun…
Bumbry, Grace (Melzia Ann), greatly talented black American mezzo-soprano and soprano; b. St. Louis, Jan. 4, 1937. She attended Boston Univ. and Northwestern Univ., and pursued vocal training with Lehmann at the Music Academy of the West in Santa Barbara (1955?58) and with Bernac in Paris. With Martina Arroyo, she was co-winner of the Metropolitan Opera auditions in 1958. In 1960 she made a notabl…
Bumey, Charles, celebrated English music historian; b. Shrewsbury, April 7, 1726; d. Chelsea, April 12, 1814. He was a pupil of Edmund Baker (organist of Chester Cathedral), of his eldest half brother, James Burney, and, from 1744 to 1747, of Arne in London. In 1749 he became organist of St. Dionis-Backchurch, and harpsichord player at the subscription concerts in the King?s Arms, Cornhill. He res…
Bunch, John, talented American piano player and musical director; b. Tipton, Ind., Dec. 1, 1921. Bunch began playing piano in a small Ind. town in the early 1930s and, by age 12, was appearing in clubs all over the state that officially honored him at the 1996 Elkhart Jazz Festival. An Army Air Force enlistee in 1942, Bunch was shot down and captured during his 17th mission over Germany. He passed…
Bunn, Teddy (actually, Theodore Leroy), jazz guitarist, singer; b. Long Island, N.Y., c. 1909; d. Lancaster, Calif., July 20, 1978. His brother, Kenneth, was a violinist; their mother played the organ, their father was an accordionist. He played without a pick, using his thumb and forefinger to solo in a heavily melodic, rather than chordal fashion. Bunn taught himself the guitar. Although Teddy s…
Bunnett, Jane, Canadian jazz soprano saxophonist and flutist; b. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Oct. 22, 1956. Bunnett was originally trained as a classical pianist but had to give up that career option when tendinitis made it too difficult for her to play. Traveling to San Francisco to recoup her energies, Bunnett heard a series of concerts by Charles Mingus at Keystone Corners which inspired her to c…
(1811?99) German chemist: wide-ranging experimenter, and pioneer of chemical spectroscopy. Bunsen?s father was librarian and professor of linguistics in G?ttingen, and Robert studied chemistry there before travelling and studying also in Paris, Berlin and Vienna. He became professor at Heidelberg in 1852 and remained there until retirement, 10 years before his death. Bunsen was pre-eminently an ex…
In James Clavell?s celebrated 1975 novel, Shogun , the following description appears: Jan Roper interrupted, ?Wait a minute, Vinck!? ?What?s wrong, Pilot.? ?What about eters?? ?It is just that the Japanese think of them as different. They are the executioners, and work the hides and handle corpses.? (p. 870) Elsewhere in the book the term eta ( eters ) appears, yet a fuller explanation of these pe…
B. 1835 D. 1926 Birthplace: Dorking, Surrey, England When Thomas Burberry opened his drapery business, T. Burberry and Sons, in 1856, he could not have fathomed the impact he would have on men?s outerwear and clothing in general. In the 1870s he invented gabardine, a revolutionary fabric which rain could not penetrate, yet was cool and wrinkle resistant. This fabric became invaluable for sportswea…
Burch(ell), John (Alexander), jazz pianist, composer; b. London, Jan. 6, 1932. He studied piano from age 12, performed in Army bands, then gigged around London. In the late 1950s, he worked with own trio on U.S. bases in Europe. He played with the Jazzmakers in summer 1960, then joined the Don Ren?dell Quartet (early 1961?late 1962); afterwards, he led his own octet, which continued to flourish in…
Charles Eaton Burch devoted his life to teaching seventeenth- and eighteenth-century literature and studying the literary and political activities of Daniel Defoe, English author of Robinson Crusoe . Burch was especially known among literary scholars as an authority on the life and works of Daniel Defoe. Although Burch received international acclaim for his scholarship on Defoe among academic circ…
Burge, David (Russell), American pianist, teacher, writer, and composer; b. Evanston, III., March 25, 1930. He was educated at Northwestern Univ. (B.M., 1951; M.M., 1952), the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, N.Y. (D.M.A. and Artist?s Diploma, 1956), and the Cherubini Cons, in Florence on a Fulbright scholarship (1956?57). Thereafter he pursued a highly active career as a pianist, giving nume…
Burgess, Anthony(real name, John Anthony Burgess Wilson), celebrated English novelist, critic, and composer; b. Manchester, Feb. 25, 1917; d. London, Nov. 22, 1993. He studied language and literature at the Univ. of Manchester (B. A., 1940); he also played piano in jazz combos and taught himself to compose by a close study of the Classical masters. He was active as a teacher in England and the Far…
Burgess, Sally, South African?born English mezzo?soprano; b. Durban, Oct. 9, 1953. She was a student of Alan at the Royal Coll. of Music in London, and later pursued private training with Studholme, Salaman, and Veasey. In 1976 she began her career as a soprano with her formal debut as a soloist in the Brahms Requiem in London. In 1977 she made her first appearance at the English National Opera th…
Burghauser, Jarmil, distinguished Czech composer, conductor, and musicologist; b. Pisek, Oct. 21, 1921. After training in composition with Kricka (1933?37) and Jerem?as (1937?40), he pursued studies in conducting at the Prague Cons, with Dolezil and D??decek (graduated, 1944), and then at its master school with Talich (graduated, 1946); subsequently he took courses in musicology and psychology at …
Burgm?ller, family of German musicians: (1) Johann August Franz Burgm?ller , organist and conductor; b. Magdeburg, April 28, 1766; d. Dusseldorf, Aug. 21, 1824. After touring as a theater conductor, he settled in D?sseldorf. In 1818 he founded the Lower Rhine Music Festival, which he served as director. He also was the first music director of D?sseldorf. He had two sons: (2) (Johann) Friedrich (Fr…
Burian, Emil Frantisele, Czech composer and stage director; b. Pilsen, June 11, 1904; d. Prague, Aug. 9, 1959. His father was a baritone and his mother a singing teacher. He received his training at the Prague Cons, where he attended Foerster?s masterclass in composition (graduated, 1927). Even before graduating, he was active in avant-garde quarters in Prague as a stage director, dramatist, actor…
Burke, Johnny (John), light-hearted American lyricist; b. Antioch, Calif., Oct. 3, 1908; d. N.Y., Feb. 25, 1964. Burke wrote songs for at least 43 motion pictures between 1930 and 1956. Most of the films were released by Paramount, starred Bing Crosby, and had music by James Van Heusen. Burke?s other most frequent collaborators included Arthur Johnston and James V. Monaco. He sometimes composed hi…
Burke, Solomon, the original soul singer (b. Philadelphia, Pa., 1936). By the age of 12, Solomon Burke was a bishop in the church where both his grandmother and mother were ministers. Called ?The Wonder Boy Preacher,? Burke?s ministry took him all over the northeast and earned him a regular spot on the radio by the late 1940s. He also performed with a group called the Gospel Cavaliers. In his late…
Burkhard, Paul, Swiss conductor and composer; b. Zurich, Dec. 21, 1911; d. Zell, Sept. 6, 1977. He was trained at the Zurich Cons. After working at the Bern City Theater (1932?34), he was resident composer at the Z?rich Theater (1939?44). From 1944 to 1957 he conducted the Zurich Radio Orch. As a composer, he was successful mainly with light theater pieces. His Der schwarze Hecht (Z?rich, April 1,…
(1911?93) British epidemiologist: discovered Burkitt?s lymphoma, a cancer caused by a virus. Born and educated in Ulster, Burkitt entered Trinity College, Dublin to study engineering but changed to medicine and specialized in surgery. Working in Uganda in the 1950s, he discovered the type of cancer now known as Burkitt?s lymphoma. This presents as swellings of the jaw, usually in children of 6?8 y…
Burlas, Ladislav, Slovak composer and musicologist; b. Trnava, April 3, 1927. He first studied music with Mikul?s Schneider-Trnavsky, and then went to Bratislava to pursue training in philosophy, history, and musicology at the Comenius Univ. (1946?51). He concurrently studied composition with Alexander Moyzes at the Cons., and subsequently at the Academy of Music and Drama (1951?55). He later was …
Harry (Henry) T. Burleigh was a renowned scholar of African American music and a pioneer in arranging spirituals for solo voice with accompaniment. His settings of the spirituals were sung by many of the acclaimed soloists of his day, including Marian Anderson, Paul Robeson, John McCormack, Roland Hayes, and others. The tradition, which continues into the early twenty-first century, of including a…
Burnette, Johnny, and Dorsey Burnette MEMBERSHIP: Johnny Burnette, gtr., voc. (b. Memphis, Term., March 25, 1934; d. Clear Lake, Calif., Aug. 1, 1964); Dorsey Burnette, bs., voc. (b. Memphis, Dec. 28, 1932; d. Canoga Park, Calif., Aug. 19, 1979). With electric lead guitarist Paul Burlison (b. Brownsville, Term., Feb. 4, 1929) and brother Dorsey, Johnny Burnette founded the pioneering but largely o…
(1846-1912) Burnham and Root Daniel Burnham was a chief architect of nineteenth-century America who helped rebuild Chicago after it burned down in the mid-nineteenth century. He was not a ?modernist? but was a master of practical architecture and made early contributions to the development of the skyscraper. Even though his work was influenced by European ideas, his maxim ?think big? and his inn…
Although Robert Burns (1759?1796) is Scotland?s national poet, famous for such lyrics as ?My luve is a like a red, red rose? and the globally institutional ?Auld Lang Syne,? he wrote a considerable volume of bawdy lyrics, some published after his death under the title of The Merry Muses of Caledonia (1799/1800). This collection contains some surprising anticipations of modern obscenity. His ?Ode t…
Burr, Henry (Harry H. McClaskey), popular Canadian ballad singer; b. St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Can., Jan. 15, 1882; d. Chicago, April 6, 1941. Burr is said to have appeared on upwards of 12, 000 recordings, making his tenor voice the most-recorded in history. He was second only to Billy Murray as the most successful recording artist of the first two decades of the 20th century in the U.S., repor…
Burrell, Kenny (actually, Kenneth Earl), jazz guitarist; b. Detroit, July 31, 1931. Encouraged and coached by his older brother, Billy, Kenny began playing guitar at 12; he played both bass and guitar in the high school band. Soon he was freelancing with Tommy Flanagan, Yusef Lateef, Pepper Adams, Elvin Jones, and others. He made his recording debut with Dizzy Gillespie?s sextet (1951). Burrell co…
Burroughs, Alvin (?Mouse?), jazz drummer; b. Mobile, Ala., Nov. 21, 1911; d. Chicago, Aug. 1, 1950. He is best known for his work with the Earl Hines big band. He was raised in Pittsburgh and at age 16 made his debut (with Roy Eldridge) in a kids? band at Sharon, Pa. He worked with Walter Page?s Blue Devils in 1928-29, with Alphonse Trent (1930). Burroughs settled in Chicago, played with various l…
Burton, Gary world-class jazz vibraphone player; b. Anderson, Ind., Jan. 23, 1943. His parents wanted him to study an instrument other than piano, which his older sister played, and he became interested in marimba after attending a concert when he was six. After two years, he added vibraphone; on both, he played popular sheet music. Burton had some training on piano, but is self-taught on vibes wi…
Born Jake Burton Carpenter, April 29, 1954, in New York, NY; married Donna (a gourmet-food store owner); children: George, Taylor, Tim. Education: Attended the University of Colorado?Boulder; earned degree from New York University, c. 1977. Addresses: Home ?Moscow, VT. Office ?Burton Snowboards, 80 Industrial Pkwy., Burlington, VT 05401. Had a landscaping business during his teenage years on Long …
Burton, Stephen Douglas, American composer and teacher; b. Whittier, Calif., Feb. 24, 1943. He studied at the Oberlin (Ohio) Coll. Cons, of Music (1960?62), with Henze at the Salzburg Mozarteum, and at the Peabody Cons, of Music in Baltimore (M.M., 1974). In 1969 he was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship. After teaching at the Catholic Univ. of America in Washington, D.C. (1970?74), he joined the fac…
[be ree] (1890?1968) British physical chemist: little-known theorist on electronic structure of atoms. Usually credited with the feat of giving the first clear account of the arrangement of electrons in atoms and its relation to chemical behaviour. In fact the first rough suggestion of electron ?shells? is due to (1904), and (1919) gave a more detailed shell model (partly incorrect), which he link…
Busby, Thomas, English writer on music; b. Westminster, Dec. 1755; d. London, May 28, 1838. He was a chorister in London, then studied with Battishill (1769?74). He served as church organist at St. Mary?s, Newington, Surrey, and St. Mary Woolnoth, Lombard Street. He obtained the degree of B.Mus. from Cambridge Univ. in 1801. In collaboration with Arnold, he publ. A Complete Dictionary of Music (18…
(1839-1913) Anheuser-Busch, Inc. A German immigrant to the United States, Adolphus Busch started his career with a small brewing supply company and went on to found one of the largest and most successful breweries in the United States. Adolphus Busch was born July 10, 1839, in Mainz, Germany, and was the second youngest of 22 children born to Ulrich Busch and Barbara (Pfeiffer) Busch, Ulrich?s s…
Busch, Fritz, eminent German conductor, brother of Adolf (Georg Wilhelm) and Hermann Busch; b. Siegen, Westphalia, March 13, 1890; d. London, Sept. 14, 1951. He studied at the Cologne Cons. with Steinbach, Boet-tcher, Uzielli, and Klauwell; was then conductor of the Deutsches Theater in Riga (1909?10); in 1912 he became music director of the city of Aachen, and then of the Stuttgart Opera in 1918.…
Bush, Alan (Dudley), English composer and teacher; b. London, Dec. 22, 1900; d. Watford, Oct. 31, 1995. He was a student of Corder (composition) and Matthay (piano) at the Royal Academy of Music in London (1918?22); also received private training in piano from Moiseiwitsch (1924?29) and Schnabel (1928), and in composition from Ireland (1927?32); also studied musicology with Wolf and Blume at the U…
As a leader of the first group of United States citizens to settle north of the Columbia River in what later became the state of Washington, George Washington Bush was an important African American pioneer. Born free, Bush resolved to free himself and his family from the pervasive racism of Missouri by moving westward to the Oregon Territory. When faced with the territory?s own racist provisions, …
BUSH, GRAND L. (1955?). Actor. He was born in Los Angeles , California , and began acting at an early age. With his ability to memorize large passages of text, he was cast as Prince Charming in his fourth-grade play, Sleeping Beauty . He enrolled in drama at Fairfax High School in his junior year, and attended the Theater Academy at Los Angeles City College . Upon graduation, he studied film and t…
Throughout his life, John E. Bush applied his philosophy of hard work to all of his endeavors as an African American organization founder, politician, government official, lecturer, entrepreneur, and community activist. Best known for founding the Mosaic Templars of America, Bush created a legacy that served as an example of black economic and social development. Bush was born a slave in Moscow, T…
Bush, Kate (Catherine), reclusive English thrush who gave art rock a good name; b. Bexleyheath, Kent, England, July 30, 1958. Kate Bush?s physician father allowed her the liberty to study music and dance. She and her brother had bands through most of their teens. One of them came to the attention of Pink Floyd?s David Gilmore, who served as a mentor and put her in the studio. By the time she turne…
Vannevar Bush was born March 11, 1890, in Everett, Massachusetts, son of Universalist minister Richard Perry Bush and Emma Linwood Paine Bush. As a boy, he loved to tinker. He received bachelor?s and master?s degrees in engineering from Tufts University in 1913, earning the first of his many patents while he was still in college. In 1913, he was employed by General Electric in Schenectady, New Yor…
Bushell, Garvin (Payne), early jazz clarinetist, saxophonist, flutist, oboist, bassonist; b. Springfield, Ohio, Sept. 25, 1902; d. Las Vegas, Nev., Oct. 31, 1991. Bushell?s astounding career took him from Fats Waller recordings in 1926 to John Coltrane in 1961. Both parents taught singing; his uncle was a clarinetist. He started on piano at six and clarinet at 13. He studied at Wilberforce Univ., …
Bushkin, Joe (Joseph), jazz pianist, trumpeter; b. N.Y., Nov. 7, 1916. His father, who ran a barbershop in N.Y., arrived from Kiev, Russia, in 1909. Bushkin?s first gigs were college dates on Long Island with a band led by Benny Goodman?s brother, Irving. In 1932 he began working at the Roseland Ballroom, N.Y., with Frank LaMarr?s Band. He became intermission pianist at the Famous Door in 1935; th…
(1943-) PlayNet Technologies Nolan Bushnell is one of the most active entrepreneurs of his time. Nicknamed ?King Pong? after the hugely successful table-tennis video game he invented in 1972, Bushnell has founded more than 20 companies, including Pizza Time Theaters and their most famous creation, Chuck E. Cheese. For all of his success in establishing companies, Bushnell had a spotty record of …
Busnois, Antoine, greatly significant composer; b. probably in Busnes, France, c. 1430; d. probably in Bruges, before Nov. 6, 1492. By 1460 he was active at the church of St. Martin in Tours, where he was a chori clerk and ?heuriers? (clericos de choro et pannis); he received minor orders and was elevated to sub-deacon at the church of St. Venant there in 1465. He most likely was a priest by 1470,…
Busoni, Ferruccio (Dante Michelangiolo Benvenuto) greatly admired Italian-German pianist, pedagogue, and composer; b. Empoli, near Florence, April 1, 1866; d. Berlin, July 27, 1924. Busoni grew up in an artistic atmosphere: his father played the clarinet and his mother, Anna Weiss, was an amateur pianist. He learned to play the piano as a child; at the age of 8, he played in public in Trieste. He …
Busser, (Paul-) Henri, esteemed French conductor, pedagogue, and composer; b. Toulouse, Jan. 16, 1872; d. Paris, Dec. 30, 1973. He received initial music instruction as a choirboy at the Toulouse Cathedral under Aloys Kunc; at age 13, he was taken to Paris, where he studied with A. Georges at the School of Religious Music; he then pursued training at the Cons. (1889?92) as a pupil of Franck and Wi…
Bussotti, Sylvano, important Italian composer, opera director, and stage designer; b. Florence, Oct. 1, 1931. He began violin lessons at a very early age and also took up painting while still a youth. At the age of 9, he entered the Florence Cons., where he was a student in harmony and counterpoint of Roberto Lupi and in piano of Dallapiccola. His training there was soon interrupted by World War I…
Bussotti, Sylvano, important Italian composer, opera director, and stage designer; b. Florence, Oct. 1, 1931. He began violin lessons at a very early age and also took up painting while still a youth. At the age of 9, he entered the Florence Cons., where he was a student in harmony and counterpoint of Roberto Lupi and in piano of Dallapiccola. His training there was soon interrupted by World War I…
[boo tuhnant] (1903?95) German organic chemist: developed chemistry of sex hormones. A student at Marburg and G?ttingen, Butenandt later held posts in Danzig, Berlin and T?bingen. His work was mainly in the field of sex hormones. In 1929 he isolated the first pure sex hormone, oestrone, from human pregnancy urine. He also isolated the male hormone androsterone from normal human male urine in 1931.…
Butler, Jerry, one of the most engaging soul music singer-songwriters to emerge in the late 1950s; b. Sunflower, Miss., Dec. 8, 1939. After moving to Chicago with his family at the age of three, Jerry Butler began singing in gospel groups as a child. He sang with Curtis Mayfield in the Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers, and during 1957, he and Mayfield joined The Roosters. By 1958, they had changed …
Butt, John, English organist, harpsichordist, clavi-chordist, conductor, and musicologist; b. Solihull, Nov. 11, 1960. He learned to play the organ in his youth and began giving recitals when he was 13. He was educated at the Univ. of Cambridge (B.A. in music, 1982; M.Phil, in musicology, 1984; M.A., 1986; Ph.D. in musicology, 1987, with the diss. The Significance and Incidence of Articulation Mar…
Butterfield, Billy (actually, Charles William), jazz trumpeter, flugelhornist; b. Middletown, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1917; d. North Palm Beach, Fla., March 18, 1988. Husband of vocalist Dotty Dare Smith. He started on violin, then bass and trombone before specializing on trumpet. He attended high school in Wyo., then studied medicine at Transylvania Coll.; he also played in college dance bands. His first …
Butterfield, Paul, pioneering white blues revivalist and harmonica player; b. Chicago, Dec. 1942; d.>North Hollywood, Calif., May 4, 1987. Paul Butterfield grew up in Chicago and studied classical flute as a child. He later took up guitar and harmonica, mastering blues harmonica by his late teens. Meeting vocalist Nick Gravenites, the two began playing on college campuses. Butterfield subsequently…
Born Stewart Butterfield in 1973 in Lund, British Columbia; married Caterina Fake. Born Caterina Fake, c. 1969, in Pittsburg, PA; married Stewart Butterfield. Education : Butterfield: Earned B.A. in philosophy from the University of Victoria, and M.Phil. from Cambridge University. Fake: Attended Smith College; earned degree from Vassar College, 1991. Addresses: Office ?Yahoo! Inc., 701 First Ave.,…
Butterworth, George (Sainton Kaye), talented English composer; b. London, July 12, 1885; d. in the battle of the Somme, near Pozi?res, Aug. 5, 1916. He learned to play the organ at school in Yorkshire, then studied with Dunhill at Eton (1899?1904) and at Trinity Coll., Oxford (1904?08). He then taught at Radley and wrote music criticism for The Times of London; with C. Sharpe and Vaughan Williams,…
Born Aaron Chwatt, February 5, 1919, in Manhattan, NY; died of vascular disease, July 13, 2006, in Los Angeles, CA. Comedian and actor. Red Buttons spent more than 60 years as a comedian and actor, his career stretching from the last days of vaudeville and burlesque to the early years of television to serious film roles to that ritual of pop culture, the celebrity roast. His variety series, The Re…
For more than thirty years, Calvin O. Butts, one of America?s leading religious leaders and social activists, has devoted his life to service in pastoral leadership and community activism. Butts, an African American and native New Yorker, has made contributions to the Harlem, New York community that have benefited the citizens, but not without assistance and associations that transcend racial, rel…
Buttykay (real name, G?lsz?csy ?s Buty kai), ?kos, Hungarian pianist, teacher, and composer; b. Halmi, July 22, 1871; d. Debrecen, Oct. 26, 1935. He studied in Budapest, where he took courses in law and also attended the Academy of Music; he pursued training in piano and composition in Weimar. After touring as a pianist, he taught piano at the Budapest Academy of Music (1907?22). He won success as…
Buxtehude, Dietrich, significant Danish-born German organist and composer; b. probably in Helsing-borg, c. 1637; d. Liibeck, May 9, 1707. His father, Johannes Buxtehude (1601?74), an organist of German extraction, was active in Holstein, which was under Danish rule. After receiving a thorough education, in all probability from his father, Dietrich became organist at St. Mary?s in Helsingborg (1657…
The emergence of e-commerce as a way of doing business has created an environment in which the needs and expectations of business customers and consumers are rapidly changing and evolving. This situation presents marketing managers with the challenge of ascertaining which elements of marketspace are new and how much continuity can be retained from the past. Some marketers apparently believe th…
The moving pictures are such a mixture of secret manoeuvres and false publicity that right before your eyes an event slips into a legend out of which is it hard to disengage a germ of truth . GILBERT SELDES , Movies for the Millions , 1937 The film that emblematizes the birth of the talkies is THE JAZZ SINGER . Jolson?s blackened face, tear-jerking performance, and unabashed vocal gusto are unders…
Buzzcocks, The, the English band that captured punk lightning in a pop bottle, formed 1975, in Manchester, England. MEMBERSHIP: Pete Shelly (real name, Peter McNeish), voc, gtr. (b. April 17, 1955); Howard Devoto (real name, Howard Trotter), voc. gtr. (b. Manchester, England, 1955); Steve Diggle, bs.; John Maher, drm. Peter McNeish had played heavy metal in bands through high school. Howard Trafor…
Byard, Jaki (John A. Jr.), jazz pianist, tenor saxophonist, composer; b. Worcester, Mass., June 15, 1922; found dead in Queens, N.Y., Feb. 11, 1999. After playing trumpet and piano as a child, Byard learned trombone while in the Army. After touring and recording stints with Earl Bostic during the 1940s and 1950s, Byard moved to Boston, where he was a mainstay of the jazz scene. He had stints as a …
Byas, Don (Carlos Wesley), talented jazz tenor saxophonist; b. Muskogee, Okla., Oct. 21, 1912; d. Amsterdam, Aug. 24, 1972. Byas was quite an astonishing player who surely would have been even better known and more influential in the U.S. had he not spent most of his career in Europe. He began on violin, then switched to alto sax. As a teenager, Byas worked with Benny Moten and Terrence Holder, al…
Caroline Walker Bynum was born on May 10, 1941, in Atlanta, Georgia, of Scotch-Irish and southern U.S. ancestry. Her father was a college professor; her mother was a college professor for nine years and then a full-time homemaker for twenty years. Bynum attended public grammar school and high school in Atlanta. Her early influences included her parents: her father as an academic, her mother as a f…
Byrd, Charlie (actually, Charles L.), pop-jazz guitarist; b. Chuckatuck, Va., Sept. 16, 1925; d. Annapolis, Md., Dec. 1, 1999 (some sources say Nov. 30, 1999, or Dec. 2, 1999). Taught by his father, Byrd learned how to play the guitar at age nine arid eventually played in various school, college, and U.S. Army bands. While stationed in France, he met the famed jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt, infl…
Byrd, Donald(son Toussaint L?ouverture, II), jazz-funk trumpeter, flugelhornist, educator; b. Detroit, Dec. 9, 1932. He studied at Wayne State Univ. in Detroit (B.M., 1954) and at the Manhattan School of Music (M.A., Music Education); he then studied composition with Boulanger in Paris (1962?63). Byrd came to fame with Art Blakey and Horace Silver?s hard bop bands during the 1950s, and recorded ex…
Byrd, William, great English composer; b. probably in Lincoln, c. 1540; d. Stondon Massey, Essex, July 4, 1623. There are indications that Byrd studied music with Tallis. On March 25, 1563, Byrd was appointed organist of Lincoln Cathedral. In 1570 he was sworn in as a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, while retaining his post at Lincoln Cathedral until 1572. He then assumed his duties, together with …
William Byrd, the greatest musician of his age, was probably born in the year 1543, but nothing certain is known about his parentage or early life. In light of his subsequent career, his father is commonly presumed to be one Thomas Byrd, a member of the Chapel Royal during the reigns of Edward VI and Queen Mary, compositions by whom appear in manuscript with others by Thomas Tallis, a distinguishe…
Byrds, The, the most important group in the creation of both folk?rock and country?rock. MEMBERSHIP: Roger McGuinn (real name, James Joseph McGuinn III), lead electric 12?string gtr., voc. (b. Chicago, July 13, 1942); Gene Clark (real name, Harold Eugene Clark), rhythm gtr., har., voc. (b. Tipton, Mo., Nov. 17, 1941; d. Sherman Oaks, Calif., May 24, 1991); David Crosby (real name, Van Cortland), r…
Byrne, David, Scottish?born American musician; b. Dumbarton, May 14, 1952. He was taken to the U.S. when he was 6. In 1970?71 he attended the R.I. School of Design, where he developed his dominant conviction that dance, song, instrumental music, drama, and cinema were parts of a total art. As his own medium he selected modern dance music and vocal works, stretching in style from folk music to rock…
Byron, Don, innovative jazz clarinetist, bass clarinetist; b. Bronx, N.Y., Nov. 8, 1958. His father was from the Caribbean and played bass in calypso bands. Don started playing clarinet at age seven, attending Music and Arts H.S.; he concentrated on classical music while also getting involved in local Latin bands and arranging for them. He attended the Manhattan School of Music for a year before t…
Bystr?m, Oscar (Fredrik Bernadotte), Swedish pianist, organist, conductor, teacher, and composer; b. Stockholm, Oct. 13, 1821; d. there, July 22, 1909. He studied piano with his father, Thomas Bystr?m (1772?1839), a piano pedagogue at the Stockholm Cons. He pursued training with Erik Drake at the cons, and with Arrh?n von Kapfelman at the military cadet college in Stockholm. He then entered the mi…
BYTHEWOOD, JINA PRINCE (1969?). Writer, director. This graduate of the UCLA film school began her career writing for numerous television series, including NBC?s A Different World , and the Warner Brother network?s Felicity . She served as story editor of Fox?s South Central , executive story editor of NBC?s Sweet Justice , and became a writer and coproducer on the CBS series Courthouse , in 1995. …
BYTHEWOOD, REGGIE ?ROCK? (1965?). Actor, writer, director. Bythwood began his career as a teen actor on the NBC soap opera Another World in the early 1980s. On the big screen, he was featured in The Brother from Another Planet , 1984, and Exterminator 2 , 1984, along with roles in The Beat , 1987, and Vampire?s Kiss , 1988. He segued into writing with a stint on A Different World from 1991?1993, w…
According to the received wisdom of English folklore, certain occupations are especially associated with swearing. Interestingly, they are not exclusively male or working class. Among these proverbial attributions are tinkers, troopers, and fishwives (see under fishwife ) as does the related name Billingsgate. The saying that something lacking in value ?is not worth a tinker?s curse? is still curr…
Caball?, Montserrat, celebrated Spanish soprano; b. Barcelona, April 12, 1933. She was a pupil of Eugenia Kemeny, Conchita Badia, and Napoleone Annovazzi at the Barcelona Conservatorio del Liceo; after her graduation in 1953, she made her operatic debut in Reus, near Barcelona, in La Serva padrona . She then sang in Basel (1956?59) and Bremen (1959?62), and also made guest appearances in Vienna as…
Caballero, M(anuel) F(ern?ndez), Spanish conductor and composer; b. Murcia, March 14, 1835; d. Madrid, Feb. 26, 1906. He had lessons in piano, violin, and flute, received instruction in composition from Jos? Calvo, and studied harmony and composition with Indalecio Soriano Fuertes. In 1850 he enrolled at the Madrid Cons., where he studied with Jos? Vega, Pedro Alb?niz (piano), and Eslava (counterp…
Cabez?n (Cabe?on), Antonio de, great Spanish organist and composer; b. Castrillo de Matajudios, near Burgos, 1510; d. Madrid, March 26, 1566. He became blind in infancy; went to Palencia about 1521 to study with the Cathedral organist Garcia de Baeza and with Tom?s G?mez. He was appointed organist to the court of the Emperor Charles V and Empress Isabella (1526); after her death, Cabez?n entered t…
The cable television industry provides multichannel video services to approximately two-thirds of all television households in the United States. In addition to offering different tiers of programming, many cable systems offer ancillary services, such as high-speed Internet access and local telephone services. There are approximately 10,700 cable systems in operation in the United States. Many com…
The National Cable Television Association reported in 1999 that there was a 500 percent increase in the cable industry workforce between 1975 and 1998?from 25,000 full-time employees to more than 125,000 (Lacey et al., 1999). This major trade organization predicts further expansion of employment opportunities as a result of the need to rebuild and upgrade systems and as new service offerings such …
Cable television has its roots in community antenna television (CATV), which was developed to bring television to communities that did not have their own channels in the early days of television broadcasting. Just as television was starting to grow in popularity, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) pulled the plug. In 1948, the FCC initiated a television broadcast license freeze in an effo…
One of the more challenging tasks faced by cable operators is selecting programming services that meet the particular needs of their cable systems. It is an ongoing concern, one that affects nearly every aspect of a cable system?s business operations. The majority of cable subscribers in the United States have fifty-four or more channels from which to choose (NCTA, 2000). This means the cable oper…
Television has proven to be one of the most powerful media of all time. Newspapers, magazines, radio, and the Internet have made substantial contributions to the sharing of ideas and providing entertainment, but none was so immediately pervasive and hypnotic as ?the tube,? which is able to deliver breaking news and weather, movies, concerts, and sporting events directly into people?s living rooms.…
In its concept, the technology of cable television is relatively simple. It is a system of wires and amplifiers used to gather television and radio signals from a variety of sources and deliver them to the homes in a given geographic area. It is sometimes compared with the water system of a city, which takes water from one or two primary sources and distributes it to customers throughout the city.…
Caccini, Giulio, Italian composer (called Romano, because he lived mostly in Rome), father of Francesca Caccini; b. probably in Tivoli, Oct. 8, 1551; d. Florence (buried), Dec. 10, 1618. He was a pupil of Scipione delle Palla in singing and lute playing. His first compositions were madrigals in the traditional polyphonic style, but the new ideas generated in the discussions of the artists and lite…
Caceres, Ernie (actually, Ernesto), jazz clarinetist, saxophonist; b. Rockport, Tex., Nov. 22, 1911; d. San Antonio, Tex., Jan. 10, 1971. He was the brother of Emilio (violin) and Pinero (trumpet and piano), who died in 1960. He played clarinet from an early age; also studied guitar and saxophone. He worked with local bands from 1928, then worked with family trio. After a long spell with brother E…
John Caesar?s military service documents the importance of freedom over oppression and how the merging of two peoples (African American and Native American) into political allies led to victories over mutual enemies. In this case, Caesar, an African Seminole, was able to lead a joint force of Native Seminoles, escaped slaves, and African Seminoles on successful raids of Florida plantations that fr…
Caffarelli (real name, Gaetano Majorano), Italian castrato soprano; b. Bitonto, April 12, 1710; d. Naples, Jan. 31, 1783. A poor peasant boy endowed with a beautiful voice, he was discovered by a musician, Domenico Caffarelli, who taught him, and later sent him to Porpora at Naples. In gratitude to his patron, he assumed the name of Caffarelli. He studied for five years with Porpora, who predicted…
(CBS, 3/14/1975, 120 mins). A high school girl gets trapped in a web of circumstances after accepting a ride with a strange boy who then forces her at gunpoint to assist him in a robbery during which he kills a clerk, and both are caught and charged with first-degree murder. Convicted and sent to a women?s detention center, the girl discovers that her horrifying experience has just begun. Several …
Cage, John (Milton Jr.), singularly inventive and much beloved American composer, writer, philosopher, and visual artist of ultramodern tendencies; b. Los Angeles, Sept. 5, 1912; d. N.Y., Aug. 12, 1992. His father, John Milton Cage Sr., was an inventor, and his mother, Lucretia Harvey, was active as a clubwoman and columnist in Southern Calif. He studied piano with his Aunt Phoebe and Fannie Charl…
The Cagots, or Agotes, were an ethnic minority that inhabited parts of the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural border between France and Spain. Spurned by the local populations until the early twentieth century, they lived a nomadic life as outcasts, principally in the Spanish and French Basque provinces, including B?arn and Gascony, parts of the Languedoc, and as far north as Brittany. Also …
Cahn, Sammy (Samuel Cohen), romantic American lyricist; b. N.Y., June 18, 1913; d. Los Angeles, Jan. 15, 1993. Remarkably prolific, in a career lasting more than 50 years?from the 1930s to the 1980s?Cahn wrote lyrics for songs used in at least 137 motion pictures. He maintained long-running collaborations with composers Saul Chaplin, Jule Styne, and James Van Heusen, but also worked with many othe…
Caiazza, Nick (actually, Nicholas), tenor saxophonist, clarinetist; b. New Castle, Pa., March 20, 1914; d. Melrose, Mass., Dec. 1981. He received his first musical instruction from Ralph Gaspare. He left home in 1932, toured the Middle West with the Keystone Serenaders. He toured with Joe Haymes in 1936?37; worked with Muggsy Spanier Ragtimers (Nov.-Dec. 1939), then with Woody Herman (early 1940),…
Cailliet, Lucien, exceptional French-born American composer, arranger, and conductor; b. Ch?lons-sur-Marne, May 22, 1891; d. Woodland Hills, Calif., Jan. 3, 1985. He gained experience as an instrumentalist and bandmaster in the French Army, and received training at the Dijon Cons, and from Fauchet, Caussade, and Pares at the Paris Cons, (graduated, 1913). In 1915 he emigrated to the U.S. and in 19…
In July 1862, Cailloux helped to organize a Union regiment from people in his community and he became its captain. The regiment, comprised mostly of free men of color as well as some runaway slaves, faced hostile treatment from both the government and the white members of the Union army. White soldiers were openly disrespectful to black officers. Black officers and soldiers were scapegoats for man…
The brothers Cain and Abel were the first children of *Adam and Eve. Their stories are recounted in Genesis 4, and they feature frequently in medieval art in illustrated Genesis cycles and typological programs. The firstborn, Cain, became a farmer; Abel became a shepherd. They are often shown in art presenting offerings to *God: Abel holds a sheep, and Cain offers a sheaf of wheat or corn. The han…
Cairns, David (Adam), distinguished English music critic and writer on music; b. Loughton, Essex, June 8, 1926. He was educated at Trinity Coll., Oxford, and was the Jane Eliza Procter Fellow at Princeton Univ. in 1950?51. From 1958 to 1962 he was music critic of the Evening Standard and of the Spectator . After serving as arts ed. of the latter (1961?62), he was asst. music critic of the Financia…
Caldara, Antonio, important Italian composer; b. Venice, c. 1670; d. Vienna, Dec. 28, 1736. He was a choirboy under Giovanni Legrenzi at San Marco in Venice, where he received training in composition, viola da gamba, cello, and keyboard playing. In 1699 he became maestro di cappella da chiesa a dal teatro to the Duke of Mantua, where he had the opportunity to hone his skills as a dramatic composer…
Caldwell, Happy (actually, Albert W.), jazz tenor saxophonist, clarinetist; b. Chicago, III, July 25, 1903; d. N.Y., Dec. 29, 1978. He attended Wendell Phillips H.S. in Chicago and studied pharmacy. He took up clarinet in 1919. He played clarinet in Eighth 111. Regimental Band; after Army service he took lessons from his cousin, Buster Bailey. He returned to studies until 1922, then joined Bernie …
Caldwell, Sarah, remarkable American conductor and operatic impresario; b. Maryville, Mo., March 6, 1924. She studied at the Univ. of Ark. and at Hendrix Coll., and then was a violin pupil of Richard Burgin at the New England Cons, of Music in Boston. She also studied viola with Georges Fourel at the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood (summer, 1946), where she returned in 1947 to stage Vaughan W…
John Caldwell Calhoun was a South Carolina politician who served in several state and federal offices from 1808 until his death in 1850. He was a candidate for the presidency of the United States several times without ascending to the post, but he nevertheless became one of the most powerful figures in the pre?Civil War United States. Calhoun used his considerable influence and political acumen to…
(ABC, 2/15/1972, 90 mins). A sexy waitress becomes a housemother in a fraternity house and involves the college in a nationwide women?s lib controversy. Gloria DeHaven, playing the ex-chorus girl wife of college president Van Johnson, replaced Ann Miller who in turn had replaced Cyd Charisse. Production Companies Screen Gems, Columbia Pictures Television. Director Jerry Paris. Executive Producer D…
Callas, Maria (real name, Maria Anna Sofia Cecilia Kalogeropoulos), celebrated American soprano; b. N.Y., Dec. 3, 1923; d. Paris, Sept. 16, 1977. Her father was a Greek immigrant. The family returned to Greece when she was 13. She studied voice at the Royal Academy of Music in Athens with Elvira de Hidalgo, and made her debut as Santuzza in the school production of Cavalleria rusticana in Nov. 193…
(1919-) The Callaway Golf Company, Inc. Ely Reeves Callaway, Jr. became a famous entrepreneur during the ?Third Act? of his life. Past age sixty, after having made fortunes in two different businesses, textiles and wine-making, his Third Act included creating The Callaway Golf Company, Inc., and manufacturing perhaps the most famous line of golf clubs in the world: the Big Bertha, made of over…
Callcott, John Wall, English organist and composer; b. London, Nov. 20, 1766; d. Bristol, May 15, 1821. Early in life he developed a particular talent for composing glees and catches. He won three prize medals at a contest of the Catch Club of London (1785) for his catch O Beauteous Fair, a canon, Blessed Is He, and a glee, Dull Repining Sons of Care . He received his Mus.Bac. and Mus.Doc. from th…
Callender, Red (actually, George Sylvester), famed jazz bassist, tuba player; b. Haynesville, Va., March 6, 1916; d. Los Angeles, Calif., March 8, 1992. He learned to play several instruments while a student. At 15 he worked with Banjo Bernie?s Band; he moved to Calif, in the mid?1930s. He was with Louis Armstrong in Los Angeles (November 1937), subsequently with Nat ?King? Cole and various bands …
CALLOWAY, CAB (1907?1994). Bandleader, singer, actor. As one of the premiere entertainers of all time, Cab Calloway rose to prominence during the 1930s. Born in Rochester, New York, on Christmas Day, he was performing at the world famous Cotton Club by the age of 22. His band alternated with the Duke Ellington Orchestra, and it was during this time that he wrote and recorded his signature song, ?M…
Calloway, Cab (ell III), flamboyant American singer, bandleader, and songwriter; b. Rochester, N.Y., Dec. 25, 1907; d. Greenburgh, N.Y., Nov. 18, 1994. Calloway was an exuberant entertainer whose dancing and mugging tended to overshadow his abilities as a singer and bandleader, though he scored a series of hits, especially in the 1930s, and fronted a worthy jazz ensemble, especially in the 1940s. …
Mount Calvary was the location of the *Crucifixion of Jesus. Formerly outside the city walls of Jerusalem, it was the site for executions of criminals. Known in Aramaic as Golgotha (?the place of the skull?), it was translated into ?Calvary? from Latin calvaria (?skull?). *John?s Gospel (19: 17) states that Jesus, sentenced to be crucified, carried the *cross to Golgotha; the other Gospels tell th…
Calv? (real name, Calvet de Roquer), (Rosa-No?mie) Emma, famous French soprano; b. D?cazeville, Aveyron, Aug. 15, 1858; d. Millau, Jan. 6, 1942. She studied voice with Puget in Paris and with Marchesi and Laborde. She made her operatic debut as Marguerite in Gounod?s Faust at the Th??tre Royal de la Monnaie in Brussels on Sept. 23, 1881; then sang at the Op?ra-Comique in Paris 3 years later. She s…
John Calvin, humanist, biblical theologian, and Reformer, was born 10 July 1509 at Noyon, France, to Gerard Cauvin (French form of the family name) and Jeanne Lefranc. Since Calvin spoke very little of himself, knowledge of his early life is limited to documentary evidence. Sent by his father to Paris to prepare for an ecclesiastical career, Calvin enrolled in the College de Montaigu to study the …
(1911?97) US biochemist: elucidated biosynthetic paths in photosynthesis. Calvin studied at Michigan, Minnesota and Manchester and then began teaching at the University of California at Berkeley in 1937. Except for war work on the atomic bomb, he remained there for the rest of his career. His interest in photosynthesis began in Manchester and developed from 1946, when new and sensitive analytical …
Calvisius, Sethus (real name, Seth Kallwitz), German music theorist; b. Feb. 21, 1556; d. Leipzig, Nov. 24, 1615. He supported himself while studying in the Gymnasia of Frankenhausen and Magdeburg, and the Univs. at Helmstadt and Leipzig. In Leipzig he became music director at the Paulinerkirche (1581). From 1582 to 1592 he was cantor at Schulpforta, then cantor of the Thomasschule at Leipzig, and…
Calvocoressi, Michel Dimitri, eminent Greek writer on music; b. Marseilles, Oct. 2, 1877; d. London, Feb. 1, 1944. He studied music in Paris, but was mostly autodidact; also pursued study in the social sciences. In 1914 he settled in London. He wrote music criticism and correspondences for French and other journals. He mastered the Russian language and became an ardent propagandist of Russian musi…
Cambert, Robert, French composer; b. Paris, c. 1628; d. London, c.Feb. 1677. He was a pupil of Cham-bonni?res. In 1652 he became organist at St. Honore in Paris. He then was made composer to the queen mother, Anne of Austria, in 1662. His first venture on the lyric stage was La Pastorale, written with the librettist Perrin and successfully produced at the Ch?teau d?Issy in 1659; it was followed by…
Cambini, Giuseppe Maria (Gioacchino), Italian composer; b. Livorno, Feb. 13?, 1746; d. probably in Paris, 1825. Nothing is known about his early years with any certainty. By 1767 he was a violisi in a quartet with Boccherini, Manfredi, and Nardini. He settled in Paris about 1770. On May 20, 1773, he appeared as a violinist at the Concert Spirituel, his only known public appearance there. He subseq…
CAMBRIDGE , GODFREY (1933?1976). Comedian, actor. The New York born Cambridge was educated at Hofstra University and City College of New York, 1954. He made his Broadway debut in Nature?s Way , and was in both the stage and film versions of Purlie Victorious , for which he received a Tony Award nomination. He appeared in the off-Broadway productions of Lost In the Stars, Take A Giant Step, Detecti…
Cameo, one of the most adventurous funk bands of the 1980s, formed in 1974, in N.Y. MEMBERSHIP: Larry Blackmon, drm. (b. N.Y.C., May 24, 1956); Greg Johnson, kybd.; Nathan Leftenant, horns, voc; Tomi Jenkins, voc. Taking a cue from the Ohio Players, Larry Blackmon originally called his band the New York City Players. While maintaining his day job as a tailor, he attended classes at the Julliard Sc…
Campanini, Cleofonte, eminent Italian?American conductor, brother of Italo Campanini; b. Parma, Sept. 1, 1860; d. Chicago, Dec. 19, 1919. He studied violin at the Parma Cons, and later at the Milan Cons., making his conducting debut with Carmen at Parma (1882). He conducted the first American performance of Otello at the N.Y. Academy of Music (April 16, 1888) while his brother, Italo, was impresar…
Campbell, Glen (G. Travis C), country-pop vocalist and guitarist; b. Delight, Ark., April 22, 1936. Best-known for a string of mid-1960s crossover hits, Campbell has soldiered on in the country market, although with diminishing success. Campbell was encouraged by other musicians in his family to take up the guitar at age four. By his teens, he was touring with his own country band, the Western Wra…
Campbell, John (Elwood II), jazz pianist, vibraphonist, bassist, drummer; b. Bloomington, 111., July 7, 1955. Campbell?s grandfather played piano and organ semi?professionally, an uncle was a school band director, and his younger brother is an amateur drummer. He started piano at seven and as a teenager he taught himself drums, bass, and vibraphone. He performed at school dances and had a gig at a…
Campbell, Roy, performer, composer, arranger, music director, and teacher; b. Los Angeles, Calif., Sept. 29, 1952. He has been a fixture on the underground music scene for over two decades. Playing trumpet, flugelhorn, and flute, he has accrued credits in the David Murray Octet and Billy Bang?s group, as well as recording albums as leader for the Delmark label and for the Swedish label, Silkheart.…
From its beginning until the 1960s the Alabama Extension Service was racially segregated. When Thomas M. Campbell was hired in 1906, he became the first African American extension agent in the nation. He became supervising agent in 1910 and held the post until he retired in 1953. Using a ?Movable School,? Campbell and his agents, who worked out of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, conducted classes f…
CAMPBELL, TISHA (1968?). Actress, singer. She was born in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , and graduated from the Newark School for the Performing Arts in New Jersey . She entered show business early, appearing in children?s programs like Unicorn Tales, Big Blue Marble , and Wonderama throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s. She appeared in the stage productions of Betsy Brown, Really Rosie , and Mama…
(CBS, 9/11/1979, 120 mins). The career of comedian Freddie Prinze, who committed suicide in January 1977, at 22, is the subject of this film, with two of the students on ?The White Shadow,? Ira Angustain (in his one starring role to date) and Kevin Hooks (son of actor Robert Hooks) as Prinze and his best friend, Nat Blake. Based on Peter S. Greenberg?s Playboy magazine story ?Good Night, Sweet Pri…
Canada is a vast and socially diverse country, so that the emphasis of this entry is on the English-speaking communities, which comprise some 45 percent of the population. In The American Language , Mencken discussed Canadian English under ?Dialects,? derived variously from ?a continuous flow of immigration from the British Isles? and from ?currents of migration from the United States? (1963, 469)…
The phrase ?Canadian racial formation? refers to the historical and social process by which groups of people in Canada came to be known as racially differentiated. Categories such as ?charter groups,? ?Native Indians,? and ?visible minorities? are socially constructed and have been produced over time through social relations and, at times, through state intervention. In Canada, ?charter groups? re…
Candeille, (Am?lie) Julie, French pianist, harpist, singer, actress, composer, and writer, daughter of Pierre Joseph Candeille; b. Paris, July 31, 1767; d. there, Feb. 4, 1834. She received most of her musical training from her father, but also studied piano with Holaind and singing with Legros. At age 14 she joined the Paris Op?ra, and at 15 appeared as Gluck?s Iphig?nie there. In 1783 she appear…
Cannabich, prominent family of German musicians: (1) Martin Friedrich Cannabich, flutist and composer; b. c. 1675; d. after 1759. He was a member of the Mannheim Court Orch., and also flute teacher to the Elector Carl Theodor. He was one of the earliest composers of the Mannheim school. Among his publ, works were Six Solos for a German Flute, Violin or Harpsichord (London, c. 1740) and a vol. of s…
Canned Heat, a legendary blues-rock group, formed in L.A. in 1965. MEMBERSHIP: Bob ?The Bear? Hite, voc, har., gtr. (b. Torrance, Calif., Feb. 26, 1945; d. North Hollywood, Calif., April 5, 1981); Alan ?Blind Owl? Wilson, gtr., har., voc. (b. Boston, Mass., July 4, 1943; d. Topanga, Calif., Sept. 3, 1970); Henry Vestine, gtr. (b. Washington D.C., Dec. 25, 1944; d. Paris, Oct. 20, 1997); Larry Tayl…
[kanee dzah roh] (1826?1910) Italian chemist: resolved confusions on atomic and molecular mass. Cannizzaro began his university life as a medical student, but attended a variety of courses and became attracted to chemistry, partly because he saw it as the basis of physiology. In 1847 he joined the rebel artillery in one of the frequent rebellions in his native Sicily, where his magistrate father w…
(CBS, 3/26/1971, 120 mins). In this pilot for the long-running series (1971-77), a portly, well-heeled investigator looks into the murder of an old flame?s husband and becomes enmeshed in a web of small-town corruption. Longtime character actor William Conrad finally attained stardom with this role. Previously he had been one of the great radio voices, a frequent screen and TV villain, a motion pi…
(1863?1941) US astronomer: compiled Henry Draper catalogue of variable stars. Originally interested in astronomy by her mother, Annie Cannon graduated from Wellesley College in 1884. For the next 10 years she lived at home but after the death of her mother she returned to study physics at Wellesley, and specialized in astronomy at Radcliffe College. In 1896 she was appointed by E C Pickering (1846…
Cannon, Freddie ?Boom Boom,? (Freddy Picariello), the first ?everyman? rock star; b. Lynn, Mass., Dec. 4, 1940. A fixture on the oldies circuit as long as such a thing existed, during the late 1950s and early 1960s, Freddy Cannon had eight Top 40 singles. The son of a dance-band leader, Cannon worked with the Boston-area vocal group the G-Clefs and recorded with the Spindrifts. Boston DJ Jack McDe…
CANNON, REUBEN (1946?). Producer, casting director. The Chicago-born Cannon attended Southeast City College before relocating to Los Angeles to pursue a career in the entertainment industry. He landed a job in the mailroom at Universal Studios in 1970 and quickly learned the ropes. From 1977 to 1978, he became the head of television casting for Warner Brothers and started his own casting agency, R…
(1871?1945) US physiologist: introduced first radio-opaque agent. Cannon was very much a Harvard man; he was an arts student there, then a medical student, and professor of physiology from 1906?42. Discovered X-rays in 1896 and the next year Cannon, still a student, tried feeding a cat a meal containing a bismuth compound to give an X-ray ?shadow? of its alimentary tract. The method worked, and ma…
Cantelli, Guido, brilliant Italian conductor; b. Novara, April 27, 1920; d. in an airplane crash in Orly, near Paris, Nov. 24, 1956. A gifted child, he was given a place in his father?s military band when he was a small boy; appeared as organist at the local church from age 10, and made his debut as a pianist at age 14. He pursued formal studies with Pedrollo and Ghedini at the Milan Cons. He then…
Cantor, Eddie (Isidore Itzkowitz), energetic American comedian, singer, and actor; b. N.Y., Jan. 31, 1892; d. Beverly Hills, Oct. 10, 1964. Cantor?s brash comic style enabled him to conquer the fields of musical theater, records, film, radio, and television in a career that spanned more than 50 years. He was one of the stars of the Ziegfeld Follies of 1918 (N.Y., June 16, 1918) and the Ziegfeld Fo…
Capecchi, Renato, Italian baritone; b. Cairo (of Italian parents), Nov. 6, 1923; d. Milan, June 30, 1998. He was a student in Milan of Ubaldo Carrozzi. After making his debut on the Italian Radio (1948), he made his stage debut as Amonasro in 1949 in Reggio Emilia. From 1950 he sang at Milan?s La Scala. On Nov. 24, 1951, he made his Metropolitan Opera debut in N.Y. as Germont p?re, remaining on it…
Capers, Valerie, pianist and vocalist; b. N.Y., May 24, 1935. While she has not recorded much, she has certainly made her mark on the scene. And when she does record, it is with a sturdy two-handed, dramatic approach and the ultimate sensitivity to her material. Before losing her sight at the age of six, she was playing piano and picking up songs by ear. Encouraged by a supportive family, she grad…
CAPERS, VIRGINIA (1925?2004). Actress. She was born in Sumpter, South Carolina , and attended Howard University in Washington , D.C. , before studying voice at Juilliard in New York City . She first sang with bandleader Abe Lyman, appearing on his radio show and on-the-road tours. She appeared on Broadway in the late 1950s in the productions of Jamaica and Saratoga , and she earned a Tony Award fo…
Capitalism, as a way of organizing economic and social relations, has always depended on assertions about human inequality and valorization (including racism) that have been enforced through localities, states, and empires. It has not been the only economic system in human history to do so, but capitalism?s very definition and possibility relies on the exploitation of one or more groups by others,…
Caplet, Andr?, French composer and conductor; b. Le Havre, Nov. 23, 1878; d. Paris, April 22, 1925. He studied violin in Le Havre, and played in theater orchs. there and in Paris. He entered the Paris Cons. (1896), where he studied with Leroux and Lenepveu. In 1901 he received the Grand Prix de Rome for his cantata Myrrha . His Marche solennelle for the centennial of the Villa Medicis was performe…
Capobiarico, Tito, Argentine-born American opera director and administrator; b. La Plata, Aug. 28, 1931. He received training in law and philosophy in La Plata and in music at the Univ. of Buenos Aires. In 1953 he launched his career as an opera director with a production of Pagliacci in La Plata. Moving to Buenos Aires, he was technical director at the Teatro Col?n (1958?62) and general director …
Capp, Frank, big band and small ensemble drummer; b. Worcester, Mass., Aug. 20, 1931. He was 19 when he replaced Shelly Manne in the Stan Kenton band in 1951. He then joined the bands of Neal Hefti, Billy May, Benny Goodman, and Bob Florence. He also worked and/or recorded with major jazz stars, including Ella Fitzgerald, Benny Goodman, Andre Previn, Art Pepper, and Turk Murphy, and played in band…
Caprioli, Alberto, Italian composer, conductor, teacher, and writer on music; b. Bologna, Nov. 16, 1956. He studied composition with Marg?la (1973?79) and Togni (diploma, 1983) and conducting with Guarino (1977?78) at the Padua Cons. He also studied conducting with Tito Gotti at the Bologna Cons, (diploma, 1979), with Kondrashin in Hilversum (1978), and with Suitner (1979?83) and Cerha (diploma, 1…
(CBS, 1/19/1979, 120 mins). The legendary comic-strip crimefighter?s ex-Marine son takes up where his dad left off, righting wrongs, defending the American ideal, and pursuing an arch-criminal who plans to decimate Phoenix with a neutron bomb in this pilot for a proposed series. Production Company Universal Television. Director Rod Holcomb. Executive Producer Allan Balter. Producer Martin Goldstei…
Captain Beefheart (Don Van Vliet), protopunk, gravel-voiced singer of enigmatic lyrics; b. Glen-dale, Calif., Jan. 15, 1941. Captain Beefheart moved with his family to the desert town of Lancaster, Calif., at age 13 and became friends with Frank Zappa in high school. Teaching himself harmonica and saxophone, Beefheart performed with several R&B bands before forming the first edition of His Magic B…
(NBC, 9/30/1976 to 11/11/1976, 6 Parts, 9 hours). The six-part serialization of Taylor Caldwell?s 1972 novel about an Irish immigrant and the establishment of his family name through the accumulation of wealth and power during the years from 1857 to 1912, along with his goal of having his son elected the first Catholic President of the United States, gained a huge television following because of i…
CARA, IRENE. Actor, singer, songwriter. She was born with a musical gift and instinctively began playing piano by ear at age five. Taking her budding talent seriously, she studied music, acting, and dance, and made her stage debut in the Broadway musical ?Maggie Flynn.? Cara recorded her first record in Spanish for the Latin market at age eight, and followed with a Christmas album in English. On t…
Carapetyan, Armen, eminent Persian-born American musicologist of Armenian descent; b. Isfahan, Oct. 11, 1908; d. Francestown, N.H., Sept. 5, 1992. He studied at the American Coll. in Tehran (diploma, 1927); after receiving training in violin and composition in Paris and N.Y., he continued composition studies with Malipiero; then took courses in musicology at Harvard Univ. (M.A., 1940; Ph.D., 1945,…
Girolamo Cardano ( Ital ), Hieronymus Cardanus ( Lat ) (1501?76) Italian mathematician and physician: gave general algebraic method for solving cubic equations. Cardan was the illegitimate son of a Milanese lawyer, a situation which caused difficulty for him both practically and emotionally. He was taught mathematics by his father when young and educated at Pavia and Padua where he studied medicin…
Cardew, Cornelius, English composer of extreme avant-garde tendencies; b. Winchcombe, Gloucester, May 7, 1936; d. in a road accident in London, Dec. 13, 1981. He studied composition with Ferguson at the Royal Academy of Music in London (1953?57); in 1957 he went to Cologne and worked at the electronic studio there as an assistant to Stockhausen (1958?60). Returning to England, he organized concert…
B. July 2, 1922 Birthplace: San Andrea da Barbara, Italy Awards: Sunday Times International Fashion Award (London), 1963 ???????? De d?Or Award, 1977, 1979, 1982 ???????? Chevalier de la Legion d? Honneur, 1983 ???????? Fashion Oscar, Paris, 1985 ???????? Golden Orchid Award for Maxim?s, 1985 ???????? Foundation for Garment & Apparel Advancement Award, Tokyo, 1988 ???????? Grand Office…
Carestini, Giovanni greatly renowned Italian castrato alto; b. Filottrano, near Ancona, e. 1705; d. probably there, c. 1760. He studied in Milan, then made his operatic debut in a female role in A. Scarlatti?s Griselda in Rome (1721), where he continued to sing until 1723. He sang in Venice (1723?26), Parma and Genoa (1726), Rome (1727?30), Milan (1727?32), Naples (1728?29), where he found a rival…
Archibald James Carey Jr. enjoyed an illustrious and influential career that spanned many spheres of public life. Following in the footsteps of his father, Archibald James Carey Sr., he began his public service in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), where he became a prominent African American leader and advocate for social justice in Chicago. A talented speaker and speechwriter, Carey J…
In his religious and political career, Archibald James Carey Sr. was determined to improve the lives of African Americans in both the religious and secular domains. He came to prominence as a leader in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), having worked his way up through the religious ranks in Georgia, Florida, and then Chicago. In 1920 he was elected as the forty-third bishop of the AME …
Carey, Henry English composer; b. probably in Yorkshire, c. 1687; d. (suicide) London, Oct. 5, 1743. He was a natural son of Henry Savile, Lord Eland. He studied music with Linnert, Roseingrave, and Gemini-ani. He settled around 1710 in London, where he was active as a poet, librettist, playwright, and composer. He wrote six ballad-operas, of which The Contrivances (Drury Lane, London, June 20, 17…
Carey, Mariah the most successful female artist of the 1990s, her six-octave voice selling over 80 million albums worldwide; b. N.Y.C., March 22, 1970. Mariah Carey?s mother, Patricia Carey, was a solist with the N.Y.C. Opera in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and continued to work as a vocal coach. Her father, a black Venezuelan aeronautical engineer, divorced her mom when she was just three year…
Carey, Mutt (actually, Thomas; aka Papa) early jazz trumpeter; b. Hahnville, La., 1891; d. Elsinore, Calif., Sept. 3, 1948. Brother of Jack (trombonist, leader) and Peter (alto horn); several other brothers were also musicians. He started on drums and guitar, then played alto horn before changing to cornet c. 1912. He played cornet in the Crescent Orch. (led by his brother Jack) from 1913; also di…
The Caribbean archipelago stretches in an arc of some 2,000 miles from Trinidad, only seven miles off the coast of Venezuela, to the Bahamas, not far from Florida. Within it, English is used in a continuum from a relatively standardized form to many varieties of local dialects or creoles, reflecting the diverse origins of the islanders, ranging from the English colonists, the owners of plantations…
Immigration from the Caribbean can take a number of forms, including refugees fleeing political turmoil in Cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic; economic migrants from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Puerto Rico; and others who migrate for family reunification purposes. Caribbean immigration to the United States significantly increased after World War II…
Although the concept of ?racial formation? originated and developed principally from the experience of continental America, it still has relevance to Caribbean conditions and contexts. Briefly defined, the concept refers to a particular political system in which racial considerations are given privileged positions in policy matters and human relationships. In this racially structured political sys…
Carissimi, Giacomo important Italian composer and teacher; b. Marino, near Rome (baptized), April 18, 1605; d. Rome, Jan. 12, 1674. He was a singer and organist at Tivoli Cathedral (1623?27). Following a sojourn in Assisi (1628?29), he settled in Rome and became maestro di cappella at the Jesuit Collegio Germanico in 1629. He also was active at the collegiate church of S. Apollinare. In 1637 he be…
Carlos, Wendy (n?e Walter) American organist, composer, and electronics virtuoso; b. Pawtucket, R.L, Nov. 14, 1939. He played piano as a child, and later studied with Ron Nelson at Brown Univ. (A.B., 1962) and with Luening, Ussachevsky, and Beeson at Columbia Univ. (M.A., 1965). In 1964 he began working with Robert Moog in perfecting the Moog Synthesizer. The result of their experiments with versi…
(1923? ) Swedish pharmacologist: his work led to knowledge of Parkinson?s disease and of schizophrenia at the cellular level, and to new drugs to treat them. Carlsson qualified in medicine at Lund in 1951, and worked thereafter in pharmacology at Gothenburg in Sweden, studying especially the action of drugs on the brain. Before his work it was known that the human brain contains about 10 11 nerve …
CARMEN: A HIP HOPERA . 2001. (PG-13) 88 min. Musical. This made for cable movie is an urban contemporary update based on the tragic opera Carmen by Georges Bizet, as well as a novelty adaptation of Carmen Jones , 1954, starring Dorothy Dandridge. In this modern version, Carmen is a wannabe singer, who seduces a New York police officer into throwing away his career and accom panying her to Los Ange…
Carmichael, Hoagy (actually, Hoagland Howard) rustic American composer, singer, and actor; b. Bloomington, Ind., Nov. 22, 1899; d. Rancho Mirage, Calif., Dec. 27, 1981. Carmichael differed from many of his songwriting contemporaries in that his work was imbued with jazz and blues; he rarely wrote for the theater or composed whole film scores, preferring to compose mostly individual songs for Tin P…
Carmichael, Judy American pianist; b. Pico Rivera, Calif., Nov. 27, 1952. Born into a musical family, she began to study piano at an early age. When her grandfather offered $50 to the first grandchild who could play ?Maple Leaf Rag,? she taught herself the piece and collected the reward. While attending college at Cal State Fullerton, she took a part-time job playing ragtime piano on the Balboa Pa…
An industrialist and philanthropist, Andrew Carnegie was born in Dumferline, Scotland, to William and Margaret Morrison Carnegie. Economic reverses led the family to emigrate in 1848 to Allegheny, Pennsylvania, where for $1.20 per week Andrew took a job as a bobbin boy in a textile factory. Hungry for knowledge, he also became the heaviest user of Colonel J. Anderson?s personal library, which was …
(1835-1919) Carnegie Steel The wealthiest man of his time, industrialist Andrew Carnegie is best known today for the monumental philanthropic projects he established after his retirement. Having made millions in the steel industry during the late 1800s, Carnegie dedicated his fortune to the educational and philanthropic causes he considered to be the proper beneficiary of capitalist profit. Carn…
(1889-1956) Hattie Carnegie, Inc. During the 1930s, Hattie Carnegie was one of America?s top fashion designers. She propagated the " little black dress" for daytime wear, trained a new generation of designers, and made her creations available to the middle class by selling ready-to wear clothes for modest prices. Hattie Carnegie was born Henrietta Kanengeiser, the second of seven children in Vie…
Carnes, Kim, raspy voiced singer and hit songwriter best-remembered for the hit ?Bette Davis Eyes?; b. Los Angeles, July 20, 1945. By her 20s, Kim Carnes was playing the night clubs of Los Angeles, singing backup on record dates, acting in films, and writing songs. Eventually her tunes were performed by artists ranging from Frank Sinatra to Kenny Rogers. She met Rogers when both were members of th…
jazz baritone saxophonist, clarinetist; b. Boston, Mass., April 1, 1910; d. N.Y., Oct. 8, 1974. His brother, Ray, was a pianist. Harry began on piano, then specialized on clarinet before taking up alto saxophone. He joined the Knights of Pythias student band at 13. He worked in Boston with Bobby Sawyer and pianist Walter Johnson, journeyed to N.Y. (with boyhood friend Charlie Holmes) early in 1927…
[kah?noh] (1796?1832) French theoretical physicist: a founder of thermodynamics through his theoretical study of an idealized heat engine. Carnot?s family was unusual. His father, Lasare Carnot (1753?1823), was the ?Organizer of Victory? for the Revolutionary Army in 1794 and became Napoleon?s minister of war; unusually, he left politics for science in 1807 and did good work in pure and applied ma…
B. 1972 Birthplace: Greenwich, Connecticut Award: National Woman Business Owner of the Year, 1999 Carol Friedlander, founder, president, and chief executive officer of Carolee Designs, has succeeded literally in building a business from the ground up. Friedlander?s jewelry line was originally produced in her home before she launched her collection nationwide in 1985. The costume jewelry line she p…
(1896?1937) US industrial chemist: discovered fibre-forming polyamides (nylons). The son of a teacher, Carothers graduated from a small college and later both studied and taught chemistry at three universities before moving in 1928 to the research department of the Du Pont Company at Wilmington, DE. His object was ?to synthesize compounds of high molecular mass and known constitution?; an early su…
important American composer; b. Park Ridge, 111., Feb. 28, 1876; d. Chicago, April 26, 1951. He studied in Chicago with Amy Fay and W.C.E. Seeboeck, and then with J.K. Paine at Harvard Univ. (B.A., 1897). During a trip to Rome (1906), he had some lessons with Elgar, and then completed his training in Chicago with B. Ziehn (1908?12). He was employed in his father?s shipping supply business, later s…
jazz trumpeter, singer; b. St. Louis, Mo., April 15, 1898; d. summer 1975. He had his left arm amputated after being involved in an accident during his early teens; the operation was performed by Doc Cheatham?s uncle, a noted surgeon. He took up trumpet some time later; by 1920 he was working in traveling carnival shows, touring with Herbert?s Minstrel Band in 1921. He settled in Cincinnati for a …
one of the most popular easy-listening acts of the 1970s. MEMBERSHIP: Karen Carpenter, voc, drm. (b. New Haven, Conn., March 2, 1950; d. Downey, Calif., Feb. 4, 1983); Richard Carpenter, kybd., voc. (b. New Haven, Conn., Oct. 15, 1946). The Carpenters scored an impressive string of hits with the compositions of songwriters such as Burt Bacharach, Paul Williams, Leon Russell, Carole King, and Neil …
prominent family of English-American music publishers and musicians: (1) Joseph Carr, music publisher; b. England, 1739; d. Baltimore, Oct. 27, 1819. He was active as a music publisher in London before settling in Baltimore in 1794, where he continued his music publishing business. In addition to bringing out European and American works, including the first edition of The Star-Spangled Banner (181…
(1873?1944) French?US surgeon: pioneer of vascular surgery and perfusion methods. Carrel qualified in medicine at Lyons in 1900. He was a skilful surgeon, but lacked interest in routine surgery and in 1904 visited Canada, intending to become a cattle rancher. However, later in 1904 he moved to Chicago and in 1906 joined the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York. He remained there …
famous Venezuelan pianist; b. Caracas, Dec. 22, 1853; d. N.Y., June 12, 1917. As a child, she studied with her father, an excellent pianist. Driven from home by a revolution, the family settled in N.Y. in 1862, where she studied with Gottschalk. At the age of eight, she gave a public recital in N.Y. (Nov. 25, 1862). She began her career in 1866, after studying with G. Mathias in Paris and A. Rubin…
celebrated Spanish tenor; b. Barcelona, Dec. 5, 1946. He studied with Jaime Puig at the Barcelona Cons, before completing his training with Juan Ruax. In 1970 he made his operatic debut as Flavio in Norma in Barcelona, and later that year appeared as Gennaro opposite Caball??s Lucrezia Borgia. In 1971 he won the Verdi Competition in Parma, where he made his Italian debut as Rodolfo. He also made h…
innovative Mexican composer; b. Ahualulco, San Luis Potos?, Jan. 28, 1875; d. Mexico City, Sept. 9, 1965. He was of Indian extraction, and lived mostly in Mexico City, where he studied violin with Pedro Manzano and composition with Melesio Morales. He graduated from the National Cons, in 1899 and received a government stipend for study abroad as a winner of the President Diaz Prize. He took course…
CARROLL, DIAHANN (1935?). Actress, singer. As the first African American actress to star in a network television series, Diahann Carroll?s career has also included film, stage, and nightclub performances. She was born in the Bronx , New York , and sang in the church choir as a child. At the age of 10, she won a scholarship from the Metropolitan Opera. She attended the High School of Music and Art,…
edgy band that helped bring new-wave music to pop radio (formed Boston, Mass., 1975). MEMBERSHIP: Rie Ocasek (real name, Richard Otcasek), gtr., voc. (b. Baltimore, Md., March 23, 1949); Benjamin Orr (real name, Orzechowski), bs., voc. (b. Cleveland, Ohio, Aug. 9, 1955; d. Atlanta, Ga., Oct. 10, 2000); Elliot Easton (real name, Shapiro), gtr. (b. Brooklyn, Dec. 18, 1953); Greg Hawkes, kybd. (b. Ba…
Benjamin Carson is the director of pediatric neurosurgery at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, where he performs more than four hundred complex surgeries every year. He is a professor of neurosurgery, oncology, plastic surgery, and pediatrics. He is noted for his use of cerebral hemispherectomy to control intractable seizures as well as for his work in craniofacial reconstructive surgery, ac…
(1907?64) US naturalist and science writer: warned of the dangers of modern synthetic pesticides. Rachel Carson was born in Springdale, PA, and studied biology at Johns Hopkins University. After teaching at Maryland (1931?36) she worked as a marine biologist for the US Fish and Wildlife Service (1936?49). In The Sea Around Us (1951) she warned of the increasing danger of large-scale marine polluti…
English impresario; b. London, May 3, 1844; d. there, April 3, 1901. He studied at Univ. Coll. in London. He wrote an opera, Dr. Ambrosias, and later turned to music management, representing, among others, Gounod, Adelina Patti, and the tenor Mario. He then became interested in light opera and introduced in England Lecocq?s Girofl?-Girofla, Offenbach?s La P?richole, and other popular French operet…
seminal American country-music group. MEMBERSHIP: A(lvin) P(leasant) (Delaney) Carter, voc, fdl. (b. near Maces Springs, Va., Dec. 15, 1891; d. Kingsport, Term., Nov. 7, 1960); his wife, Sara Elizabeth (Dougherty) Carter, voc, autoharp, gtr. (b. Flat Woods, Va., July 21, 1898; d. Lodi, Calif., Jan. 8, 1979); and his sister-in-law (and Sara?s cousin) songwriter (?Mother?) Maybelle (Addington) Carte…
legendary, long-careered jazz alto and tenor saxophonist, trumpeter, clarinetist, bandleader, arranger, composer, trombonist, pianist, clarinetist; b. N.Y., Aug. 8, 1907. His father, Norell Carter (b. in or near Clarksburg, W. Va., e. 1877), a janitor and later a postal clerk, was a self-taught guitarist, his mother Sadie Bennett (b. Richmond, Va., c. 1877; d. N.Y. 1926) played piano and organ. He…
jazz singer; b. Flint, Mich., May 16, 1929; d. Brooklyn, N.Y., Sept. 26, 1998. Carter turned professional in 1946 after studying piano at the Detroit Cons. She began singing in local jazz clubs, sharing bills with Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, and Dizzy Gillespie. Using the name Lorene Carter, she toured with Lionel Hampton (1948?51, first appearing on surviving Armed Forces Jubilee broadcasts with…
outstanding American composer and teacher; b. N.Y., Dec. 11, 1908. After graduating from the Horace Mann H.S. in N.Y. in 1926, Carter entered Harvard Univ., majoring in literature and languages; at the same time, he studied piano at the Longy School of Music in Cambridge, Mass. In 1930 he devoted himself exclusively to music at Harvard, taking up harmony and counterpoint with Piston, and orchestra…
jazz clarinetist, alto saxophonist, composer; b. Fort Worth, Tex., Sept. 24, 1929; d. Los Angeles, Calif., March 31, 1991. He grew up in Fort Worth with Omette Coleman, Charles Moffett, and Dewey Redman; he started playing clarinet as a child, gigging from the age of 14 around Fort Worth and Dallas. He was a prodigy, graduating from high school at 15 and college at 19; B.A. in Music at Lincoln Uni…
The high-level public positions held by Lisle C. Carter Jr. exemplify the essence of his career, which spans more than sixty years. Carter became the first African American to serve in several capacities throughout his career. His character and intelligence drew many local and federal government positions to him. Through high-level public service, Carter helped to shape policies that affect the he…
Setphen L. Carter, a distinguished writer and professor of law, has gained critical acclaim and notoriety for his views on the role of religion in politics and culture and has sparked debates on the role of integrity and civility in American daily life. Born in 1954, Stephen Lisle Carter grew up in Washington, D.C.?s middle-class neighborhood of Cleveland Park. Carter was born into a family of hig…
CARTER, TERRY (1928?). Actor, producer. This native of Brooklyn , New York , graduated from Stuyvesant High School , class of 1946. He continued his education by attending Hunter College , Boston University , and UCLA, before earning his Bachelor of Science degree in Communications from Northeastern University , in 1983. While working for WBZ TV Eyewitness News in Boston , Massachusetts , Carter b…
CARTER, THOMAS (1953?). Actor, producer, director. He began his career as a young actor in the 1970s television series, The White Shadow . Carter was always interested in what went on behind the camera and often shadowed the director while on the set. He was eventually given a chance to direct an episode and has since made his living as a director in both television and film, often producing his p…
learned American experimental psychologist, ethnomusicologist, and musicologist; b. Mount Tabor, N.C., July 10, 1921; d. Los Angeles, July 7, 1999. He studied mathematics at the Univ. of Chicago, psychology at Harvard Univ., and experimental and mathematical psychology at Ind. Univ. (Ph.D., 1957). He concurrently worked in the Brain Wave Laboratory of Mass. General Hospital in Boston, in the Acous…
B. 1819 D. 1904 Birthplace: Paris, France Almost from the moment Louis-Fran?ois Cartier took over the shop of his former employer in 1847, he attracted prosperous clients by selling jewelry and art objects which he purchased from numerous manufacturers. He opened several more locations over the years, but the Cartier name became even better known when, in 1899, son Alfred and grandson Louis opened…
great Italian tenor; b. Naples, Feb. 25, 1873; d. there, Aug. 2, 1921. While attending the Scuola sociale e serale in Naples, he received some training in oratorio and choral singing. By the age of 11, he was serving as principal soloist in its choir. He also received lessons from Amelia Tibaldi Nicola. In 1891 he began vocal training with Guglielmo Vergine, who remained a mentor until 1895. In 18…
Brazilian conductor and composer; b. Iguatu, July 28, 1912; d. S?o Paulo, Sept. 15, 1996. His father was of Dutch extraction and his mother was part Indian. He studied in Fortaleza at the Apprentice Seaman?s School; later joined the National Naval Corps in Rio de Janeiro and played tuba in the band. In 1941 he became asst. conductor of the Brazilian Sym. Orch. in Rio de Janeiro. In 1946 he went to…
jazz drummer; b. Houston, Tex., Dec. 12, 1944. His father was a drummer who taught him the basics prior to Carvin joining Earl Grant?s big band in the mid-1960s. After a tour of duty in Vietnam, Carvin played with B. B. King. During the 1970s, he worked with Freddie Hubbard (1973?74), Hampton Hawes (1971?72), Dexter Gordon (1971), Pharoah Sanders (1974?76), McCoy Tyner (1974), Jackie McLean (1973?…
Cary, Dick (actually Richard Durant), jazz pianist, alto horn player, trumpeter, arranger; b. Hartford, Conn., July 10, 1916; d. Glendale, Calif., April 6, 1994. He played violin from early childhood, appearing with the Hartford Symphony Orch. while in high school. Later he specialized on piano, worked with Joe Marsala (1942), and played solo residency at Nick?s in N.Y. in 1942?43. He arranged for…
Elizabeth Tanfield Cary, most famously the author of The Tragedy of Mariam , was born at the Priory of Burford in Oxfordshire in 1586 or 1587. Many of the ? details of her life currently known are drawn from The Lady Falkland, Her Life , which was no doubt written by one of her four daughters in the 1640s. This narrative provides the major dates and events in Cary?s life, but the account relies he…
Belgian-born American conductor and composer; b. Li?ge, May 12, 1861; d. N.Y., Nov. 29, 1921. He studied at the Li?ge Cons, and the Paris Cons. In 1882 he went to London, where he established himself as a theater conductor. In 1887 he became music director of the Prince of Wales Theatre. In 1889 he was named music director of the Lyric Theatre, where he scored his first major success as a composer…
French violinist and composer, brother of Fran?ois Casadesus and Henri Casadesus; b. Paris, Oct. 24, 1892; d. there, Oct. 13, 1981. He studied at the Paris Cons., graduating in 1914 with the premier prix in violin; subsequently toured in Europe and America; gave numerous sonata recitals with his nephew, Robert Casadesus. He was a founding member of the Soci?t? Nouvelle des Instruments Anciens (192…
eminent French pianist and composer; b. Paris, April 7, 1899; d. there, Sept. 19, 1972. A scion of a remarkable musical family, he absorbed music at home from his earliest childhood. His uncles were Henri Casadesus, Marius Casadesus, and Fran?ois Casadesus; another uncle, Marcel Louis Lucien (1882?1917), was a cellist, and his aunt Rose was a pianist. He received his formal musical education study…
great Spanish cellist; b. Vendrell, Catalonia, Dec. 29, 1876; d. San Juan, Puerto Rico, Oct. 22, 1973. Legend has it, supported by Casals himself, that he was conceived when Brahms began his B-flat Major Quartet, of which Casals owned the original MS, and that he was born when Brahms completed its composition. This legend is rendered moot by the fact that the quartet in question was completed and …
Definition: Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) was introduced within the HTML 4.0 specification to separate content from formatting, and to provide precise document layout and format control. The Hypertext Markup Language allows authors to intersperse tags for controlling the display or formatting of a document within the content itself. HTML is designed to be flexible, with the tags acting as directive…
(1958-) America Online, Inc. Steve Case is one of the pioneers of online services. Through his market-leading America Online, he was actively involved in the transformation of dial-up computer networking services from obscurity to a mass-market, multibillion-dollar industry. When Case launched Quantum Computer Services, the forerunner to AOL, in the mid-1980s, it was largely a text-based informa…
outstanding Italian composer and teacher; b. Turin, July 25, 1883; d. Rome, March 5, 1947. He began to play the piano at the age of four and received his early instruction from his mother. In 1896 he went to Paris, and studied with Di?mer and Faur? at the Cons. He won the premier prix in piano in 1899. He made concert tours as a pianist in Europe, and appeared as a guest conductor with European or…
famed jazz guitarist; b. Louisville, Ky, Sept. 15, 1915. Casey is best known for his fine and swinging acoustic work with Fats Waller, and he later turned to the electric guitar. His father was a drummer. He started on violin at the age of 8, then played ukulele. He moved to N.Y. in 1930, studied guitar while at the DeWitt Clinton H.S., and received some tuition from James Smith. His first profess…
CASEY, BERNIE (1939?). Athlete, actor. Casey was born in Wyco , West Virginia , and graduated from Columbus East High School in Columbus , Ohio . He played professional football for the San Francisco 49 years, 1961?1966, and for the Los Angeles Rams, 1967?1968. He made his big screen acting debut in Guns of the Magnificent Seven , 1969, and gained prominence during the 1970s film boom with starrin…
deep-voiced country singer; b. Kingsland, Ark., Feb. 26, 1932. Johnny Cash grew up in Dyess, Ark., where he had moved at the age of three. Following his discharge from the Air Force in July 1954, he traveled to Memphis and eventually auditioned for Sam Phillips of Sun Records in March 1955. Signed to Sun, Cash managed pop hits with his own ?I Walk the Line,? ?Ballad of a Teenage Queen,? ?Guess Thi…
CASH, ROSALIND (1938?1995). Actress. Born in Atlantic City , New Jersey , she was known for refusing to play stereotypical roles. Cash attended City College of New York and worked with the Negro Ensemble Company, the YMCA Little Theater, and at one time, she sang with the Clark Terry band. She appeared on stage in numerous productions, including Dark of the Moon, No Strings, Ceremonies in Dark Old…
married to singer-songwriter Rodney Crowell from 1979 to 1992, began achieving success in the early 1980s as a purveyor of highly personal, country-style material played in a rock, almost New Wave style; b. Memphis, Term., May 24, 1955. Garnering the most public attention for a female country singer since Emmylou Harris, Cash pioneered this ?new country? woman?s sound and style, and opened the doo…
(1909?2000) Dutch physicist: originated the ?two-fluid? model of superconductivity. Casimir was educated at the universities of Leiden, Copenhagen and Z?rich. He held a variety of research positions until, in 1942, he began a career with Philips. He became director of the Philips Research Laboratories in 1946. Casimir?s papers cover aspects of theoretical physics, particularly low-temperature phys…
Albert I. Cassell was a prominent mid-twentieth-century visionary architect who excelled in a field that was scarcely ready to accept African Americans early on. The structures that he designed, constructed, or altered were scattered from Richmond, Virginia, to Baltimore, Maryland, and were located as far away as Tuskegee, Alabama, where his career began. An educator as well, he set the tone for a…
American tenor; b. Washington, D.C., Dec. 14, 1927; d. Boston, Jan. 30, 1998. He studied at the Peabody Cons, of Music in Baltimore. After singing Michele in Menotti?s The Saint of Bleecker Street in N.Y. (1955), he made his N.Y.C. Opera debut as Vakula in Tchaikovsky?s The Golden Slippers (Oct. 13, 1955); was on its roster until 1959, and again from 1960 to 1963 and from 1964 to 1966. He made his…
[ka see nee] (1625?1712) Italian?French astronomer: greatly enhanced knowledge of the planets. Born in Italy, Cassini became director of the Paris Observatory in 1669 and never returned to Italy. He added greatly to our knowledge of the planets of the solar system. It was he who worked out the rotational periods of Jupiter, Mars and Venus and tabulated the movement of the Jovian satellites discove…
B. April 11, 1913 Birthplace: Paris, France Awards: Mostra della Moda, Turin, 1934 ???????? Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts, International College of Fine Arts, Miami, Florida, 1989 Oleg Cassini-Loiewski grew up in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He was born into nobility (his father held the title of count); his grandfather served the czar as minister to China and later to the United States; and his fat…
Born Oleg Cassini Loiewski, April 11, 1913, in Paris, France; died from a cranial blood vessel break, March 17, 2006, in Manhasset, NY. Fashion designer. No other American designer enjoyed a career as long as Oleg Cassini?s, which spanned an astonishing 70 years. Nor did any of his fashion-industry peers ever achieve the fame he attained when he created a groundbreakingly stylish official wardrobe…
Portuguese conductor and composer; b. Oporto, Nov. 17, 1938. He studied violin and piano as a small child, then took courses in composition with Artur Santos and Lopes Gra?a. In the summers of 1960 and 1961 he attended classes in new music in Darmstadt with Ligeti, Messiaen, and Stock-hausen, and at the same time had instruction in conducting with Karajan. He further studied conducting with Pedro …
Italian violinist and composer; b. Rome, 1679; d. Dublin, Feb. 29, 1752. He most likely was a student of Corelli. In 1715 he went to London, where he was concertmaster of Handel?s opera orch. until 1737. His brother, Prospero, also was active as a violinist in London. Pietro acquired a notable reputation as a violinist, and also attracted attention as the inventor of the violetta marina, a stringe…
Born at Cas?tico, near Mantua, Castiglione studied at Milan, then, after the death of his father in 1499, returned to Mantua and entered the service of Francesco Gonzaga, to whose family the Castigliones were connected. With Francesco he witnessed the occupation of Milan by the French troops of Louis XII, inaugurating the long era of foreign domination for the Italian peninsula. Castiglione?s rela…
jazz trumpeter, leader; b. N.Y., Feb. 28, 1915; d. Hollywood, Fla., Nov. 16, 1990. His brother Charles is a trombonist. He played in junior bands on drums, began on trumpet at 15, and became professional at 18. He worked in the mid-1930s with Joe Haymes, Dick Stabile, and Artie Shaw, before joining Red Norvo in July 1937. He joined Tommy Dorsey in September 1937, leaving the band when Tommy sent h…
American violinist and teacher; b. Quincy, Mass., May 22, 1941. He began violin lessons at the age of four with Ondricek. When he was only six he appeared as a soloist with Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orch. At nine, he made his solo recital in Boston. He was a student of Galamian at the Curtis Inst. of Music in Philadelphia (1957?63), and also received coaching from Gingold, Szeryng, and Oistrakh.…
eminent Argentine composer and conductor, brother of Jos? Maria Castro and Washington Castro; b. Avellaneda, near Buenos Aires, March 7, 1895; d. Buenos Aires, Sept. 3, 1968. After study in Buenos Aires, he went to Paris, where he took a course in composition with d?Indy. Returning to Argentina in 1929, he organized in Buenos Aires the Orquesta de Nacimiento, which he conducted; in 1930 he conduct…
famous Italian soprano; b. Sinigaglia, May 10, 1780; d. Paris, June 12, 1849. She was educated in the convent of S. Lucia di Gubbio in Rome, and received vocal training from her father and from Morandi. After making her operatic debut as Mayr?s Lodoiska at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice in 1795, she sang at La Pergola in Florence (1799), La Scala in Milan (1801), and in Lisbon (from 1801). In 1806…
Award: Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce Golden 44 Award, 1979 Catalina, a leading swimwear and active-wear company, originated as a manufacturer of underwear and sweaters under the name of Bentz Knitting Mills. As the company grew, it underwent several name changes. From Bentz Knitting Mills, the company became Pacific Knitting Mills in 1912; after that, they became Catalina Knitting Mills in 1928 …
One area of specialization in advertising photography is catalog photography. To anyone born during or before the Second World War, the idea of the mail-order catalog conjures up the image of the Sears Roebuck Catalog. Printed on thin paper (which often found its way into the family outhouse) and consisting of primitive renderings either drawn or photographed (or a combination of both), the mail-o…
If information cannot be found when it is wanted, it cannot be integrated into the world of human knowledge or into an individual?s personal knowledge base. Whether people want to write a newspaper article, complete a project, or learn about a new hobby, they need to be able to find information that relates to what they are doing and to what they want to know. The overall purpose of cataloging and…
Is viewing violence cathartic? The large amount of violence in the mass media is often justified by the concept of catharsis. The word catharsis comes from the Greek word katharsis , which literally translated means ?a cleansing or purging.? The first recorded mention of catharsis occurred more than one thousand years ago, in the work Poetics by Aristotle. Aristotle taught that viewing tragic play…
The immensely popular but historically dubious virgin martyr Catherine of Alexandria enraged the emperor Maxentius by denouncing him for his persecution of Christians and by converting his wife and 200 of his soldiers to Christianity. She argued successfully for her faith with fifty pagan philosophers who converted and then were executed by Maxentius. She refused an offer of a royal marriage, stat…
The biography of Catherine of Siena (1347?1380) was recorded by her confessor, Raymond of Capua. She was the youngest in a large Sienese merchant family, joined the Dominican order at age sixteen, experienced mystical visions throughout her life, was active in caring for the very sick, subjected herself to extreme austerities, and was involved with contemporary politics (she traveled to Avignon in…
The schism in the Christian Church brought about by the Reformation in the sixteenth century involved fundamental redefinitions in the notions of authority, as well as radically changed attitudes among those who had traditionally been termed ?even Christians? or ?fellow Christians.? As the various sects competed for power, what had previously been a vocabulary of solidarity split into labels of vi…
(CBS, 11/29/1973, 90 mins). This acclaimed religious drama, set in the future, brings theological adversaries head to head?the Vatican?s emissary of change and a strong-willed abbot clinging to the old ways. Based on Brian Moore?s 1972 novel, it was broadcast originally as a ?CBS Playhouse 90? presentation. Filmed on location in the Republic of Ireland. Production Company Sidney Glazier Production…
early jazz drummer, composer; b. Evansville, Ind., b. Jan. 17, 1910; d. Chicago, III., March 25, 1951. After a brief spell on piano, he played drums in school band. His family moved to Chicago, where he attended the Tilden H.S., receiving drum tuition from Joe Russek. He played with local musicians, then came to N.Y. in 1931 to join Elmer Snowden. He worked with Snowden until 1932, when he joined …
[kohshee] (1789?1857) French mathematician: founded complex analysis. The Terror of 1793?4 drove the Cauchy family to their country retreat at Arcueil, and there Augustin was educated by his father. He also became badly malnourished, which affected his health for the rest of his life. In 1805 he entered the ?cole Polytechnique, and after moving to the ?cole des Ponts et Chauss?es served as an engi…
The first woman elected to membership in the oldest historical society in the United States, Frances Manwaring Caulkins was born in New London, Connecticut, on April 26, 1795, to Joshua and Fanny (Manwaring) Caulkins. Even at an early age, while attending school, she was fascinated with historical and genealogical research. After finishing school, she lived for seven years in New London with an un…
Cavalieri, Emilio de?, Italian composer; b. Rome, c. 1550; d. there, March 11, 1602. He was born into a noble family. After serving as organist and supervisor of the Lenten music at the Oratorio del Crocifisso in S. Marcello in Rome (1578?84), he went to Florence in 1588 as a court overseer and diplomat to Ferdinando de? Medici. In 1589 he composed music for and supervised the celebrated intermedi…
Cavalieri, Lina (actually, Natalina), famous Italian soprano; b. Viterbo, Dee. 25, 1874; d. in an air raid on Florence, Feb. 8, 1944. As a young woman of striking beauty, she became the cynosure of the Paris boulevardiers via her appearances in caf?s (1893) and at the Folies-Berg?re (1894). During a trip to Russia in 1900, she married Prince Alexander Bariatinsky, who persuaded her to take up an o…
Cavalli (real name, Caletti), Pier Francesco, historically significant Italian opera composer; b. Crema, Feb. 14, 1602; d. Venice, Jan. 14, 1676. His father, Giovanni Battista Caletti (known also as Bruni), was maestro di cappella at the Cathedral in Crema; he gave him his first instruction in music; as a youth he sang under his father?s direction in the choir of the Cathedral. The Venetian noblem…
(1922? ) Italian geneticist: leading figure in the development of population genetics. Cavalli-Sforza graduated in medicine at Pavia in 1944, and afterwards worked in bacterial genetics in Cambridge, Milan, Parma and Pavia before he became professor of genetics at Stanford, CA, from 1970?92. Population genetics is concerned with the links between human genes and the location and movement of races …
Cavazzoni (also called da Bologna and d?Urbino), Marco Antonio, Italian composer and singer, father of Girolamo Cavazzoni; b. Bologna, c. 1490; d. c. 1570 (the date appearing on his will is April 3, 1569). He went to Urbino about 1510 and became acquainted with Cardinal Pietro Bembo. He then became a musician in the private chapel of Pope Leo X (1515). In Venice (1517) he was employed by Francesco…
Cavazzoni, Girolamo, Italian organist and composer, son of Marco Antonio Cavazzoni; b. Urbino, c. 1520; d. Venice, c. 1577. He was a godson of Cardinal Pietro Bembo. He was organist at S. Barbara in Mantua until 1577, where he supervised the building of the organ in 1565?66. His Intavolatura cio? Ricercavi, Canzoni, Hinni, Magnificati (Venice, 1542) contains the first examples of the polyphonic ri…
DAVID MALIN Anglo-Australian Observatory, RMIT University Caves, lava tubes, and their man-made relatives sewers and mines, are challenging and rewarding photographic subjects. Some are also potentially dangerous. They are a part of the natural world that is mostly inaccessible to many people. A few walk-in caves may be photographed as easily as any other dark space, but others are very big and …
George Cavendish was born in Suffolk around 1499. An official of the Exchequer under both Henry VII and Henry VIII, his father, Thomas, acquired substantial land holdings. Little is known of George?s early years, but it is certain that he attended Cambridge in 1510, although he seems to have left before taking a degree. Although he appears to have married sometime shortly after the death of his mo…
(1731?1810) British chemist and physicist: studied chemistry of gases and of air, water, and nitric acid; made discoveries in heat and electricity and measured the density of the Earth. Henry Cavendish: the only portrait, claimed to have been made without his knowledge by W Alexander. Uninterested in his appearance, he usually wore the same old lavender coloured coat. As eldest son of Lord Cha…
Cavos, Catterino, Italian-Russian composer; b. Venice, Oct. 30, 1775; d. St. Petersburg, May 10, 1840. He studied with Francesco Bianchi. His first work was a patriotic hymn for the Republican Guard, performed at the Teatro La Fenice (Sept. 13, 1797); he then produced a cantata, L?Eroe (1798). That same year he received an invitation to go to Russia as conductor at the Imperial Opera in St. Peters…
William Caxton (?1422?1491) is famous in English history for his revolutionary contribution in starting the first printing press in England in 1476. Whereas the previous manuscript culture naturally reflected regional and cultural diversity, the uniformity of the new print format brought with it the expectation of a standard in usage. Caxton thus found himself having to make many decisions about w…
William Caxton described himself as a ?simple person,? but his influence on English culture was complex. Not only did he introduce printing with movable type into England, but he established precedents in English translation and editorial practice. Caxton was born in Kent (as he tells us) likely sometime during 1422 or 1423. In 1438, Caxton was apprenticed to Robert Large of the Mercers Company. A…
(1821?95) British mathematician: developed n-dimensional geometry, and the theory of matrices and algebraic invariants. Cayley, the son of an English merchant, spent his first 8 years in Russia, where his father was then working. He was educated at King?s College School, London and Trinity College, Cambridge. Reluctant to be ordained, which was a necessary condition to remain a Fellow of Trinity C…
(1773?1857) British engineer: the founder of aerodynamics. Cayley belongs to the group of gentleman amateurs, able to use their wealth and the peace of country life to advance a scholarly enthusiasm. His school at York, and a clergyman tutor who trained him as a mechanic and in mathematics, gave him some skills needed for his later work, and his teenage enthusiasm for models became a life-long int…
Cebotari (real name, Cebutaru), Maria, outstanding Moldavian soprano; b. Kishinev, Bessarabia, Feb. 23, 1910; d. Vienna, June 9, 1949. She sang in a church choir; from 1924 to 1929 she studied at the Kishinev Cons.; then went to Berlin, where she took voice lessons with Oskar Daniel at the Hochschule f?r Musik. In 1929 she sang with a Russian ?migr? opera troupe in Bucharest and in Paris. In 1931 …
Ceccato, Aldo, Italian conductor; b. Milan, Feb. 18, 1934. He studied at the Verdi Cons. in Milan (1948?55), with Albert Wolff and Willem van Otterloo in the Netherlands (1958), and at the Berlin Hochschule f?r Musik (1959?62). In 1960 he served as assistant to Celibidache at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena. In 1964 he won first prize in the RAI conducting competition. In 1969 he made his…
Celestin, Papa (actually, Oscar Phillip), early jazz trumpeter, leader, singer; b. La Fourche Parish, Napoleonville, La., Jan. 1, 1884; d. New Orleans, La., Dec. 15, 1954. As a youth, he was nicknamed ?Sonny?; as the years went by, his nickname matured to ?Papa.? Following early efforts on the guitar and mandolin, he worked for a few years as a cook on the Texas and Pacific Railroad. He settled in…
Celibidache, Sergiu, transcendently endowed Romanian conductor; b. Roman, June 28, 1912. He studied at the Berlin Hochschule f?r Musik, where his teachers included Kurt Thomas, Heinz Thiessen, Fritz Stein, and Heinz Gmeindl; he also took courses in musicology with Schering and Sch?nemann at the Univ. of Berlin. In 1945 he was appointed conductor of the Berlin Phil. as successor to Furtw?ngler; he …
Principal social theme: capital punishment Columbia. No MPAA rating. Featuring: William Campbell, Vince Edwards, Marian Carr, Robert Campbell, Kathryn Grant, Harvey Stephens, Allen Nourse, Diane DeLaire, Paul Dubov, Tyler MacDuff, Eleanor Audley, Buck Kartlian, Bart Braverman, Howard Wright, Joe Forte, Jonathan Haze, John Zaremba. Written by Jack DeWitt based on the book Cell 2455 Death Row by Car…
Definition: With advances in handsets, wireless network infrastructure, and improvements in software development platform, mobile multimedia content for cell phones now includes digital music, games, videos, and TV. NTT DoCoMo pioneered the mobile music market by introducing polyphonic ringtones (Chaku-Melody or Chaku-Melo) on i Mode in 1999. With advances in handsets, wireless network infrastruct…
Cellier, Alfred, English conductor and composer; b. London, Dec. 1, 1844; d. there, Dec. 28, 1891. He was a chorister at London?s Chapel Royal and a student of Thomas Helmore. After working as a church and concert organist, he went to Belfast in 1866 as conductor of the Phil. He had his first success as a composer with his operetta Charity Begins at Home (London, Feb. 7, 1872). Following a period …
Censorship basically takes two forms, namely preventive interference by the state prior to publication, or subsequent punitive prosecution, dealt with more fully under fines and penalties and lawsuits. There are also less direct interventions, from bodies such as the Press Council, the Church, as well as less obvious forms like self-censorship deriving from general cultural expectations within soc…
(NBC, 1/14/1979, 2 hours). The 19th century ends as an era of change begins in the growing community of Centennial, Colorado, in Chapter 8, ?The Storm,? with the largest ranch in the area (run by Timothy Dalton and Lynn Redgrave) under a dual threat from a devastating blizzard and a cunning family of con artists. Production Company Universal Television. Director Harry Falk. Supervising Producer Al…
(NBC, 1/21/1979, 2 hours). The truth about the con artist family is discovered in Chapter 9, ?The Crime,? as the story moves more or less into the modern era, and they try fleecing some of Centennial?s most respected citizens, causing a rift in the clan. Meanwhile, threats of losing his land and his help Japanese laborers working in his fields inadvertently makes one of the leading farmers a pilla…
(NBC, 1/28/1979, 2 hours). Chapter 10, ?The Winds of Fortune,? finds the half-breed granddaughter of French-Canadian trader Pasquinel coming to town from St. Louis causing romance between the widow of Centennial?s leading rancher and her unpolished foreman she?s hoping to lasso to hit a snag. She arrives around the time that a family of Mexican immigrants is welcomed to town, somewhat reluctantly,…
(NBC, 10/1/1978, 3 hours). This is an epic miniseries about the making of America the most ambitious project filmed for television to its time. This photographing of James A. Michener?s 1,100-page saga spanned the decades of the late 18th century to the mid to late 20th century ended up as a 26 hour movie (actually just under 21 hours when later shown on HBO minus commercials). It was irregularly …
(NBC, 10/28/1978, 2 hours). Chapter 3, ?The Wagon and the Elephant,? follows the westward bound trek by wagon train from St. Louis in 1845 during which Alexander McKeag and Pasquinel?s squaw and two now grown sons cross paths with Levi Zendt, a Mennonite outcast and his wife, a grizzled guide, and an army captain, with whom McKeag tries to pacify increasingly angry Indians. Production Company Univ…
(NBC, 10/8/1978, 2 hours). Chapter 2, ?The Yellow Apron,? spanning the years 1809 through 1830, finds Pasquinel, in the midst of a quest for gold, raising two sons by the Arapaho woman named Clay Basket and then returning to St. Louis for a bittersweet union with the wife, a gruff silversmith?s daughter, he left there. Production Company Universal Television. Director Virgil W. Vogel. Producer How…
(NBC, 11/11/1978, 2 hours). In Chapter 5, ?The Massacre,? a renegade officer (played by Richard Crenna), a religious fanatic heading his own ragtag private army, oversees the massacre of unarmed plains Indians, precipitating a wave of revenge and recriminations, and vows to destroy the Pasquinel brothers. Production Company Universal Television. Director Paul Krasny. Producer Malcolm R. Harding. T…
(NBC, 11/4/1978, 2 hours). In Chapter 4, ?For as Long as the Waters Flow?? (set during 1846 through 1860), cavalry officer Maxwell Mercy (Chad Everett) tries to contend with broken treaties that have imperiled relations between Indians, settlers and the army. Production Company Universal Television. Director Paul Krasny. Producer Malcolm R. Harding. Teleplay Jerry Ziegman. Photography Duke Callagh…
(NBC, 12/10/1978, 2 hours). The thrust of Chapter 7, ?The Shepherds,? is the range wars of the 1870s between cattle ranchers and farmers, and the introduction of a new element sheep complicating matters. Production Company Universal Television. Director Virgil W. Vogel. Supervising Producer Alex Beaton. Producer Malcolm R. Harding. Teleplay Charles Larson. Photography Jacques R. Marquette. Music J…
(NBC, 12/3/1978, 2 hours). Chapter 6, ?The Longhorns,? focuses on a tough, demanding trail boss (Dennis Weaver) who molds a group of seasoned veteran as well as greenhorns into a trail crew to push 3,000 Texas longhorns through Indian raids and rustlers? threats in the first cattle drive from Texas to Colorado. Production Company Universal Television. Director Virgil W. Vogel. Producer Alex Beaton…
(NBC, 2/3/1979, 2 hours). Chapter 11, ?The Winds of Death,? finds Depression Era drought, dust storms, and mortgage foreclosures plaguing homesteading families, Mexican immigrants urging the owners of the leading ranch to halt bigotry, and several land dealings turning into dubious value. Production Company Universal Television. Director Bernard McEveety. Supervising Producer Richard Caffey. Produ…
(NBC, 2/4/1979, 3 hours). Concluding with Chapter 12, ?The Scream of Eagles,? the epic tale finds Andy Griffith as a history professor visiting 1970s Centennial where he?s told by David Janssen (narrator for the whole series) as the town?s leading citizen relates its background?mainly in flashbacks reuniting all of the leading characters of the series. Production Company Universal Television. Dire…
Central America is a diverse and complex region, and Central Americans living in the United States reflect this heterogeneity. Unlike Mexican immigrants, who have dominated U.S.-bound Latin American migration, Central Americans are socioculturally and economically diverse, and they have been received by the U.S. government in different ways. As Nestor Rodriguez and Jacqueline Hagan (1999) observe,…
Cerha, Friedrich, notable Austrian composer, conductor, and pedagogue; b. Vienna, Feb. 17, 1926. He began violin lessons at the age of six and began to compose when he was nine. He studied composition with Uhi and violin with Prihoda at the Vienna Academy of Music (1946?51), and also pursued training in musicology and philosophy at the Univ. of Vienna (Ph.D., 1950). In 1956 he attended the summer …
B. 1930 Birthplace: Biella, Italy Awards: Bath Museum of Costume Award, 1978 ???????? Cutty Sark Award, 1982, 1988 ???????? Pitti Uomo Award, 1986 It has been said by many who have known him that Nino Cerruti is more businessman than designer, more manager than creative talent, more realist than innovator. But there is one area in which all agree: he is, indeed, a visionary. From the moment he…
Cerven?, Wenzel Franz (V?clav Frantisele), Bohemian inventor of brass instruments; b. Dubec, Sept. 27, 1819; d. K?niggr?tz, Jan. 19, 1896. He was a good performer on most brass instruments when he was only 12 years old. He learned his trade with Bauer, a musical instrument maker in Prague, and worked at various times in Br?nn, Bratislava, Vienna, and Budapest. In 1842 he established his own shop a…
Cervetti, Sergio, Uruguayan-born American composer and teacher; b. Dolores, Nov. 9, 1940. He received training in piano from Jos? Maria Martino Rodas in Mercedes and from Hugo Balzo in Montevideo, and in composition from Carlos Estrada at the National Cons, in Montevideo and from Guido Sant?rsola. From 1962 to 1967 he pursued studies at the Peabody Cons, of Music in Baltimore, where he had further…
Cesti, Antonio (baptismal name, Pietro), renowned Italian composer, uncle of Remigo Cesti; b. Arezzo (baptized), Aug. 5, 1623; d. Florence, Oct. 14, 1669. Although earlier reference works give his name as Marc? Antonio Cesti, this rendering is incorrect; he adopted the name Antonio when he joined the Franciscan order. He was a choirboy in Arezzo before joining the Franciscan order in Volterra in 1…
Turkish photographer, filmmaker, screenwriter, and producer Nuri Bilge Ceylan is considered to be one of the leading ?new wave? auteurs of Turkish cinema. Ceylan is the winner of both the prestigious Grand Jury Prize (2002) and Fipresci Movie Critics? Award (2006) at the Cannes Film Festival. He, along with filmmaker Zeki Demirkubuz, and ORHAN PAMUK , the 2006 Nobel Prize winner in literature, are…
Definition: A zooming solution operating on a gray-scale CFA sensor image generates an enlarged gray-scale, mosaic-like, image. Since the cost of a digital camera rapidly increases based on its optical zooming capabilities, to keep it at a reasonable level, camera manufacturers produce cameras capable of performing digital zooming. This is especially important for cost-effective, imaging-enabled, …
Chabrier, (Alexis-) Emmanuel, famous French composer; b. Ambert, Puy de D?me, Jan. 18, 1841; d. Paris, Sept. 13, 1894. He studied law in Paris (1858?61), and also studied composition with Semet and Hignard, piano with Edouard Wolff, and violin with Hammer. He served in the government from 1861, at the same time cultivating his musical tastes; with Duparc, d?Indy, and others he formed a private gro…
Bishop Elias Chacour (also Ilyas Shakur), also known as Father Chacour and Abuna Chacour, is the first Palestinian bishop to be born, raised, and educated in the Palestinian Arab sector of Israel. Chacour rose to international prominence in Europe, North America, Australia, and the Middle East as a peacemaker, educator, and founder and president of Mar Elias University and its related educational …
Chad and Jeremy, folky English duo that rode the British invasion to hitsville. MEMBERSHIP: Chad Stuart, voc, gtr. (b. Durham, England, Dec. 10, 1943); Jeremy Clyde, voc., gtr. (b. Buckinghamshire, England, March 22, 1944). Chad Stuart and Jeremy Clyde met while studying at London?s Central School of Speech and Drama. They had a mutual interest in folk music and started playing together just as th…
Chadabe, Joel, American composer; b. N.Y., Dec. 12, 1938. He studied with Will Mason at the Univ. of N.C. at Chapel Hill (B.A., 1959) and Carter at Yale Univ. (M.M., 1962), then taught at the State Univ. of N.Y. at Albany (from 1965), served as consultant to Bennington (Vt.) Coll. (from 1971), and was president of Intelligent Computer Music Systems, Inc. (from 1986). In 1964 he held a Ford Foundat…
Chadwick, George Whitefield, eminent American composer and teacher; b. Lowell, Mass. Nov. 13, 1854; d. Boston, April 4, 1931. He began musical training with his brother. From the time he was 15, he was active as an organist, and in 1872 he became a Congregational church organist. He also pursued organ training with Dudley Buck and Eugene Thayer at the New England Cons. of Music in Boston. After se…
(1891?1974) British physicist: discoverer of the neutron. Chadwick graduated in physics in Manchester in 1911 and stayed there to do research under . He won an award in 1913 to allow him to work with in Berlin, and when the First World War began in 1914 he was interned. Although held in poor conditions in a racecourse stable for 4 years, he was able to do some useful research as a result of help f…
Youssef Chahine (Yusuf, Yusif Shahin) is a prominent Egyptian filmmaker, producer, actor, and screenwriter. His films touch on deep social problems of the society in which he lived, raising considerable controversy at different times. Youssef Chahine won the Grand Prix of the Carthage Film Festival (1970), the Special Jury Prize of the Berlin Film Festival (1979), and the Prix de Cinquatieme of th…
Chailley, Jacques, eminent French musicologist and composer; b. Paris, March 24, 1910; d. Montpellier, Jan. 21, 1999. He studied composition with Boulanger, Delvincourt, and Busser, musicology with Pirro, Rokseth, and Smijers, and conducting with Mengelberg and Monteux; he also took courses in medieval French literature at the Sorbonne in Paris (1932?36; Ph.D., 1952, with two dissertations: L??col…
Chailly, Riccardo, noted Italian conductor, son of Luciano Chailly; b. Milan, Feb. 20, 1953. He studied composition with his father, and then with Bruno Bet-tinelli at the Milan Cons.; he also studied conducting with Piero Guarino in Perugia, Franco Caracciolo in Milan, and Franco Ferrara in Siena. He was asst. conductor of the sym. concerts at Milan?s La Scala (1972?74); his international career …
Nearly half a century after the Civil War, the southern states? prison systems, with a largely black population, comprised two models of outdoor convict labor: The prison farm and the road chain gang. The chain gang started in Georgia in 1908 and was envisioned as a progressive penal reform movement, the direct consequence of the ending of the convict lease system, as well as public demand for imp…
Controversial even before the United States invaded Iraq in 2003, Ahmad Abd al-Hadi Chalabi more than any other Iraqi was associated with the American decision to invade Iraq and topple the government of SADDAM HUSSEIN . Chalabi, a member of a Shi?ite Muslim banking family with close ties to the Hashemite kingdom installed by the British imperial authorities in Baghdad, Iraq, after World War I, wa…
Chaliapin, Feodor (Ivanovich), celebrated Russian bass; b. near Kazan, Feb. 13, 1873; d. Paris, April 12, 1938. He was born into a poverty- ridden peasant family, and thus was compelled to work in menial jobs from an early age and had little opportunity for formal schooling. While still a youth, he began to travel with various opera and operetta companies as a chorister and eventually appeared in …
George K. Lalopoulos Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece Ioannis P. Chochliouros Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece The last decade is characterized by the tempestuous evolution, growth, and dissemination of information and communication technologie…
Challis, Bill (actually, William H.), jazz arranger; b. Wilkes-Barre, Pa., July 8, 1904; d. there, Oct. 4, 1994. Originally a saxophonist and clarinetist, he was a self-taught pianist. He played ?C? melody sax at high school (1921); later studied economics and philosophy at Bucknell Univ. and led his own student band. He graduated in June 1925 and joined Dave Harmon?s Band as saxist/arranger. He s…
Chaloff, Serge, bebop baritone saxophonist; b. Boston, Mass., Nov. 24, 1923; d. there, July 16, 1957. His mother, Madame Margaret Chaloff, was a highly respected music teacher, and his father, Julius, was a concert pianist who recorded piano rolls, taught at New England Cons., and played piano in the Boston Symphony Orch. His brother Richard is an audio expert who recorded Serge at home on piano a…
Houston Stewart Chamberlain, who was born into a family of English military officers on September 9, 1855, became a widely recognized advocate of race inequality and Aryan superiority in his adopted country of Germany. In his writings he built his enthusiasm for German cultural and intellectual achievements into an eclectic theory of the superiority of the ?Teutonic? race, a category that he used …
Chambers, Henderson (Charles), jazz trombonist; b. Alexandria, La., May 1, 1908; d. N.Y., Oct. 19, 1967. He attended local school, then studied at Leland Coll., in Baker, La. He began playing trombone with the student band at Morehouse Coll., Atlanta. His first professional work was with Neil Montgomery in 1931. He was with Doc Banks in Nashville (1932), then worked in saxist Jack Jackson?s Pullma…
Chambers, Joe (actually, Joseph Arthur), jazz drummer, composer; b. Stoneacre, Va., June 25, 1942. He started playing in 1951, and turned professional three years later; he played frequently in Philadelphia with his family. He worked in the JFK Quintet in the D.C. area (1960?63), then moved to N.Y. (1963), studied composition and played with Jimmy Giuffre, James Brown, the Shirelles, Eric Dolphy (…
Chambers, Paul (Laurence Dunbar Jr.), noted jazz bassist; b. Pittsburgh, Pa., April 22, 1935; d. N.Y., Jan. 4, 1969. Dunbar studied baritone horn and tuba in his preteen years; at age 13, his family moved to Detroit and he took up the bass. In 1954 he did his first professional work on the road with Paul Quinichette, ending up in N.Y. In 1955 he joined Miles Davis?s working groups, remaining with …
Alvin O. Chambliss Jr. is best known for his legal work over nearly thirty years in the Ayers v. Barbour case, which sought to remedy inequalities rooted in past segregation of higher education in his home state of Mississippi. As a result of his involvement in what has become one of the longest running civil rights cases in history, he has been described as the last original civil rights attorney…
Chambonni?res, Jacques Champion, Sieur de, French harpsichordist, dancer, teacher, and composer; b. Paris, 1601 or 1602; d. there, April or May, 1672. His father was the keyboard player and composer Jacques Champion, known as La Chapelle (b. probably in Paris, before 1555; d. there, 1642), who served in the king?s chamber as a gentilhomme ordinaire. By 1632 Chambonni?res was associated with the co…
Born on April 16, 1941, in Shanghai, China, of Chinese parents, Sucheng Chan attended elementary school in China, Hong Kong, and Malaysia; junior high school in Singapore; and high school in New York City. Her father, an engineer, later worked as a high school physics teacher in Malaysia and as a waiter in the United States. Her mother worked as a social worker in China, a high school history teac…
Chance, Michael, noted English countertenor; b. Perm, Buckinghamshire, March 7, 1955. He was a choral scholar at King?s Coll., Cambridge (1974?77). He first made a name for himself as a concert artist via appearances with British ensembles, mainly as an exponent of early music. In 1983 he made his formal operatic debut at the Buxton Festival as Apollo in Cavalli?s Giasone . His European operatic d…
(1846?1913) US geophysicist: discovered variation in location of the geographic poles (Chandler wobble). By occupation both a scientist and an actuary, Chandler became interested in the possible free nutation (oscillation) of the Earth?s axis of rotation. By re-analysing repeated measurements of the latitudes of different observatories he discovered an annual variation in latitude (due to the moti…
B. 1883 D. 1971 Birthplace: Samur, France Awards: Neiman Marcus Award, 1957 ???????? London Sunday Times International Fashion Award, 1963 Born in a poorhouse and raised in an orphanage, Gabrielle Chanel was, as a pauper, forced to wear clothing which set her apart from the rest of the young ladies in her convent school. And that is why, explains psychoanalyst Claude Delay-Tubiana, a friend of h…
Chang, Sarah, gifted American violinist; b. Philadelphia, Dec. 10, 1980. She was born to Korean parents who saw to it that she received training in violin from the age of 4. At 5 she began to perform in public in Philadelphia. In 1987 she received the Starling Scholarship at the Juilliard School in N.Y., where she studied with Dorothy DeLay and Hyo Kang. She soon came to the attention of Zubin Meh…
Born March 26, 1953, in Taiwan; daughter of James (owner of a shipping firm) and Ruth Chao; married Mitch McConnell (a U.S. senator), 1993; children: three stepdaughters. Education: Mount Holyoke College, B.A., 1975; Harvard Business School, M.B.A., 1979; also attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dartmouth College, and Columbia University. Addresses: Office ?U.S. Department of Labor, 20…
(1956-) USA Network Stephen Chao?s career took as many twists and turns as the television shows he created. From his start as a reporter for the National Enquirer to his quick rise and fall at Fox Television, to his recent appointment as co-president of the USA Network, Chao transformed the television industry. Known for creating such shows as America?s Most Wanted, Studs, and Cops, Chao earned a…
Chapin, Schuyler G(arrison), American music administrator; b. N.Y., Feb. 13, 1923. He received training from Boulanger at the Longy School of Music in Cambridge, Mass. (1940?1). After working for NBC (1941?51), Tex and Jinx McCary Enterprises (1951?53), and Columbia Artists Management (1953?59), he was head of the Masterworks Division of Columbia Records (1959?63). He later was associated with N.Y…
Chap?n, Thomas, American saxophonist b. Manchester, Conn., March 9, 1957, d. Providence, R.I., Feb. 13, 1998. Though leukemia tragically ended his life when he was only 40 years old, he spent nearly a decade working as a leader and left behind a legacy of many excellent albums and performances and a reputation as a versatile musician?s musician who was unfailingly gentlemanly. He moved freely betw…
Although his contributions to film extend from acting to directing, producing, and composing, it was his acting in silent films that brought Charlie Chaplin fame and made him the most widely recognized person of his era. He helped boost motion pictures from a novelty entertainment to a form of art, regularly breaking from convention to create fresh meaning. Born in deep poverty in London, England,…
We know little about George Chapman?s early life. He seems to have sought a loan to buy clothes to attend upon Sir Ralph Sadler in 1585, and he may have spent time fighting in the Netherlands around 1591, but not until the beginning of 1594, at what seems for a serious writer the comparatively late age of thirty-four, did he appear on the literary scene. Yet within four years he was being mentione…
(1888?1970) British applied mathematician: developed the kinetic theory of gases and worked on gaseous thermal diffusion, geomagnetism, tidal theory and the atmosphere. Chapman studied engineering at Manchester and mathematics at Cambridge, graduating in 1910. During his career he held professorships in Manchester, London and Oxford, and from 1954 worked at the High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, …
Chappell & Co., London music publishers, concert agents, and piano manufacturers, founded in 1810 by Samuel Chappell, J.B. Cramer (the pianist), and ET. Latour. Cramer retired in 1819, Latour in 1826, and S. Chappell died in 1834, when his son William (1809?88) became the head of the firm. In 1840 he established the Musical Antiquarian Soc, for which he ed. Dowland?s songs; he also ed. and publ. A…
[ chah? gaf] (1905? ) Czech?US biochemist: discovered base-pairing rules in DNA. Chargaff studied at Vienna, Yale, Berlin and Paris, and worked in the USA from 1935 at Columbia University, New York. His best-known work is on nucleic acids. By 1950 he had shown that a single organism contains many different kinds of RNA but that its DNA is of essentially one kind, characteristic of the species and …
Charlap, Bill, American pianist; b. N.Y., Oct. 15, 1966. Able to paint with a rich and melodic pallet, while possessing a pure and bell-like tone, he is a player who is actively looking for new ways to express himself and compliment any musical situation. His sophisticated harmonic knowledge and sense of drama make him one of the most stimulating pianists around. It should come as no surprise that…
Charlemagne (c.742?814) became king of the Franks in 768, king of the Lombards in 774 (by right of conquest), and was crowned emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III on Christmas day, 800, in Rome. Charlemagne significantly expanded his territory and spread Christianity through military conquests, as well as systematizing government administration. The ?Carolingian Renaissance,? centered at the cour…
Charles, Denis (also Dennis), jazz drummer, percussionist; b. St. Croix, Virgin Islands, Dec. 4, 1933; d. N.Y., March 26, 1998. His father played congas, guitar, and banjo. He played congas as child; the family moved to N.Y. in 1945 and he took up drumming (1954), teaching himself by listening to records by Art Blakey and Roy Haynes. Charles played at West Indian parties and dances with calypso an…
[shah?l] (1746?1823) French physicist: established temperature?volume relationship for gases. Originally a clerk in the civil service, an interest in ballooning and the physics of gases together with a flare for public lecturing brought Charles fame, and ultimately a professorship of physics in Paris. In 1783, together with his brother Robert, Charles made the first manned ascent in a hydrogen bal…
Charles, Ray (originally, Robinson, Ray Charles), legendary, genre-crossing singer/pianist; b. Albany, Ga., Sept. 23, 1930. Ray Charles grew up in Greenville, Fla., and was blinded by glaucoma at the age of seven. From 1937 to 1945 he attended the St. Augustine (Fla.) School for the Deaf and Blind, where he learned piano and, later, clarinet and alto saxophone, as well as composing and arranging. …
(NBC, 1/15/1979, 120 mins). A tacky road-company version of ?Gone With the Wind? involving a Southern belle (Delta Burke) who is determined to hang onto her aristocratic family?s mansion following the Civil War. Its dubious distinction comes from its feminist viewpoint and the fact that its producer, director and writer were women (the last died before completing it) and that its stars were virtua…
(ABC, 3/21/1976, 90 mins). This was the pilot for the hit TV series that began in September 1976 with three attractive females who work for a very private investigator, a man they have never seen or met, and must use their wiles to con the manager of a vineyard into revealing the whereabouts of the body of his wealthy boss whom he killed years earlier. Production Company Spelling-Goldberg Producti…
The most remote linguistic usage invariably contains some form of word magic. Charms, spells, exorcisms, and runes represent in their different ways the ancient and primal belief in the power of words over physical objects and the invisible powers in nature. Being the opposite of spells and curses, charms seek to harness the energy of word magic and the hidden virtues of objects in a positive way,…
(1911?82) British orthopaedic surgeon who devised a satisfactory replacement hip joint. Charnley?s parents were a pharmacist and a nurse, so it is unsurprising that he studied medicine. He specialized in orthopaedic surgery, qualified young and operated throughout his life in the Manchester area where he had always lived. His career was dominated by one problem, the treatment of the painful and di…
(1924? ) Polish?French physicist: inventor of multiwire and drift particle detectors. Charpak was born in Poland and became a naturalized French citizen at the end of the Second World War. He studied as a mining engineer before taking a PhD in experimental nuclear physics at the Coll?ge de France, and working at the CNRS. From 1959 he worked at CERN and in 1968 published his invention of the multi…
Charpentier, Gustave, famous French composer; b. Dieuze, Lorraine, June 25, 1860; d. Paris, Feb. 18, 1956. He studied at the Paris Cons. (1881?87), where he was a pupil of Massari (violin), Pessard (harmony), and Massenet (composition). He received the Grand Prix de Rome in 1887 with his cantata Didon . He evinced great interest in the social problems of the working classes, and in 1900 formed the…
Charpentier, Marc-Antoine, significant French composer; b. Paris, c. 1647; d. there, Feb. 24, 1704. He studied with Carissimi in Italy. After returning to Paris, he became active as a composer to Moli?re?s acting troupe; he was also in the service of Marie de Lorraine, the Duchess of Guise, later serving as her haute-contre, and finally as her ma?tre de musique until her death (1688); likewise he …
Charteris, Richard, Australian musicologist; b. Chatham Islands, New Zealand, June 24, 1948. He was educated at Victoria Univ. in Wellington (B.A., 1970), the Univ. of Canterbury (M.A., Honors, 1972, and the Univ. of Canterbury in London (Ph.D., 1976, with the diss. John Coprano (Cooper) c. 1575-1626: A Study and Complete Critical Edition of His Instrumental Music) . After serving as Rothmans Rese…
Charton-Demeur, Anne, prominent French mezzo-soprano; b. Saujon, Charente Maritime, March 5, 1824; d. Paris, Nov. 30, 1892. She studied in Bordeaux with Bizot, making her operatic debut there as Lucia di Lammermoor in 1842. After appearances in Toulouse and Brussels, she made her first appearance in London as Madeleine in Le Postillon de Longjumeau on July 18, 1846. In 1847 she married the Belgian…
(NBC, 3/24/1973, 90 mins). A special police unit goes out after a cop killer in this pilot to another Jack Webb series that ran briefly during the 1973-74 season. Mitchell Ryan continued as the head of the unit, and Wayne Maunder and Gary Crosby signed on, along with Reid Smith, Michael Richardson, Brian Fong and Albert Reed. Production Companies Mark VII Ltd., Universal Television. Director Jack …
Chase, Allan (S.), jazz saxophonist, composer, educator, researcher; b. Willimatic, Conn., June 22, 1956. He grew up in Phoenix, Ariz., and received his bachelor?s degree in music theory and composition from Ariz. State Univ. (1978), where he studied composition. While still a student, he performed in clubs, concerts, and festivals with local jazz musicians. In the summers of 1978 and 1979, he stu…
Chase, Gilbert, eminent American musicologist; b. Havana (of American parents), Sept. 4, 1906; d. Chapel Hill, N.C., Feb. 22, 1992. He studied at Columbia Univ. and at the Univ. of N.C. at Chapel Hill. From 1929 to 1935 he lived in Paris and was active as a music correspondent for British and American music periodicals. In 1935 he returned to the U.S.; during 1940?43, he was consultant on Spanish …
William Calvin Chase is perhaps most noted for his accomplishments as the editor and publisher of a successful nineteenth-century African American newspaper, the Washington Bee . August Meier aptly points out in his 1963 book, Negro Thought in America, 1880?1915 , that the historical importance of Chase and his newspaper is the insight they provide historians of the late nineteenth- and early twen…
(Marchioness) du , n?e le Tonnelier de Breteuil [shatuhlay lohm?] (1706?49) French writer on physics and mathematics. The youngest child of the chief of protocol at the court of Louis XIV, Emilie de Breteuil was born into an aristocratic society that expected its women to be beautiful, intelligent and witty. As she was considered too tall (175 cm/5 ft 9 in), her father believed she would remain si…
The works of Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1340?1400) contain unexpected volumes of blasphemy, profanity, foul language, and xenophobic insult. Furthermore, Chaucer gives us many insights into swearing, namely class differences, gender factors, and different levels of awareness of the seriousness of oaths. Although he lived in a totally different society six centuries ago, Chaucer makes the modern reader …
Ch?vez (y Ram?rez), Carlos (Antonio de Padua), distinguished Mexican composer and conductor; b. Calzada de Tacube, near Mexico City, June 13, 1899; d. Mexico City, Aug. 2, 1978. He studied piano as a child with Pedro Luis Ogaz?n, then studied harmony with Juan B. Fuentes and Manuel Ponce. He began to compose very early in life. He wrote a Sym. at the age of 16, and made effective piano arrangement…
C?sar Estrada Ch?vez was born on March 31, 1927 in Yuma, Arizona. He was a civil rights activist, community organizer, and founder of the United Farm Workers of America (UFWA), the first union to successfully organize agricultural workers in the United States. A self-educated follower of Gandhi?s nonviolent protest strategy and Catholic theories of penance, he began his organizing career in 1952 w…
Chaynes, Charles, French composer and broadcasting administrator; b. Toulouse, July 11, 1925. He first studied with his parents, who taught at the Toulouse Cons., and then entered the Paris Cons., where he took courses in violin with Gabriel Bouillon, in chamber music with Joseph Calvet, in composition with Milhaud and Rivier, and in harmony and fugue with N. and J. Gallon (Premier Grand Prix de R…
Chcisins, Abram, multitalented American pianist, teacher, writer on music, broadcaster, and composer; b. N.Y., Aug. 17, 1903; d. there, June 21, 1987. He was a student of Hutcheson (piano) and Goldmark (composition) at N.Y/s Juilliard School of Music. He also was a prot?g? of Hofmann, and later studied analysis with Tovey in London (1931). From 1926 to 1936 he taught at the Curtis Inst. of Music i…
CHEADLE, DON (1964?). Actor. Born in Kansas City , Missouri , Cheadle graduated from East High School in Denver , Colorado . He earned his BA degree in Fine Arts from CalArts and began auditioning for stage, television, and film. He first gained notoriety for his role as Mouse in Devil in a Blue Dress , 1995, which won him a best supporting actor award from the Los Angeles Film Critics, and he rec…
Cheap Trick, the power pop band that wouldn?t go away (f. 1973, Rockford, III.). MEMBERSHIP: Robin Zander, voc. (b. Loves Park, III., Jan. 23, 1953); Rick Neilson, gtr. (b. Rockford, III., Dec. 22, 1946); Tom Petersson, bs. (b. Rockford, III., May 9, 1950); Bun E. Carlos (real name, Brad Carlson), drm. (b. Rockford, III., June 12, 1951). Rick Neilson?s parents sang opera and choral music professio…
Cheatham, Doc (actually, Adolphus Anthony), famed, long-lived jazz trumpeter, saxophonist; b. Nashville, June 13, 1905; d. Washington, D.C., June 2, 1997. He gained his nickname through having several relatives in the medical profession. Cheatam was originally taught by ?Professor? N. C. Davis in Nashville. He gained his first professional experience playing with Marion Hardy?s Band for the ?Sunsh…
Cheek, John (Taylor), American bass-baritone; b. Greenville, S.C., Aug. 17, 1948. He received a B.Mus. degree from the N.C. School of the Arts, and then studied in Siena with Gino Bechi at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana, where he received the Diploma of Merit. He made his professional debut in 1975. On June 6, 1977, he made his first appearance with the Metropolitan Opera as Ferrando during the c…
Steve Chen born in August of 1978 in Taiwan. Chad Hurley born c. 1977; married; children: two. Education: Chen: Studied computer science at the University of Illinois?Urbana-Champaign, c. 1995?99. Hurley: Earned degree in fine arts from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, c. 1999. Addresses: Office ?c/o Google, Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy., Mountain View, CA 94043. Chen worked for PayPal, Inc., a…
Cher (originally, Sarkisian, Cherilyn), pop culture triple-threat with award-winning records, films, and TV shows; b. El Centro, Calif., May 20, 1946. The first 17 years of Cher?s life were tough. Her mother was a model and actress, her father a truck driver who left the family when Cher was a few months old (Cher?s mother remarried him twice). When she was young, Cher was placed in a Catholic hom…
[che reng kof] (1904?90) Russian physicist: discoverer of the Cherenkov effect. A graduate of Voronezh State University, Cherenkov worked at the Lebedev Institute of Physics from 1930. In 1934 he first saw the blue light emitted from water exposed to radioactivity from radium, which had been observed by many earlier workers who had assumed it to be fluorescence. Cherenkov soon found that this coul…
Cherkassky, Shura (Alexander Isaakovich), remarkable Russian- born American pianist; b. Odessa, Oct. 7, 1911. He began piano training with his mother. While still a child, he was taken by his family to the U.S., where he continued his studies with Josef Hofmann at the Curtis Inst. of Music in Philadelphia. After making his debut in Baltimore at the age of 11, he appeared as a soloist with Walter D…
This designation was used in medieval times to refer to ?low-class? language, predicated on the assumption that bad language was more prevalent among the lower orders. The Anglo-Saxon form ceorl meant ?a peasant or laborer,? and has yielded the modern form churl , meaning ?a surly, ill-bred person,? now virtually obsolete, chiefly surviving in churlish , meaning ?ungenerous,? applied to a man of a…
Cherney, Brian (Irwin), Canadian composer and teacher; b. Peterborough, Ontario, Sept. 4, 1942. He studied composition with Dolin in Toronto (1960?64) and also studied at the Univ. of Toronto (piano with Jacques Abram, 1961?62; Mus.Bac, 1964; composition with Weinzweig; Mus.M., 1967; Ph.D. in musicology, 1974, with the diss. The Bekker-Pfitzner Controversy: Its Significance for German Music Critic…
Chernov, Vladimir, Russian baritone; b. Moscow, Sept. 22, 1953. He received training at the Moscow Cons, (graduated, 1981) and at the opera school at Milan?s La Scala. He won prizes in the Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1982), Bussetto (1983), and Helsinki (Tito Gobbi prize, 1984) competitions. In 1983 he became a member of the Kirov Theater in Leningrad, where he excelled in the baritone repertoire. In 198…
Cherry, Don(ald Eugene), influential avant-garde jazz trumpeter, cornetist, leader, wooden flutes, percussion; b. Oklahoma City, Okla., Nov. 18, 1936; d. Malaga, Spain, Oct. 19, 1995. He moved to Los Angeles in 1940 and studied trumpet and harmony while attending high school. In 1951 he worked with Red Mitchell, Wardell Gray, and Dexter Gordon. He also played piano in an R&B band with Billy Higgin…
Cherubini, (Maria) Luigi (Carlo Zenobio Salvatore), famous Italian composer and teacher; b. Florence, Sept. 14, 1760; d. Paris, March 15, 1842. He first studied music with his father, the maestro al cembalo at the Teatro della Pergola in Florence, and then composition with Bartolomeo Felici and his son Alessandro and with Bizarri and Castrucci. In 1778 he received a grant from the Grand Duke Leopo…
[shevroei] (1786?1889) French organic chemist: investigated fats and natural dyes. A surgeon?s son, Chevreul learned chemistry as assistant to , and by 1824 became director of dyeing at the famed Gobelins tapestry factory. His best-known work is on animal fats, which he showed by 1823 could be separated into pure individual substances that, with acid or alkali, break down to give glycerol and a fa…
Chic, the most commercially successful black disco group of the late 1970s. MEMBERSHIP: Nile Rodgers, gtr. (b. N.Y., N.Y., Sept. 19, 1952); Bernard Edwards, kybd., bs., voc. (b. Greenville, N.C., Oct. 31, 1952); Tony Thompson, drm. (b. Queens, N.Y., Nov. 15, 1954). Vocalists included Norma Jean Wright and Luci Martin; Wright was replaced by Alfa Anderson in 1978. Chic featured the lean, funky bass…
Chicago, long-lived pop-rock group featuring big-band instrumentation. MEMBERSHIP: Robert Lamm, kybd., voc. (b. Brooklyn, Oct. 13, 1944); Terry Kath, gtr., voc. (b. Chicago, Jan. 31, 1946; d. Woodland Hills, Calif., Jan. 23, 1978); Peter Cetera, bs., gtr., voc. (b. Chicago, Sept. 13, 1944); James Pankow, trmb. (b. Chicago, Aug. 20, 1947); Lee Loughnane, trpt., pere, voc. (b. Chicago, Oct. 21, 1946…
Principal social themes: suicide/depression, addiction (alcohol), homelessness/poverty United Artists. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Dan Duryea, Mary Anderson, Gordon Gebert, Ross Elliott, Melinda Plowman, Judy Brubaker, Marsha Jones, Roy Engel, Dick Curtis, Gene Roth. Written by Peter Berneis and John Reinhardt. Cinematography by Robert De Grasse. Edited by Arthur H. Nadel. Music by Heinz Roemheld. …
Throughout his career, Jelly Roll Morton often proved to be his own worst enemy. He was a braggart who talked about himself excessively and made few ?? friends. In the late 1930s when he was angered at W. C. Handy being introduced on a radio show as ?the father of the blues and jazz,? Morton wrote a letter to Downbeat claiming that he had invented jazz in 1902; never mind that he was only seventee…
After free jazz broke the sound barrier in New York and virtually all music rules were considered optional, it was time for a reassessment. Could jazz evolve only by becoming more crowded, dense, and dissonant? Was jazz heading towards a dead end, unable to become freer and more modern without becoming completely unlistenable? Jazz musicians, who were finding themselves short of work with rock?s r…
Chicana feminism emerged in the 1960s out of the gender inequalities Chicanas experienced during their active participation in the Chicano civil rights movement. Although women supported the struggle for racial and class equality, Chicana feminists challenged the existing patterns of male-domination within the Chicano movement, as well as its ideology of cultural nationalism. An ideology of cultur…
The Chicano movement of the 1960s and 1970s provides a window into the construction of race in the United States. Never a unified entity, the Chicano insurgency was instead a series of events and actions waged by organizations that used cultural nationalism and Marxist-Leninist ideas to press their demands. Among these organizations were the Brown Berets, the National Chicano Moratorium Committee,…
Chickering, Jonas, American piano manufacturer; b. Mason, N.H., April 5, 1797; d. Boston, Dec. 8, 1853. He worked as an apprentice to John Gould, a New Ipswich, N.H., cabinetmaker before settling in Boston in 1818, where he worked as an apprentice to the cabinetmaker James Barker. In 1819 he was apprenticed to the piano maker John Osborne, with whom he worked until 1823 when he founded a partnersh…
The effective use of technology is an essential success factor in almost every aspect of the endeavors of any organization. As a result, the role of the chief information officer (CIO) grew and expanded rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s. This office began as the domain of engineering-based, technology-focused individuals who were able to make sense of the alphabet-soup world of technology jargon and …
Chihara, Paul (Seiko), American composer, arranger, and teacher; b. Seattle, July 9, 1938. As an American of Japanese descent, he was relocated with his family to Minadkoka, Idaho, after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. He received piano lessons as a child, and then studied English literature at the Univ. of Wash. (B.A., 1960) and at Cornell Univ. (M.A., 1961; D.M.A., 1965), where he a…
Born October 29, 1954, in Coventry, England; married Jane (an environmentalist), 1975; children: Ruth. Education: University of Sheffield, LL.B. (with honors; law), 1977. Addresses: Agent ?Darley Anderson Agency, 11 Eustace Rd., London SW6 1JB, England. Home ?Westchester County, NY. Ice cream salesperson and demolition worker in Birmingham, England; Granada Television, Manchester, England, 1977?95…
Most children have their first encounter with advertising messages while they are watching television. It is common for children to begin television viewing by the time that they are two years of age, long before they have developed the reading ability that is required to make advertising in print media accessible. Because children at this age lack the cognitive skills and abilities of older child…
Understanding the nature of children?s attention to television helps to clarify the fundamental nature of television viewing and its effect on children. As a practical matter, understanding when and how children pay attention to television has been useful in designing television programs for children (e.g., Blue?s Clues and Sesame Street ). The term ?attention? refers to selective perceptual and c…
Some critics of television have referred to the medium as a ?plug-in drug? that causes children to become ?zombie viewers? who take in information passively, rather than actively. However, research has shown that children actually are not passive while watching television. Rather, they are active viewers who engage in various forms of mental processing to construct an understanding of the programs…
The question about whether and how television viewing affects children?s imagination has been debated since the medium became part of everyday life, and there is still no consensus on this issue. On the one hand, television viewing is believed to produce a passive intellect and reduce imaginative capacities. On the other hand, there has been enthusiasm about educational television viewing fosterin…
Traditionally, research on the effects of television has assumed that children are passive recipients on whom television has a powerful influence. Since the mid-1970s, however, media-effects research has increasingly recognized the child viewer as an active and motivated explorer, rather than a passive receiver. Research now suggests that children are critical evaluators of what they see in the me…
The U.S. Census Bureau has released data that reveals racial disparities in areas that impact upon the fortunes of children in diverse racial/ethnic groups in America (Table 1). These data reveal that Hispanics are least likely to hold a high school diploma or a bachelor?s degree compared with all groups. Even though African Americans have a high rate of securing a high school diploma, they have a…
Generally speaking, it is assumed rightly that children learn to swear. Consequently, there are typical prohibitions against adults swearing in front of children, summed up in the French dictum pas devant les enfants (?not in front of the children?). However, in modern times, swearing has clearly become common among children, so the stage has almost been reached that the dictum should be reversed …
When Chinese immigrants encountered racial oppression and exclusion in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, they immediately equated their mistreatment with China?s weakness and the Chinese government?s inability to protect their rights and welfare through diplomacy, as the U.S. government did for U.S. citizens in China. They concluded that the only way to protec…
In the 1950s and 1960s, social progress and the African-American civil rights movement opened some doors for Chinese Americans in employment, education, and housing. As a result, there was a steady exodus of Chinese out of America?s Chinatowns. The postwar economic boom, an expansion of higher education, and rapid suburbanization created unprecedented job opportunities in selective sectors of the …
The terms Chinese diaspora and overseas Chinese refer to people of Chinese descent living outside of China. According to a 2003 estimate (MA 2003), the ?Chinese living overseas? include migrants from mainland China and Taiwan and consist of about 33 million people living in 107 countries worldwide. Of this total, the largest populations live in Southeast Asia (76 %), North America (11 %), and Euro…
Significant Chinese immigration to the United States began during the frenzied California Gold Rush, and it continued afterward because Chinese labor was deemed indispensable for West Coast economic development and integration into the national economy. However, Chinese immigrants arrived in significant numbers only in 1852, the year that labor-intensive surface mining of gold by self-employed Eur…
Since Britain as a colonial power did not engage with China even on a diplomatic level until 1793, and Chinese visitors were rare in Britain, there are comparatively few terms for them in British English. However, Chinese indentured laborers arrived in numbers in America during the California Gold Rush of 1849 and shortly after that in Australia. Because of their low immigrant status, economic com…
Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm bequeathed a political legacy to the United States that has yet to be fully utilized. She was born in Brooklyn, New York, on November 30, 1924, and credited her father?who was born in Guyana and was a union man, a Garveyite, and a Roosevelt supporter?with fostering her political consciousness. Her mother, a native of Barbados, provided her with a strong work ethic a…
Chittison, Herman (?Ivory?), jazz pianist, b. Flemingsburg, Ky., Oct. 15, 1908; d. Cleveland, Ohio, March 8, 1967. Chittison began playing piano at the age of eight, and later studied at the Waldron Boys? School in Nashville, Term., with a brief spell at the Ky. State Coll. (1927). He left to play with the Kentucky Derbies at the Lexington State Fair. He worked with Zack Whyte from 1928?31, then t…
Chladni, Ernest (Florens Friedrich), eminent German acoustician; b. Wittenberg, Nov. 30, 1756; d. Breslau, April 3, 1827. At first a student and prof, of law at Wittenberg and Leipzig, he turned to physics and made highly important researches in the domain of acoustics. He discovered the ?Tonfiguren? (tone-figures; i.e., the regular patterns assumed by dry sand on a glass plate set in vibration by…
Jacques Lenoir and Gaby Aghion envisioned a deluxe, ready-to-wear house which would epitomize modern, wearable femininity when they opened Chlo? in 1952. The timing was perfect; five years after the introduction of the constrictive, corseted New Look, more functional clothing was part of the future of fashion. Throughout its history, femininity has been the unchanging factor in Chlo??s identity. A…
Chollet, Jean Baptiste (Marie), French baritone, later tenor; b. Paris, May 20, 1798; d. Nemours, Jan. 10, 1892. He received his training at the Paris Cons. He appeared as a baritone in Switzerland, in Le Havre (1823?25), at the Paris Op?ra-Comique (1825), and in Brussels (1826). Returning to the Op?ra-Comique, he turned to tenor roles and sang in the premiere of H?rold?s Marie (Aug. 12, 1826). He…
CHONG, RAE DAWN (1961?). Actress. She was born in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada , and is the daughter of actor/comedian Tommy Chong of Cheech & Chong fame. After acting on several telefilms, she made her feature film debut in Quest For Fire , 1981. Larger roles followed in films, such as Beat Street , 1984; The Color Purple , 1985; Soul Man , 1986; and The Visit , 2000. Her television guest appearan…
Chopin, Fr?d?ric (-Fran?ois)(actually, Fryderyk Franciszek), greatly renowned Polish composer, incomparable genius of the piano who created a unique romantic style of keyboard music; b. Zelazowa Wola, near Warsaw, in all probability on March 1, 1810, the date given by Chopin himself in his letter of acceptance of membership in the Polish Literary Soc. in Paris in 1833 (but in his certificate of ba…
Chordettes, The, beauty-shop quartet turned hit vocal group, formed 1946, She boygan, Wise. MEMBERSHIP: Janet Ertel, Carol Buschman, Dorothy Schwartz, Jinny Lockard. Between 1954 and 1961, the Chordettes put nine tunes into the Top 40, but none so successfully as their first hit, 1954?s ?Mr. Sandman? They came together in 1946 in Sheboygan, Wise, with Dorothy Schwartz singing lead, Janet Ertel sin…
Choron, Alexandre (?tienne), French music editor and theorist; b. Caen, Oct. 21, 1771; d. Paris, June 28, 1834. A student of languages, and passionately fond of music, he took interest in music theory and through it in mathematics, which he studied till the age of 25. Through several years? serious application to the Italian and German theorists, he acquired a thorough knowledge of the theory and …
Chorzempa, Daniel (Walter), American-born Austrian keyboard player, conductor, musicologist, and composer; b. Minneapolis, Dec. 7, 1944. He received training in piano at the Cologne Hochschule f?r Musik (diploma, 1968) and studied musicology with Johannes Riedel at the Univ. of Minn. (Ph.D., 1971, with the diss. Julius Reubke: Life and Works) . He also studied organ, harpsichord (with Gustav Leonh…
Chou Wen-chung, remarkable Chinese-born American composer; b. Chefoo, June 29, 1923. He studied civil engineering at the National Univ. in Chungking (1941?45), then went to the U.S. on a scholarship to study architecture. Turning his attention to music, he studied composition with Slonimsky in Boston (1946?49), Luening at Columbia Univ. (M.A., 1954), and Varese in N.Y. (1949?54). He then held two …
The First Commandment has obviously made the name of God taboo even in nonreligious contexts, leading to phonetic erosions such as gog and cokk recorded as far back as the fourteenth century. In the case of the name of Christ, these forms emerged far later than those for God and Jesus. The reason would seem to be that the name of Christ was in fact freely used in the medieval period, notably in th…
Christian Dior knew from an early age and throughout his years in school that he had a passion for the arts. Though his family wished for him to become a diplomat, he convinced his father to loan him the money to open an art gallery in France. Throughout the 1930s, Dior earned his living creating sketches for various Haute Couture designers. A fabric magnate, Boussac, became enthralled with Dior?s…
The religious belief system known as Christian Identity (or just ?Identity?) serves as a faith foundation for innumerable white supremacists worldwide, with as many as 50,000 adherents in the United States alone (as of mid-2005). It is a complex amalgamation of pseudo-Christian ideas, virulent anti-Semitism, historical revisionism, occultism, apocalyptic fantasies, conspiratorial paranoia, and cla…
Christian, Charlie (actually, Charles), seminal jazz guitarist; b. Dallas, Tex., July 29, 1916; d. Staten Island, N.Y., March 2, 1942. His father was Clarence James, mother was Willie Mae Jones. For some reason, his mother listed his birth (on his death cert.) as Jan, 6, 1917. All four of his brothers were musicians, two (at least) worked professionally: Edward (piano, bass; b. 1906) and Clarence …
Christian, Emile (Joseph; aka ?Boot-mouth?), jazz trombonist, bassist, slide cornet, clarinet; b. New Orleans, La., April 20, 1895; d. there, Dec. 3, 1973. He came from a musical family; his brother Frank Joseph (b. New Orleans, Sept 3, 1897; d. there, Nov. 27, 1973) played cornet, and another brother, Charles, was also a musician. Emile began on cornet (taught by his brother, Frank) and by 1912 w…
Christie, William (Lincoln), outstanding American-born French conductor and harpsichordist; b. Buffalo, Dec. 19, 1944. He began his musical training with his mother. After studying harpsichord with Igor Kipnis at the Berkshire Music Center in Tanglewood, he took courses in music and art history at Harvard Univ. (B.A., 1966), and in harpsichord with Ralph Kirkpatrick, organ with Charles Krigbaum, a…
(NBC, 12/16/1979, 120 mins). This belated sequel to the memorable 1963 theatrical movie, also directed by Ralph Nelson, has jack of all trades Homer Smith (Billy Dee Williams in the original Sidney Poitier role) revisiting the chapel in the Arizona desert he helped build for five German nuns under the supervision of Mother Maria (Maria Schell taking over Lilia Skala?s part) and reluctantly helping…
(NBC, 12/26/1977, 120 mins). A dramatic re-creation of the Christmas Eve 1951 coal mine disaster in which union workers, threatened with replacement by scabs, were forced to enter an unsafe mine and then were trapped underground by an explosion. Veteran actor John Carradine is billed, curiously, as John Carradine Sr., for the first time in a career that spans more than 400 film credits. Subsequent…
Christoff, Boris (Kirilov), celebrated Bulgarian bass; b. Plovdiv, May 18, 1914; d. Rome, June 28, 1993. He sang in the Gusla Choir in Sofia, where he was heard by King Boris, who made it possible for him to go to Rome to study with Stracciari; he later studied in Salzburg with Muratti. He made his debut in a concert in Rome in 1946; that same year he made his operatic debut there at the Teatro Ar…
Christophers, Harry, esteemed English conductor; b. Goudhurst, Kent, Dec. 26, 1953. He began his training at the Canterbury Cathedral Choir School (1963?66), where he was head chorister. Following further studies at the King?s School, Canterbury (1966?72), he completed his education at Magdalen Coll., Oxford (1973?77; B.A. in music, 1977). In 1977 he founded The Sixteen, a choral group which he mo…
Christou, Jani, remarkable Greek composer; b. He-liopolis, Egypt (of Greek parents), Jan. 8, 1926; d. in an automobile accident near Athens, Jan. 8, 1970. He studied at Victoria Coll. in Alexandria, then took courses in philosophy under Wittgenstein at King?s Coll., Cambridge (M.A., 1948). He concurrently studied composition with Hans Redlich in Letchworth (194548), then enrolled in the summer cou…
ANDREW DAVIDHAZY Rochester Institute of Technology Chronophotography, as its name suggests, is the photographic capture of movement over time by means of a series of still pictures, which are usually combined into a single photograph for subsequent analysis. This differs from cinematography in that the final result is a single photograph comprising a series of still images that can be studied at…
Chrysander, (Karl Franz) Friedrich, eminent German musicologist and editor; b. L?btheen, Mecklenburg, July 8, 1826; d. Bergedorf, near Hamburg, Sept. 3, 1901. He began his career as a private tutor. In 1855 he received his Ph.D. from Rostock Univ. His major undertaking was a biography of Handel, but it remained incomplete, bringing the account only to 1740 (three vols., 1858?67; reprint, 1966). Wi…
Chung, Myung-Whun, talented Korean-born American conductor and pianist, brother of Myung-Wha and Kyung-Wha Chung; b. Seoul, Jan. 22, 1953. He played piano as a child, making his debut as soloist with the Seoul Phil, when he was seven. He then went to the U.S., where he studied with Nadia Reisenberg (piano) and Carl Bamberger (conducting) at the Mannes Coll. of Music in N.Y., and at the Juilliard S…
In 1950, Robert Churchwell became the first African American journalist on the Nashville Banner , a Southern daily newspaper. A 1949 graduate of Fisk University, he was hired by the paper?s publisher, James Geddes Stahlman. Regarding the job with the Banner , people told him that he would be like Jackie Robinson, the African American, who broke baseball?s color line three years earlier. Because th…
Chybi?ski, Adolf (Eustachy), eminent Polish musicologist; b. Krak?w, April 29, 1880; d. Poznan, Oct. 31, 1952. After attending the Univ. of Krak?w, he pursued musicological studies with Sandberger and Kroyer at the Univ. of Munich (Ph.D., 1908, with the diss. Beitrage zur Geschichte des Taktschlagens; pubi, in Krak?w, 1912); he also studied composition privately with Thuille in Munich (1905?7) and…
Cibber, Susanne Maria, celebrated English actress and mezzo-soprano, sister of Thomas Augustine Arne; b. London, Feb. 17, 1714; d. there, Jan. 31, 1766. After vocal training from her brother, she made her debut at the Little Theatre in the Haymarket in 1732 in J.F. Lampe?s Amelia . In 1734 she became a member of the Drury Lane Theatre. That same year she married Theo-philus Cibber, the disreputabl…
An Israeli biologist who in 2000 was awarded the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, Aaron (Aharon) J. Ciechanover was also a corecipient of the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Ciechanover was born on 1 October 1947 in Haifa, mandatory Palestine, to Yitzhak and Bluma (n?e Lubashevsky) Ciechanover, Jews from the Polish city of C…
Ciesinski, Katherine, American mezzo-soprano, sister of Kristine Ciesinski ; b. Newark, Del., Oct. 13, 1950. She studied at Temple Univ. (B.M., 1972; M.M., 1973) and at the Curtis Inst. of Music in Philadelphia (opera diploma, 1976); she won first prize in the Geneva International Competition (1976) and Grand Prize in the Paris International Competition (1977). She made her concert debut with the …
Ciesinski, Kristine, American soprano, sister of Katherine Ciesinski; b. Wilmington, Del., July 5, 1952. She studied at Temple Univ. (1970?71), the Univ. of Del. (1971?72), and Boston Univ. (1973?74; B.A., 1974); in 1977 she won the Gold Medal in the Geneva International Competition and first prize in the Salzburg International Competition. She made her N.Y. concert debut as a soloist in Handel?s …
Cikker, Jan, eminent Slovak composer and pedagogue; b. Bansk? Bystrica, July 29, 1911; d. Bratislava, Dec. 21, 1989. He was a student of Kricka (composition), D?decek (conducting), and Wiedermann (organ) at the Prague Cons. (1930?35), where he then attended Novak?s master class in composition (1935?36). He concurrently studied musicology at the Univ. of Prague, and then pursued conducting studies …
Cillario, Carlo Felice, Argentine-born Italian conductor; b. San Rafael, Feb. 7, 1915. He studied at the Bologna Cons, and in Odessa. In 1946 he founded the Orch. da Camera in Bologna. In 1948 he organized the sym. orch. of the Univ. of Tucum?n in Argentina, and was resident conductor of the Orquesta Sinf?nica del Estado in Buenos Aires from 1949 to 1951. He later devoted himself mainly to conduct…
Cimarosa, Domenico, famous Italian composer; b. Aversa, near Naples, Dec. 17, 1749; d. Venice, Jan. 11, 1801. He was the son of a stonemason. After his father?s death, his mother placed him in the monastery school of the church of S. Severo dei Padri Conventuali in Naples, where he began his musical training with Father Pol-cano, the monastery organist. He then enrolled at the Cons, di S. Maria di…
(1927-) J. Crew Group Inc. During the 1980s and 1990s, J. Crew grew into one of the most successful mail-order clothing companies in North America. But there is no real Mr. or Ms. Crew?the name is an invented one. What is not illusion, however, is the rich, playful image the catalog projects and that the images are a direct link to J. Crew?s founding family: the Cinaders. Arthur Cinader founded …
(ABC, 3/24/1978, 120 mins). A sparkling musical updating to World War II Harlem of the Cinderella story, featuring virtually an all-black cast, with an original score and several twists at the end. Charlaine Woodard and Nell-Ruth Carter later were reunited in the Broadway smash ?Ain?t Misbehavin?? for which the latter won the Tony Award. Production Company John Charles Walters Productions. Directo…
This entry focuses on the British film industry, to distinguish it from the material covered under Hollywood. The distinction is not absolute, since there have been considerable and increasing collaboration and migration of talented filmmakers and scriptwriters, especially in the direction of Hollywood, and many films have been hybrids. Furthermore, while the name Hollywood usually denotes the maj…
D uring 1904?1905, the number of exhibition venues increased rapidly and soon reached a saturation point as the industry secured reliable but limited outlets for exhibition. As Views and Film Index later recalled; "Scores of picture companies toured the country with brass bands, lady orchestras, widespread billing and newspaper puffing that threatened to put the circus out of business. Swell advan…
Ciprofloxacin is an antiobiotic active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It works by inhibiting topoisomerase, therefore inhibiting the division of cells. A major negative effect seen, following the use of ciprofloxacin, is gastrointestinal upset, common with a number of antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin was used as a last resort on antibiotic-resistant infections. As with a number o…
Cirri, Giovanni Battista, Italian cellist and composer; b. Forl?, Oct. 1, 1724; d. there, June 11, 1808. He studied with his brother, Ignazio Cirri (1711?87), organist at Forl? Cathedral from 1759, and with Giovanni Balzani, organist at the church of the Madonna del Fuoco. After taking holy orders in 1739, he was a cellist and composer at the Basilica of S. Petronio in Bologna. In 1759 he was elec…
Generally speaking, citizenship defines the relationship between the nation-state and those individuals who are considered to be a part of the national polity. Citizenship involves complex notions of rights, obligations, and identity and is a contested social category. Citizenship is a malleable term, which is easily conflated with geopolitical identity. Citizenship can refer to birthplace and nat…
In the wake of the events of September 11, 2001 (9/11), and the spurious linkages made between this tragedy and the immigration issue, the United States has witnessed an overwhelming amount of attention to ?securing our borders.? Of course, this was not the first time national security and immigration were linked to one another. In the early 1990s policy advisers and academics suggested that inter…
(NBC, 1/25/1971, 120 mins). Presumably intended as a follow-up to his successful ?Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea? TV series, this elaborate Irwin Allen pilot has a group of 21st century colonists inhabiting earth?s first underwater city, called Pacifica, and pitting the predictable good guys against various alien forces. In its theatrical release overseas, this TV movie was known as ?One Hour to …
A civil right is a guarantee by the government, generally in the form of a statute or constitutional provision, that a certain freedom (or freedoms) will be protected through the machinery of the judicial system. If a civil right is interfered with by another person or persons, legal action can be taken against the perpetrators. Some of the most well-known civil rights guarantees include the right…
Although America engaged in World War II (1939?1945) supposedly to make the world safe for democracy, in 1945 most of the limitations imposed upon African Americans by racial segregation remained intact in the United States. Major changes affecting the potential for black insurgency had built up within the black community decades before the war, but the war accelerated them. A review of some of th…
Many historians consider the American Civil War (1861?1865) to be the completion of the American Revolution (1776?1781). The Civil War ended American subservience to England, signaled its emergence as a world-class industrial power, put the Northern industrialists and bankers in charge of the political life of the nation, and ended chattel slavery. The issue of slavery had dominated America?