B. February 13, 1921 D. February 11, 2000 Birthplace: Arles, France Awards: D? d? Or, 1978, 1984 ????????? L?gion d?Honneur As a young boy growing up in France, Louis F?raud aspired to be a baker; however, he went to school to become an electrician. Ultimately, neither of these fields would prove to be F?raud?s true calling. F?raud moved to Cannes in 1948 to write, paint, and pursue the ?good li…
(ABC, 1/7/1974, 120 mins). A dramatization intertwining a part of the lives of the famed American writer and his flamboyant wife with one of the author?s short stories, a semi-fictional account of their first meeting in Montgomery, Alabama, while he was a soldier in 1919. Production Company Titus Productions. Director George Schaefer. Executive Producer Herbert Brodkin. Producer Robert ?Buzz? Berg…
(ABC, 5/16/1976, 120 mins). Fictionalized drama dealing with the famed novelist?s two markedly contrasting stays in the film capital: first in 1927, at the height of his popularity with the widespread acclaim for ?The Great Gatsby,? when he and Zelda dazzled Hollywood; then in 1937, with Zelda in a sanitarium and expenses mounting, when a romance developed with ambitious columnist Sheilah Graham t…
The term denotes a medieval literary genre: a short, ribald tale in verse with stock characters, realistic details, sexual transgressions, obscenity, scatology, and a clever plot mocking human weaknesses and making cynical fun of conventional notions of morality, authority, and poetic justice. Deriving from the medieval French dialect word flabel or fablel , the fabliau forms an original generic c…
[fabruh] (1823?1915) French entomologist. Always poor, Fabre spent his working life as a science teacher and was aged 50 before he could spend all his time as a field entomologist. In 1878 he bought a small plot of land in Serignan, Provence, to make an open-air laboratory. There he observed and wrote about the insect world in a way which revitalized interest in it by others and which made him the…
( Ital ), Fabricius ab Aquapendente ( Lat ) [fa brit sioh] ( c .1533?1619) Italian anatomist: pioneer of scientific embryology. Fabrizio is often named in Latin, coupled with the Tuscan village of Aquapendente where he was born. He was a student in Padua and later taught there for 50 years. He first studied the classics and then medicine; his teacher of anatomy and surgery was , whom he succeeded …
Maja Pantic Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands The human face is involved in an impressive variety of different activities. It houses the majority of our sensory apparatus?eyes, ears, mouth, and nose?allowing the bearer to see, hear, taste, and smell. Apart from these biological functions, the human face provides a number of signals essential for interpersonal communication in our so…
Filareti Tsalakanidou , Sotiris Malassiotis 2 and Michael G. Strintzis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Informatics and Telematics Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece Definition: A face recognition system recognizes an individual by matching the input image against images of all users in a database and finding the best match. F…
Definition: Three-dimensional (3D) face recognition techniques exploit information about the 3D shape of the human face. The majority of existing face recognition algorithms use 2D intensity images of the face. Although such systems have advanced to be fairly accurate under controlled conditions, extrinsic imaging parameters such as pose and illumination are still responsible for serious deteriora…
Definition: Standard evaluation protocols are used to evaluate various face recognition algorithms and examine their limitations. The growing number of face recognition (FR) methods has imposed the development of standard evaluation protocols and the creation of large evaluation databases. Based on that, a series of public tests evaluating face recognition algorithms and examining their limitation…
In the eighteenth century, the increasing involvement of European nations with colonies in the tropics brought Europeans into contact not only with tropical human populations but also with tropical nonhuman animals. A major attempt to classify the creatures of the world on the basis of assumed relationships was one of the consequences of this expanded European consciousness, and the major system o…
Kostas Karpouzis and Stefanos Kollias Image, Video and Multimedia Systems Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece Definition: Affective Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) systems utilize multimodal information about the emotional state of users. Even though everyday human-to-human communication is thought to be based on vocal and lexical content, people seem to base b…
B. 1872 D. 1938 Birthplace: L?olz, Poland Max Factor?s career began in Russia, where he owned a hair-goods shop, served as a cosmetician to the royal court in Saint Petersburg, and worked as chief makeup artist for the Moscow Theatre. He came to the United States in 1904 and operated a beauty products concession at the Saint Louis World?s Fair. Intrigued by the emerging motion picture industry, he…
Lillian Faderman was born on July 18, 1940, in the Bronx, New York, of Jewish ancestry. Her mother, a single parent, worked in a garment factory. Faderman began school in the Bronx, then finished elementary school and junior high school in East Los Angeles. She attended Hollywood High School. She participated in the Theater Arts Workshop in East Los Angeles from 1952 to 1955 and counts an interest…
The Lebanese Shi?ite Muslim cleric Muhammad Husayn Abd al-Ra?uf Fadlallah has been a leading religious and political leader in Lebanon since the 1980s. Fadlallah was born in al-Najaf, Iraq, on 16 November 1935. However, his roots are in Lebanon; he is the son of the late Abd al-Ra?uf Fadlallah, a major Shi?ite Muslim cleric who left Aynata in southern Lebanon in 1928 to travel to Iraq to study at …
[fah renhiyt] (1686?1736) German physicist: developed the mercury thermometer and the Fahrenheit temperature scale. Fahrenheit worked as a glassblower in Holland, specializing in the construction of meteorological instruments. He succeeded in improving the reliability and accuracy of the alcohol thermometers of the day and in 1714 constructed the first successful mercury thermometer, following wor…
Edward Fairfax was born in Leeds about 1575. The second (and possibly illegitimate) son of an important Yorkshire gentleman, Fairfax shunned the active life, choosing rather to live in retirement with his family near the small Yorkshire town of Fewston. There he devoted himself to studies and to the leisurely literary life of a country squire, producing little and publishing less. Indeed, Fairfax …
Definition: Fairness in online games is concerned with the problem of ensuring that players perceive the game evolution in the same moment, despite different network latencies. Most players dislike being killed in a game, especially if it is not their fault but network latencies have affected their perception of the game evolution, thus giving advantage to their adversaries. Due to the best-effort…
FALANA, LOLA (1942?). Actress, dancer, singer. She was born Loletha Elaine Falana and began dancing in nightclubs while she was still in junior high school. Determined and ambitious, she relocated to New York City to begin her career in show business, but it did not happen overnight and she often fell on hard times. Her big break came when entertainer extraodinaire Sammy Davis Jr. saw her in an At…
The magician ( magus ) Simon is mentioned in Acts 8. He lived in the city of Samaria and exerted great influence over the people with his sorceries. Impressed by the preaching of Philip the Deacon, Simon converted to Christianity and was baptized; however, he later tried to offer money to *John and *Peter to purchase the power to perform *miracles through the *Holy Spirit. He was rebuked by Peter …
The *angels who rebelled against *God and were cast out of *heaven onto the earth, with the *Devil, are mentioned in Revelation The account is not found in the Old Testament The early source for the tale of the rebel angels is the apocryphal Book of the Secrets of Enoch , which includes descriptions of the heavens and insights revealed to *Enoch about *Creation. The rebel angels were, according to…
DAVID MALIN Anglo-Australian Observatory, RMIT University The word ?false? in this application means unreal or artificial; it does not necessarily mean fraudulent. False-color images can be made in many ways but in general they are the combined display of two or three monochrome images (information channels) taken of the same subject at different wavelengths or showing variations of some kind. T…
(NBC, 11/26/1966, 120 mins). In this TV remake of the 1949 Alan Ladd movie ?Chicago Deadline,? based on Tiffany Thayer?s 1943 novel ?One Woman,? a brash bigtime investigative reporter, looking into the death of a call girl, uncovers her diary and tries to find her killer among the names contained in it. Anthony Franciosa subsequently shared star billing (on a rotating basis) with Gene Barry and Ro…
This essay focuses on the implications of race and racism for family functioning and family formation. Rather than attempting the impossible task of examining all aspects of race and racism as they apply to all racial-ethnic groups, the discussion here is limited to black families. Given both the historical significance of inequality for African Americans and the importance of research on the Afri…
Families and television are practically inseparable. Although television sets are now prominently featured in restaurants, airports, lounges, and the like, the center of television viewing remains in households and with families. The relationship between families and television is symbiotic. Television depends on families for viewership and to buy the wares it advertises, thereby keeping the telev…
A number of slang and underground terms relating to sexual matters are ambiguous, or have had unstable meanings in their semantic histories, among them bugger, frig, merkin, prat, punk , and tail . However, fanny is the most prominent example of a common word having quite different meanings in different speech communities. In British English it refers to the female genitalia, while in American Eng…
(ABC, 1/14/1977, 120 mins). In this pilot to the hit series which began in the fall of 1977, a planeload of wealthy vacationers land on a glamorous island paradise for the weekend, where for $50,000 each they can live out his or her most compelling fantasies. Suave Ricardo Montalban and his short Man Friday, Herve Villechaize, continued welcoming familiar TV faces in the weekly series through 1984…
Sa?d Rashid Muhammad al-Faqih is a prominent Saudi dissident. He is the head of the Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia (MIRA), based in London, England. Faqih was born on 1 February (some sources say 2 January) 1957 in Zubayr, Iraq. A Saudi national, he was a surgery professor at King Sa?ud University before fleeing the country in 1991. He gained notice as a cofounder, along with Muhammad bin A…
(1791?1867) British chemist and physicist: discovered benzene and the laws of electrolysis; invented an electric motor, dynamo and transformer; creator of classical field theory. Faraday had an intuitive grasp of the way physical nature may work, combined with a genius for experiment and great energy had the view that physical science has two couples of equal magnitude; and Faraday and an interest…
(NBC, 3/11/1976, 130 mins). This true story examines the bitterness and sorrow of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. Emmy Award nominations went to Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston, James D. Houston and John Korty for the teleplay and to Hiro Narita for his cinematography. Production Companies Korty Films, Universal Television. Director John Korty. Executive Producer George Santoro.…
James Conway Farley is recognized as the first African American photographer. Photography became popular in the 1840s, but very few African Americans were involved in the early years of its introduction to the public. Farley overcame adversity and discrimination to master the photographic process and become a successful businessman. James Farley was the son of slaves in Prince Edward County, Virgi…
(1930? ) British atmospheric scientist: found the Antarctic ozone hole. After graduating from the University of Cambridge in mathematics and natural sciences, Farman worked briefly in the aerospace industry before embarking on a career with the British Antarctic Survey in 1956. In 1984 Farman and his colleagues discovered an ?ozone hole? in the stratosphere above the Antarctic. This finding, made …
John Stephen Farmer and William Ernest Henley were unusual collaborators in the production of their prodigiously comprehensive and detailed thesaurus of English slang, compiled remarkably, in the last years of the Victorian era. Their vast work Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A Dictionary, Historical and Comparative, of the Heterodox Speech of all Classes of Society for More than Three H…
The history of farmworkers in the United States, as well as their current situation and their future prospects, reflects the complex ways in which labor-force dynamics interact with social classification systems to shape the intertwined and often-confused concepts of ?race,??ethnicity,?and ?national origin.?In a global context, trans-national migrants are almost always on the lowest tier of the ec…
Philo Taylor Farnsworth was born in Indian Creek, Utah, on August 19, 1906. When Philo was twelve years old, Lewis and Serena Farnsworth moved their family to Rigby, Idaho. Although isolated, this small town possessed one attribute that would forever change Farnsworth?s life: electricity. Farnsworth soon found many interesting uses for this invisible energy, including building a motor to run his m…
Farr became an auto dealer in 1975, when he formed a partnership with John Cook, a retired dealer with whom Farr worked while in the dealer development program. Cook and Farr invested $40,000 each to purchase a Ford franchise in Oak Park, Michigan, a small town on the northern border of Detroit. When Cook-Farr Ford, Inc. opened for business, Farr took sales as his primary responsibility while Cook…
As a term of vulgarity or personal abuse, fart has never been especially taboo, being quite commonly used in medieval times and up to the eighteenth century. The Oxford English Dictionary entry (published in 1895) carried the usage note: ?Not now in decent use,? which is still generally the case, while a century later Random House (1994) concurred: ?usually considered vulgar.? Reading the citation…
Fashion Fair Cosmetics is one of the leading companies that focuses on cosmetics for women of color. Its products are sold in stores in the United States, the Carribean, Africa, and Europe. The company offers over 350 products specially formulated for black skin. Fashion Fair Cosmetics is a division of Johnson Publishing Company, the largest black-owned publishing company in the world. John H. Joh…
Generally speaking, the history of swearing shows distinct shifts in mode and in content. These essentially trace a decline from invocation to the gods or some higher force, to various secular modes, such as excretory, copulatory, and racial swearing, the dominant forms of modern times. Fashion implies a self-conscious or collective consciousness in the adoption of certain styles, which Jonathan S…
(NBC, 3/19/1979, 120 mins). A young divorcee struggles to provide for her young son and make a new life for herself in the backstage jungle of a TV talk show, becoming fast friends with its head writer whose job it is to see that its host, a woman-chasing egomaniac, stays at the top of the ratings. Production Companies Green-Epstein Productions, Sandra Harmon Productions, Columbia Pictures Televis…
B. September 12, 1912 D. November 13, 1954 Birthplace: Lafitte, France Award: Neiman Marcus Award, 1949 Jacques Fath was destined to be a couturier?his great grandmother had been a dressmaker to the Empress Eug?nie?but his path to fulfilling his destiny was not a direct one. Fath considered pursuing a career as either an actor or businessman, and he studied bookkeeping and law at the Commercial In…
The Fathers ( Patres ) of the Church are a somewhat loosely defined group of early Christian and early medieval theologians, from the first through eighth centuries, whose writings are recognized as carrying certain authority and whose holiness of life and contributions to the establishment of church doctrine were noteworthy. The list of those considered as Church Fathers varied through the first …
Dubbed ?The Little Prince of Ra?? (Le Petit Prince du Ra?), Faudel?born Faudel Belloua?is one of the most widely recognized ra? performers to have emerged in the 1990s. Modern ra?, a fusion of European pop and traditional North African music, emerged out of Algeria in the 1970s. In the 1980s and 1990s, most of its development has taken place within France where many Algerian-born ra? artists estab…
Arthur Huff Fauset was the fourth known African American to receive the Ph.D. in anthropology. His dissertation, Black Gods of the Metropolis: Negro Religious Cults of the Urban North , was first published in 1944. As a young man, he won prizes in the Urban League?s Opportunity contests. He also wrote books and articles in the areas of folklore and history. He had a long career as a school princip…
Fayruz (Faruz, Fairouz, Feiruz, Feyrouz, Fayrouz) is a world-renowned Lebanese singer, noted for both her musical accomplishment and commitment to the concerns and values of Lebanon and the Arab world. Fayruz was born Nuhad Haddad, probably on 21 November 1933 (1935 at the latest) in Lebanon to Wadi Haddad and Lisa al-Bustani, a Christian Arab couple of Syrian Orthodox and Maronite Catholic backgr…
Athanassios C. Iossifides COSMOTE S.A., Greece Spiros Louvros COSMOTE S.A., Greece Stavros A. Kotsopoulos University of Patras, Greece Global rendering of personalized multimedia services is the key issue determining the evolution of next-generation mobile networks. The determinant factor of mobile multimedia communications feasibility is the air-interface technology. The Universal Mobile Telec…
The mass media present many images and ideas that have the capacity to worry, frighten, or even traumatize children. Researchers as far back as the 1930s and 1940s expressed concern that children were experiencing nightmares after going to the movies or listening to radio dramas. In the 1950s and early 1960s, the incidence of fears and nightmares was reported in several books about the effect of t…
(CBS, 10/2/1975, 120 mins). This ambitious Emmy-nominated film follows the troubles stalking John Henry Faulk, a folksy, homespun radio-television personality of the early 1950s whose broadcasting career was abruptly cut off during the blacklisting of the era. Retaining attorney Louis Nizer, he went to court and successfully sued for libel, obtaining a $3.5-million judgment, although he never agai…
The fateful birthday banquet hosted by *Herod Antipas which resulted in the decapitation of Saint *John the Baptist is described in the Page?87? Gospels of *Matthew and *Mark . Herod Antipas, one of the sons of Herod the Great, was the ruler of Galilee and Peraea. He divorced his first wife in order to marry Herodias, the wife of his brother (or half-brother). John the Baptist rebuked him for this…
In 1926, The Air Commerce Act was put into effect and is considered to be very important in the regulation of civil aviation. The aviation industry believed that the airplane could not become fully commercial without a federal act to impart basic safety standards. The Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 placed civil aviation regulation to a newly appointed agency, the Civil Aeronautics Authority. The Ac…
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent regulatory agency that executes and enforces the provisions of the Communications Act of 1934 and its amendments. It has the statutory authority to create and execute administrative law such as rules, policies, and regulations. It also has the authority to investigate and penalize violators of these laws. Its jurisdiction covers interst…
Three different perspectives are most common for considering the question, What is an Indian? The first perspective is from the viewpoint of Native peoples themselves, who can offer as many diverse answers to this question as there are tribal nations in the Americas?more than 1,000 cultural entities. The second perspective is from university scholars, who over the last 400 years have created a rat…
So far this book has implied that the vertically integrated structure of the Smajor film companies profoundly influenced the quantity and quality of the motion pictures produced by Hollywood. Because real estate assets (theaters) rested on a base of intangibles (motion pictures), the production process of these companies had to be well organized to accomplish three goals: first, motion pictures ha…
FEGAN, ROY (1961?). Actor. He was born in Los Angeles , California , and began his acting career in two UCLA graduate student productions, Gay Abel-Bey?s Fragrance , 1981; and Nancy Jones?s Mothers and Daughters , 1981. He landed his first Hollywood film role in They Call Me Bruce? 1982, and was cast in three films directed by Robert Townsend, Hollywood Shuffle, 1987; The Five Heartbeats, 1991; an…
The term felony disenfranchisement (or, more specifically, felony voting disenfranchisement ) refers to the denial of the right to vote to incarcerated persons and released ex-offenders who were convicted of certain classified crimes, though not necessarily felonies. Since the adoption of the practice in colonial America, felony disenfranchisement has become a common practice within the United Sta…
The term feminism means advocacy for the well-being of women in both theoretical and practical ways. In the United States, feminist scholarship and practice in the nineteenth century was dominated by white middle- and upper-class heterosexual Anglo-American women, and the same was true in the twentieth century up until the 1960s. But from about 1970 onward, the concerns of women of color, poor wom…
Feminist scholarship has an active presence and strong tradition in the field of communication.The National Communication Association (NCA) includes a Feminist and Women?s Studies Division that promotes feminist scholarship in communication and a Women?s Caucus that lobbies for the advancement of women in the organization, profession, and world at large. The International Communication Association…
This formulation refers to the sociolinguistic process whereby opprobrious terms, swearwords, and insults originally referring to creatures, males or both genders have shifted semantically to be applied to women. The terms are very numerous, the shift has taken place over centuries, and there are virtually none that have undergone the reverse process. This suggests a definite sexist dynamic at wor…
[fairmah] (1601?65) French mathematician: ?the prince of amateurs?. As a senior Government law officer it is remarkable that Fermat found time to maintain his skills as a linguist, amateur poet and, most notably, as an amateur mathematician. After 1652, when he nearly died of plague, he did give most of his time to mathematics, but he still did not publish his work in the usual sense, and his resu…
[fair mee] (1901?54) Italian?US nuclear physicist: built first atomic reactor. Enrico Fermi was the greatest Italian scientist of modern times and was highly creative both as a theoretical and experimental physicist. The son of a railway official, he showed ability from an early age and earned his PhD at Pisa, researching on X-rays. Fermi then worked with at G?ttingen and with P Ehrenfest (1880?19…
B. 1898 D. August 7, 1960 Birthplace: Bonito, Italy Awards: Neiman Marcus Award, 1947 ?????????? Salvatore Ferragamo Retrospective, Florence, Italy, 1985 ?????????? Footwear News Hall of Fame Award, 1988 ?????????? The Art of the Shoe Retrospective, Los Angeles, 1992 In 1998 the Ferragamo family celebrated the 100th anniversary of its founder?s birth, delighted at the fact that the Ferragamo…
(1866?1932) Canadian?US physicist: devised amplitude modulation for radio transmission. Born and educated in Canada, Fessenden?s first job was in Bermuda but in 1886 he joined laboratory in New Jersey. Then he moved in 1890 to Edison?s great rival, Westinghouse, for 2 years and then to academic life at Purdue and later at Pittsburgh; in 1900 he moved to the US Weather Bureau and then back to indus…
FETCHIT, STEPIN (1902?1985). Actor. Born in Key West , Florida , Lincoln Theodore Monroe Andrew Perry became a controversial character archetype in early sound films. At one time, he was among the highest-paid actors in Hollywood for playing a slow minded, lazy, slurred talking character who was all the time serving and cowtowing to whites. He began his show business career in the Royal American S…
Roberta Strauss Feuerlicht was born November 23, 1931, in New York City to Isaac and Lena (Wesler) Strauss. She received a B.A. from Hunter College in 1952 and married Herbert Alan Feuerlicht, a sculptor, in 1958. She worked as an editor for the Glen Oaks News and This Month magazine in New York before becoming a freelance writer. In 1963 she published her first historical work, Andrews? Raiders .…
[fiyn man] (1918?88) US theoretical physicist: developer of mathematical theory of particle physics. Feynman?s father, a New York maker of uniforms, developed the boy?s interest in scientific ideas and logical observation. The young man graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Princeton, worked on the atomic bomb (the Manhattan project) and later joined the staff of the California …
Andjelka Kelic Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) refers to the provisioning of narrowband and broadband services to the residential customer over an optical cable rather than traditional copper wiring. Early trials in the United States, England, and France to provide telephone and broadcast video service to residential customers occurred in the mid- to late 1980s…
Mahesh S. Raisinghani Texas Woman?s University, USA Hassan Ghanem Verizon, USA Subscribers had never thought of cable operators as providers of voice services, or telephone companies as providers of television and entertainment services. However, the strategies of multiple system operators (MSOs) and telecommunication companies (telcos) are changing, and they are expanding their services into ea…
[fibo nah chee] ( c .1170? c .1250) Italian mathematician: introduced the Arabian numeral system to Europe. Fibonacci?s father was an Italian consul in Algeria, where Fibonacci himself was educated from the age of 12 by an Arabian mathematician. No doubt because of this he learned of the Arabian (originally Hindu) system of numerals, and through his Book of the Abacus (1202) he demonstrated how th…
(1834-1906) Marshall Field and Company Marshall Field, a pioneer in the retail industry, founded what grew to become the world?s largest department store. His innovative ideas and readiness to explore new ways of servicing retail customers distinguished Field from so many other merchants. His motto, ?The customer is always right,? not only summarized his business philosophy, but also became a cr…
(1956-) Mrs. Fields? Cookies, Inc. Debra J. Fields was able to market the tasty chocolate chip confection she perfected as a teenager into a multi-million dollar-a-year retail business. By the early 1990s, despite some financial setbacks, Fields had become known as the ?cookie queen.? The hardworking Fields had retail stores in seven countries and a menu expanding into new areas of food items de…
Loida Figueroa Mercado was born on October 6, 1917, in Yauco, Puerto Rico, the daughter of Agustin and Emeteria Mercado Figueroa. Her father was a cane seed cutter, her mother a domestic worker. Neither of her parents had any formal education, but they urged their children to study. Her father had a good knowledge of Puerto Rico and other nations despite his lack of schooling. Her mother gained an…
Cinema representations of Asians and Asian Americans are rooted in the history of Euro-American colonial occupation and military struggles with China, the Philippines, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Euro-American, or ?white,?racial identity was used as a form of ideological control that helped to sustain the political subordination of colonial subjects. Asian Americans are the heirs of these images, w…
FILM GENRES. A genre is a recognizable type of movie with a ready made narrative form that is characterized by specific character types and pre established conventions, such as comedy, drama, science fiction, or suspense. Genre films exclusive to African American cinema include Blaxploitation, Urban Drama, and Urban Romance films. African Americans were fresh off the Civil Rights Movement of the 1…
The film industry defines the United States and the American people as does no other medium. The movies demonstrate to global audiences all the strengths, weaknesses, and contradictions of the nation?art versus commerce, economic opulence versus squalor, and heroes versus villains. Even the variety of words that are used to describe the product of the industry?"movies," ?motion pictures,? ?film,? …
The film industry as a whole may be divided into three interdependent segments: production, distribution, and exhibition. Production is what most people think of when they think of Hollywood? the actual creation of motion pictures. Distribution is the network that gets the completed film from the studio to the theaters that are waiting to show it. Exhibition is the operation of the movie theaters?…
The process of getting from the early ?magic lantern? inventions to the modern motion picture industry has involved a multitude of incremental steps taken to advance both the technology of film and the economic structure that supports the creation, distribution, and exhibition of films. Specific important inventions include the lightbulb, photography, flexible film, the motion picture camera, and …
The film director Billy Wilder once said, ?Audiences don?t know somebody sits down and writes a picture. They think the actors make it up as they go along.? In reality, it takes years and a virtual army of artists to make a film. The filmmaking process varies depending on budget and type of film (e.g., narrative, documentary, animation, or experimental). The process may begin with a producer who h…
During the preproduction stages of a feature film, the screenwriter, director, production designer, and cinematographer may have widely differing visions concerning the ultimate look and sound of the film. Each scene has a series of variables that must be addressed prior to setup and shooting. Decisions about the technology that is to be used during the principle shooting will affect what the audi…
Swearing has traditionally been regarded as an act that is irreligious, antisocial, or personally provocative, and thus deemed worthy of some legal punishment. Punishments are extremely severe in the Hebrew Bible, even including stoning, but the offense is more leniently viewed, as are all human failings, in the New Testament. Within the English tradition, the historical span of fines is enormous,…
B. 1935 Birthplace: Milan, Italy Award: La Jolla Museum of Art, Italian Re-Evolution , 1982 Elio Fiorucci was the very first designer/entrepreneur to recognize and implement what is today the driving force behind so many of the fashion world?s greatest successes: the total retail concept. In the late 1960s, however, his ideas were considered outrageous and even subversive by many adults, who cring…
(NBC, 5/8/1977, 120 mins). A forest fire started by a convict to cover his escape from a road gang threatens to destroy a mountain community. Ernest Borgnine replaced Fred MacMurray. Later, this two-hour movie (formally titled ?Irwin Allen?s Production of ?Fire!??) was cut to 90 minutes and put on TV?s first disaster double bill teamed with Irwin Allen?s ?Flood? in June 1978. Production Companies …
(ABC, 3/5/1972, 120 mins). A standard war movie that not only has stalwart Ben Gazzara taking over a hard-luck division at the front but also utilizes lots of extra footage from ?Patton,? which Frank McCarthy, producer of that movie and this, had in abundance. Production Company Twentieth Century Fox Television. Director Marvin J Chomsky. Producer Frank McCarthy. Teleplay Edmund H. North. Photogra…
(ABC, 1/2/1973, 90 mins). Conflict erupts within a close-knit engine company of a big city fire department when a black recruit and a bigoted white veteran clash during a wave of suspected arson in the ghetto. Pilot to the short-lived series that began a run in January 1974, with James Drury (replacing Vince Edwards) and Richard Jaeckel. Production Companies Dick Berg-Stonehenge Productions, Metro…
(1944-) Reebok International Paul Barry Fireman accomplished what others considered impossible. He transformed his family?s wholesale sporting goods business into Reebok International, one of the world?s chief contenders in the athletic shoe market. Fireman attended a trade fair in Chicago in 1979 and was impressed by a display of hand-sewn leather sneakers called ?Reeboks,? which were made by t…
(1868-1938) Firestone Tire & Rubber Company Industrialist Harvey Firestone established a rubber tire company with only a little cash and a fairly new patent in the rubber capital of the world, Akron, Ohio. A pioneer in the mass production process, Firestone created a company that became a major force in the industry and at its peak was counted among the ?Big Five? tire manufacturers in the Unite…
(1868-1938) Firestone Tire & Rubber Company Industrialist Harvey Firestone established a rubber tire company with only a little cash and a fairly new patent in the rubber capital of the world, Akron, Ohio. A pioneer in the mass production process, Firestone created a company that became a major force in the industry and at its peak was counted among the ?Big Five? tire manufacturers in the Unite…
Ant?nor Firmin was the author of a pioneering work in race and anthropology, De l??galit? des races humaines: Anthropologie positive (1885). He was perhaps the first anthropologist of African descent. Firmin was born into a working class family on October 18, 1850, in Cap Haitien in northern Haiti. His formal education was entirely in Haiti and included the study of the classics and exposure to th…
The courtship between the First Amendment and the mass media can trace its roots back to Colonial America. The mechanical printing press, invented in the fifteenth century, had come across the ocean and was being employed by the American colonies for the dissemination of many messages, some of which were political. England, angered that these certain messages openly criticized their government of …
(CBS, 11/8/1978, 120 mins). Dramatization of the true story of NBC new correspondent Betty Rollin and her experience with a mastectomy that shook her emotions, her marriage, and her outlook on life. Fredric March?s widow, Florence Eldridge, made a rare acting appearance as Rollin?s mother in one of the only jobs she has ever taken without her husband. The film received four Emmy Award nominations:…
(1852?1919) German organic chemist: the unsurpassed master of natural product chemistry. Fischer was born near Cologne, to a grocer who acquired a wool-spinning mill and a brewery, hoping his son would follow him in business or, failing that, become a chemist. The father, a Rhinelander, passed to his son his cheery temperament and an appreciation of wine. Fischer did so well at school that he pass…
(1881?1945) German organic chemist: synthesized porphyrins. Fischer graduated in Marburg in chemistry and in Munich in medicine, where he was professor of organic chemistry from 1921. In the last stage of the Second World War his laboratory was destroyed by bombing and Fischer killed himself. His work from 1921 was almost entirely on the porphyrin group of compounds, which contain four pyrrole rin…
The fish is one of the commonest and earliest Christian symbols, in use by the second century to signify *Baptism, *Christ, and Christians. Tertullian (c.160?230), in his writings on baptism, referred to converts as pisciculi (?little fish?) and the baptismal font as piscina (?fish pond?). Fish may have been spared *God?s wrath in the *Deluge; baptized Christians may be seen as similarly saved. Fi…
FISHBURNE, LAURENCE (1961?). Actor, writer, director. Fish-burne was apparently born to act in Augusta, Georgia. He made his stage debut with the Negro Ensemble Theater at age 10. He was also cast as part of the first African American family on a daytime television drama One Life to Live . He first appeared on the big screen at age 12 in Cornbread, Earl & Me , 1975. He followed with a co-starring …
(1928-) The Gap, Inc. Donald Fisher, with his wife, Doris, created the popular and ever-expanding chain of Gap clothing stores. The Gap began as a jeans store selling a wide selection of Levi?s, but gradually shifted to feature only its own private label of casual apparel for men, women, children, and infants. Old Navy and Banana Republic are also a part of the Gap empire, which has extended its…
(1928-) The Gap, Inc. Donald Fisher, with his wife, Doris, created the popular and ever-expanding chain of Gap clothing stores. The Gap began as a jeans store selling a wide selection of Levi?s, but gradually shifted to feature only its own private label of casual apparel for men, women, children, and infants. Old Navy and Banana Republic are also a part of the Gap empire, which has extended its…
Miles Mark Fisher, a Baptist minister, educator, and writer, is best known as a church historian of the black church. He wrote several scholarly articles and monographs. His work on the origin of Negro slave songs established his reputation. Fisher?s career in the church defined both his life and his teachings. Recognized as an outstanding black preacher and leader of his time, Fisher practiced a …
(1890?1962) British statistician and geneticist: pioneer of modern statistical methods. Fisher?s father was a successful auctioneer and the boy was one of eight children; he also had eight children, ?a personal expression of his genetic and evolutionary convictions?, although he and his wife later separated. He was small, forceful, eloquent and eccentric. Fisher graduated in Cambridge in 1912 in m…
(1851?1901) Irish physicist: suggested the Lorentz?FitzGerald contraction to explain the failure of the Michelson?Morley experiment to detect the ?ether?. FitzGerald was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, remaining there as a professor for the rest of his life. Although he did not publish much original work himself, he was influential in 19th-c physics through his informal suggestions and discus…
Sheila Fitzpatrick was born June 4, 1941, in Melbourne, Australia, of Scottish, Irish, and English ancestry. Her father was a historian, her mother a teacher. Sheila attended the Lauriston Girls? School and then the University of Melbourne. She received a bachelor?s degree in 1961 and a doctorate in 1969. Fitzpatrick?s first academic position was at the University of Birmingham, England, where she…
Interest in the five human faculties of sight, hearing, smell, touch, and taste is exhibited in medieval medical treatises and encyclopedic works in sections concerning the properties and nature of the human body. In diagrams illustrating these texts, the five senses may be linked to the planetary influences and to the *Four Elements (hence, sight derives from fire, hearing and smell from air, tou…
[feezoh] (1819?96) French physicist: determined the velocity of light experimentally. Born into a wealthy family, Fizeau turned from studying medicine to research in optics. With he improved the early photographic process introduced by and obtained the first detailed pictures of the Sun (1845). Fizeau made the first accurate determination of the speed of light (1849). In an experiment using an 8 k…
Following the *Arrest and *Trials of Christ, the Roman governor *Pontius Pilate ordered *Christ to be whipped (as permissible before *crucifixion, in Roman law). The event is briefly described in all four Gospels and was elaborated in later medieval mystical writings. The subject is found in western art from the ninth century onward but is somewhat less frequent in Byzantine art. Normally, Christ …
(1646?1719) English astronomer: constructed first comprehensive telescopic star catalogue. Flamsteed?s poor health, which was to hinder his work, led to frequent absence from school and he was largely self-educated until he entered Cambridge in 1670. Some youthful publications impressed Lord Brouncker (1620?84; first president of the Royal Society) with his knowledge of navigational astronomy. Cha…
(CBS, 2/10/1979, 120 mins). Two young women (played by Annie Potts and Kim Darby) join forces to save an expensive trucking rig from the repo-man and keep it out of the clutches of hijackers. In the truly disparate cast are TV legend Arthur Godfrey, ?First Brother? Billy Carter (President Jimmy?s good-ole-boy sib), and onetime movie star Rory Calhoun. Production Companies Moonlight Productions, Fi…
Group formed c. 1999 in Nashville, TN; members include Jay DeMarcus (born April 26, 1971, in Columbus, OH; married, 2004), vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, mandolin; Gary LeVox (born July 10, 1970, in Columbus, OH; married; children: Brittany, Brooklyn), lead vocals; Joe Don Rooney (born Sept. 13, 1975, in Picher, OK; married Tiffany Fallon, April 23, 2006), vocals, guitar. Addresses: Record compa…
Born William Johnathon Drayton, Jr., March 16, 1959, in Roosevelt, Long Island, New York; son of William Sr. and Anna Drayton; children: three (with Karen Ross), three (with Angie Parker), one (with a former girlfriend). Addresses: Office ?c/o VH1, 1515 Broadway, New York, NY 10036. Formed Public Enemy with Chuck D, 1982; Public Enemy released first album, Yo! Bum Rush the Show , 1987; released so…
(1881?1955) British bacteriologist: discoverer of penicillin. An Ayrshire farmer?s son, Fleming spent 4 years as a clerk in a London shipping office before a small legacy allowed him to study medicine at St Mary?s. His later career was spent there, except for service in the Royal Army Medical Corps in the First World War. In that war he saw many fatal cases of wound infection and the experience mo…
(1849?1945) British physicist and electrical engineer: inventor of the thermionic diode. Fleming had a mixed education, studying at times at University College and at the Royal College of Chemistry, London, and at Cambridge under . After intermittent periods of teaching and study he was appointed professor of electrical technology at University College, London. Although he worked on a number of el…
(1843?1905) German cytologist: pioneer of cytology and discoverer of mitosis. Flemming studied medicine in five German universities and later became professor of anatomy at Kiel. Using the new aniline dyes as microscopic stains, and the improved microscopes of the 1860s, he found that scattered fragments in an animal cell nucleus became strongly coloured; he named this substance chromatin. In cell…
(CBS, 10/14/1979 and 10/16/1979, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). Young street tough-turned boxer struggles to reach the top while finding his romance with an attractive TV reporter is complicated by an incestuous relationship with his mother. This two-part drama based on Pete Hamill?s 1977 novel was Tom Berenger?s first important television role and offered a surprising change of pace for Suzann…
(1838?1923) US ethnologist and pioneer in the field of American Indian music. Alice Fletcher was born in Cuba where her father, Thomas, a lawyer from New York City, was staying in an attempt to recover from tuberculosis; he died the following year. She was educated at private girls? schools in New York City and toured Europe before beginning work as a governess. She was attracted to various reform…
1924 Born in Phoenix, Arizona on December 22 1943 Organizes his first civil rights protest; receives B.A. from Washburn 1954 Becomes first black player for Baltimore Colts football team; begins political career in Kansas; becomes assistant public relations director, Kansas Highway Commission; becomes vice-chair of Kansas State Republican Central Committee 1958 Moves to California and works for Aer…
Benjamin Harrison Fletcher rose from obscure beginnings to become a key organizer of workers across racial and cultural lines in the early decades of the twentieth century. He was able to achieve these accomplishments at great personal sacrifice despite limited formal education, by applying socialist philosophies to address labor issues in the U.S. system of industrial capitalism. His views and ap…
Giles Fletcher was born in November 1546, the second son to Richard Fletcher, who, four years later, was ordained in the Church of England. In 1561 Giles entered Eton College, where we see his young promise in the eleven Latin epigrams included in the collection of verses presented to the queen upon her visit. In 1565 Fletcher entered King?s College, where he would stay for the next sixteen years.…
A fundamental distinction in semantics, or the study of meaning, is that between referential and emotive use. Referential language is essentially factual, formal, and concerned with conveying reality in a precise neutral fashion, whereas emotive language essentially conveys the speaker?s or writer?s feelings. Frequently the difference lies as much in the context as in the words themselves. Thus th…
A notable scholar of slang and colloquial American English, Stuart Berg Flexner was the major author of the first edition of the Dictionary of American Slang (with Harold Wentworth, 1960) and the sole author of the groundbreaking work I Hear America Talking: An Illustrated Treasury of American Words and Phrases (1976). The earlier work was fairly comprehensive in its word list, but excluded the mo…
After the birth of Jesus, when the Magi returned to their homeland without further contact with King *Herod, *Joseph was warned by an *angel in a dream about Herod?s plans for the *Massacre of the Innocents. Joseph took *Mary and the infant from Bethlehem to Egypt. The brief description of this event in *Matthew 2:13-15 was expanded in apocryphal writings, the * Golden Legend , and late medieval d…
(NBC, 3/27/1977, 120 mins). Professional troubleshooters, led by Patrick Wayne (son of The Duke), are called to a skyscraper where a private plane has crashed and is lodged in the side of the building at the 20th floor level. Production Companies A.C. Lyles Productions, First Artists Production Company, NBC Productions. Director Bernard L Kowalski. Producer A.C. Lyles. Teleplay Anthony Lawrence, R…
(NBC, 11/24/1976, 120 mins). Irwin Allen?s first made-for-TV disaster movie follows the course charted by its wide-screen big brothers, only this time it?s a small town about to be devastated by a flood when a faulty dam bursts. At a reported cost of $2.5 million, this was, according to network publicity, the most expensive film made to that time for television. A companion Irwin Allen movie calle…
(1898?1968) Australian pathologist: central figure in introduction of penicillin as useful antibiotic. Born and educated in Adelaide, Florey studied physiology in Oxford and pathology in Cambridge; in 1931 he became professor of pathology in Sheffield and in 1934 at Oxford. In the early 1930s he began to study lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme present in mucus discovered by in 1922. In 1935 joined…
John, or Giovanni, Florio, was born about 1553 in London, the son of an expatriate Italian clergyman. His father, Michael Angelo Florio, had left his Franciscan friary in Italy and had been arrested in 1548 by the Inquisition in Rome. In 1550 he fled Rome and arrived at last in London, where for a short time he held a pastorate for Protestant Italian refugees and was patronized by William Cecil. H…
[floor?s] (1794?1867) French anatomist and physiologist: early experimental physiologist. Flourens qualified in medicine in 1813 at Mont-pellier and then went to Paris, where befriended him, secured teaching and research posts for him and ensured that after his own death his appointments would pass to Flourens. From 1820 Flourens began to work on the central nervous system, using pigeons and later…
Early Christian theologians and medieval encyclopedists, drawing upon biblical references and classical works on natural history, frequently used flowers and plants to signify spiritual and moral concepts, holy persons, and events. Particular flowers and plants in medieval art may thus be associated with specific figures or ideas; however, not all foliage depicted in medieval art is symbolic, and …
FLUELLEN, JOEL (1911?1991). Actor, activist. This renowned character actor of stage and screen was born in Monroe , Louisiana . When a racial incident in town jeopardized his safety, a young Fluellen hopped a freight train to Chicago , and eventually migrated to New York . After becoming involved in the theater, he was invited out to Hollywood by Louise Beavers who was impressed after seeing his s…
DAVID MALIN Anglo-Australian Observatory, RMIT University Fluorescence is electromagnetic radiation emitted by gaseous, liquid, or solid materials as a result of an irradiation with light, X-rays, or electron beams. In fluorescence, all or part of the absorbed energy is re-emitted at the same or longer wavelengths. If the emission of energy continues after the excitation source is removed, the p…
(CBS, 8/28/1978, 120 mins). The pilot movie for the subsequent short lived series (beginning a month later) dealing with the adventures of three airline stewardesses who became fast friends after surviving their ?stew? training. Production Company Mark Carliner Productions. Director Peter H. Hunt. Producer Mark Carliner. Teleplay Dawn Aldredge, Martin Cohan. Photography William K Jurgensen. Music …
This unfamiliar term denotes a swearing match or competition in insult, a form with a long tradition, being found in Old Norse and Anglo-Saxon literature, where the participants are both legendary and historical. This development is itself unusual, being the polar opposite of the reticence greatly valued in Germanic society. However, the genre became most highly developed in the Scottish court in …
Principal social themes: racism/civil rights, hate groups Paramount. PG-13 rating. Featuring: William H. Macy, Laura Dern, David Paymer, Meat Loaf, Kay Hawtrey, Michael Copeman, Kenneth Welsh, Joseph Ziegler, Arlene Meadows, Peter Oldring, Robert McCarrol, Shaun Austin-Olsen, Kevin Jubinville, B. J. McQueen, Pat Patterson. Written by Kendrew Laselles based on the novel Focus by Arthur Miller. Cine…
B. February 2, 1919 D. January 15, 1980 Birthplace: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Awards: Coty American Fashion Critics? Award, 1951 ???????? Bonwit Teller, 1951 ???????? Neiman Marcus Fashion Award, 1952 ???????? International Silk Association Award, 1955 ???????? Cotton Fashion Council Award, 1957 ???????? American Express Fashion Award, 1962 Fogarty attended Allegheny College and studied d…
Scientists believe that folk classifications of human groups, or ?races,?are distinct from, and must have preceded, those the scientific community began devising in the eighteenth century. Such classifications (usually ethnocentric) were part of the written record centuries before the birth of Christ. Early travelers distinguished foreign groups according to their obvious physical traits, such as …
Etymology is the study of the origins of words, a fascinating, complex, but often frustrating discipline. Folk etymology is the phenomenon whereby plausible but factually inaccurate explanations develop, often accompanied by a corroborating tall story. These colorful explanations result from various popular notions and expectations, namely that all words have specific origins and that these root m…
(1937-) Jane Fonda was a member of a famous American theatrical family and received many of the industry?s highest awards. Her multi-faceted career has included acting in films and television, starring in and marketing exercise videocassettes, and writing various non-fiction books, including Jane Fonda?s New Pregnancy Workout and Total Birth Program. In the late 1990s she retired from active busin…
Food Lion was originally known as Food Town when it was founded in 1957. The original store was located in Salisbury, North Carolina. Because some locations already had stores with the name of Food Town, the company?s name was changed to Food Lion. In the 1980s, Food Lion expanded its stores throughout the United States. Throughout the 1990s, Food Lion opened 100 new stores per year. In 1992, Prim…
oday more than ever before, there is a constant need for photographs of food for promotional purposes. Much of this need is due to a wide interest in nutrition and health and the public?s desire to explore the tastes of different cultures. The food photographer?s studio is designed with the kitchen as a main ingredient, and it can be as fully equipped as a professional chef?s kitchen. Shooting foo…
Fools and jesters are recognizable in medieval art largely by their costume (a cap with bells and a ridiculously short or multicolored garment) and the objects they carry (a staff or club and a round bread or stone?which they are often depicted attempting to eat). Traditionally the attendants of kings and nobles, jesters are frequently found in scenes of court life and as marginalia in Gothic manu…
Institutional racism and individual racism have been fundamental components of sports in America. The playing fields of America were slowly integrated in the twentieth century, and in the twenty-first century the struggle has shifted to equity in off-the-field opportunities. The growth of the American sporting scene began during the mid-nineteenth century and then accelerated after the Civil War, …
(CBS, 10/3/1972, 90 mins). Richard Crenna stars as a win or else coach who was hired to whip a small college football team into shape and finds himself in trouble with heavy gamblers on the squad?s success, who plan to set the odds. Based on the novel ?Paddy? by Hamilton Maule. Subsequently titled ?Footsteps: Nice Guys Finish Last.? Production Companies Dick Berg-Stonehenge Productions, Metromedia…
(1815?54) British naturalist: showed that marine life existed at great depths. Forbes studied medicine at Edinburgh but soon became more interested in natural history. He became curator and later palaeontologist to the Geological Society and subsequently professor of natural history at Edinburgh and at the Royal School of Mines. Travelling widely in Europe and in the region bordering the Eastern M…
(1919-1990) Forbes Business Magazine Malcolm Stevenson Forbes was one of the foremost publishers and business moguls in the United States. From 1957 until his death in 1990, he was publisher, editor-in-chief, and sole stockholder of the magazine his father founded. By 1982, Forbes magazine grossed over $10 million annually. He converted the business publication his father had started into one of…
(CBS, 3/28/1975, 90 mins). A special police undercover unit composed of ex-cons chosen for their particular skills investigates the vicious syndicate beating of a star basketball player whose father vows to take vengeance if he catches the attackers first. This prospective series pilot cleverly adapted the plot hook of ?The Dirty Dozen? and its many carbon copies, switching the characters to conte…
Historically, the practice of forced sterilization has varied according to time and place. Nevertheless, in every case, the practice has been implemented to serve the interests of the ruling elite. Right into the early twenty-first century, the forces of colonialism, capitalism, and patriarchy have kept the practice alive in order to diminish the power of those deemed ?inferior?or ?unfit.?In parti…
During the late 1960s and the early 1970s, a policy of involuntary surgical sterilization was imposed upon Native American women in the United States, usually without their knowledge or consent, by the federally funded Indian Health Service (IHS), then run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). It is alleged that the existence of the sterilization program was discovered by members of the American …
Barney Launcelot Ford, born in Virginia, rose from slavery to become a conductor on the Underground Railroad. In the 1840s he was hired out by his master to ? work on a steam ship, from which he escaped. Ford left not knowing if he would ever get caught but seeking a better life for himself. On his run for freedom, Ford encountered another escaped slave named Henry O. Wagoner. The men taught thems…
(1922-) Ford Models, Inc. Known as the matriarch of the modeling industry, Eileen Ford founded Ford Models, Inc. with her husband in 1947 and it quickly grew from a small operation to a trend-setting, multimillion-dollar force in the world of fashion and beauty. For more than 50 years the agency was renowned for placing top fashion models on runways and in advertisements around the world. Eileen…
Released in 1990 for the 1991 model, the Ford Explorer was available in two and four-door styles and in rear and four-wheel drive. The four-wheel drive models were also equipped with a Borg Warner transfer case. Every Explorer was equipped with 8.8" rear axles in open slip or limited slip varieties. Ford Explorers were also made in one of four trim levels, Sport trim, base XL trim, XLT trim and an…
Born Gwyllyn Samuel Newton Ford, May 1, 1916, in Ste.-Christine, Canada; died August 30, 2006, in Beverly Hills, CA. Actor. Glenn Ford was one of the great actors from the Golden Era of Hollywood. He was a major box-office draw from the 1940s through the 1960s. Some of Ford?s most memorable films are Gilda, Blackboard Jungle , and Pocketful of Miracles . Fellow actor Sydney Poitier, quoted on the …
In 1996, Congressman Harold Eugene Ford Jr., at the age of twenty-six, became the first African American to succeed a parent in the United States Congress and the second youngest member in the annals of that institution?s history. The keynote speaker at the 2000 Democratic National Convention, Ford was one of the party?s candidates seeking the Senate seat of retiring majority leader Bill Frist of …
Harold Eugene Ford Sr. was the first African American to represent a Tennessee district in the U.S. Congress. Elected to the Congress in 1974 from Tennessee?s Ninth Congressional District, which comprises the city of Memphis, he served the district for twelve consecutive terms until he retired in 1996 and was succeeded by his son Harold E. Ford Jr. Ford was one of fifteen children born to Newton J…
(1863-1947) Ford Motor Company Henry Ford launched the era of the automobile and in doing so provided the tools necessary for the mass production of consumer goods. He founded Ford Motor Company, which is still the second largest carmaker in the world. Ford is associated with the creation of the assembly line, which allowed cars and other uniform products to be produced quickly and efficiently. …
Sound enabled the American film industry to solidify its power as the leading exporter of entertainment. At the end of the 1920s, about two thirds of the world?s 57,341 cinemas were outside the United States and provided Hollywood with substantial distribution revenue. Though one can read again and again that producers were terrified that sound would mean the loss of overseas markets, there is lit…
Prior to 1930, foreign markets generated 30-50 percent of a picture?s worldwide gross. Of this gross, nearly half came from English-speaking countries, mainly Great Britain. During the Depression the foreign take fell to around 20 percent, but by mid decade the percentage rebounded to normal levels. Hollywood?s commanding position in world markets is documented by the following figures: by 1930, H…
Forensic anthropology is the application of the scientific study of the human skeleton within the context of medical and legal problems, usually in cases involving personal identification and evidence of foul play. Accountability of the dead involves a legal procedure in the United States that requires investigations by the police, a medical examiner (M.D.) who may perform an autopsy, a coroner wh…
GALE SPRING RMIT University Forensic photography refers to the making of images to record objects, scenes, and events to be used for and within the legal process. Forensic photographs may be taken specifically for documentation, analysis, intelligence, or for court presentations. To be used in court, pictures must be allowed under the rules of evidence that apply in a particular jurisdiction. The…
Today formal swearing is generally required of citizens only on special occasions, such as taking the oath in court or taking an oath of office. The form of words makes the point with simple clarity: ?I swear by Almighty God that I shall tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.? The tag phrase ?So help me God? (?May God help me to do this?) is generally optional. Marriage also i…
Swearing appears to be fairly random in its makeup, especially in the semantic latitude and anomalous conjunctions of adjectives and nouns. However, there have developed over the centuries certain combinations of highly charged words that have common semantic, alliterative, rhyming, and rhythmic features. They have become established through traditional use as idioms, and are thus not readily acce…
(1904?79) German physician: introduced cardiac catheterization. Born in Berlin, Forssman attended school and studied medicine there before going in 1929 to a hospital at nearby Eberswalde to continue clinical studies in surgery. He became interested in the problem of delivering a drug rapidly and safely to the heart in an emergency; at that time, the best but unsafe technique was to inject directl…
This term, now obsolescent, means variously swearing falsely, breaking one?s oath, or going back on one?s word, meanings essentially taken over by perjury . In earlier times when personal relations often took the form of an oath, to be forsworn was a great social stigma. The Laws of the Anglo-Saxon king Ecgbert (ca. 1000) specified that a layman who forswore should be imprisoned for four years (II…
The abolitionist and civil rights advocate James Forten was born in Philadelphia on September 2, 1766, to Thomas and Margaret Forten. James Forten was born free. His father, Thomas Forten, was born also free. James Forten?s grandfather was born into slavery and gained his freedom. James Forten?s great-grandfather was born in Africa, enslaved, brought to Pennsylvania, and he lived the rest of his l…
Timothy Thomas Fortune is one of the earliest black journalists and civil rights activists whose career was devoted entirely to the advocacy of laws that would grant equal political rights to blacks as equals in the United Page?494? States. He was the founder of the first major all-black civil rights organization, the Afro-American League. Timothy Thomas Fortune was born into a slave family inMari…
B. 1871 D. May 2, 1949 Birthplace: Granada, Spain Awards: A Remembrance of Mariano Fortuny , Los Angeles County Museum, 1967?1968 Mariano Fortuny (1871?1949) , Mus?e Historique des Tissus, Lyons; Brighton Museum, Fashion Institute of Technology; and Art Institute of Chicago; 1980?1982. Fortuny was born into a family of artists, so it is no surprise that his work focused on the artistic element of…
Born April 22, 1944, in Jackson, TN; son of a factory manager; married Peggy Viehland, c. 1968. Education: Stanford University, B.A., 1966; Washington University, M.B.A., 1968. Addresses: Home ?Beaver Creek, CO. Office ?c/o Marathon Racing, Inc./Steve Fossett Challenges, 401 S. LaSalle St., Ste. 200, Chicago, IL 60605. Ran the information-technology division of a department store, c. late 1960s; j…
(CBS, 11/13/1975, 120 mins). This was a film chronicle of the true life story of two New York City patrolmen who were killed in a brutal ambush in 1972, victims of militant extremists attempting to create a wave of terror in the police department. Adapted from Al Silverman?s 1974 book. Production Company Charles Fries Productions. Director John Llewellyn Moxey. Executive Producer Charles Fries. Pr…
FOSTER, GLORIA (1936?2003). Actress. She was born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised by her grandmother. She attended Illinois State University and taught school for two years before studying acting at the Goodman Theater School of Drama. Foster made her professional stage debut with the University of Chicago?s County Theater. In 1963, she moved to New York City. She won an Obie Award in 1963 for he…
[fookoh] (1819?68) French physicist: measured the speed of light; and demonstrated rotation of the Earth. Foucault was the son of an impoverished bookseller; he began to study medicine but was revolted by the sight of blood. He was attracted to physics by discovery of photography, and then became editor of the Journal de D?bats (1845) and a physicist at the Paris Observatory (1855). A gifted exper…
?Foul language? is a broad category combining and involving such diverse offensive elements as ?dirt,? shit words, obscenity, and pornography, of which the last three have their own entries. The use of terms like foul, filth, dirt , and dirty to categorize offensive or abusive language is profound and ancient. Anglo-Saxon ful (?foul?) was used to gloss ?obscene? as well as ?dirty.? ?Shit worde,? d…
A number of biblical passages refer to the fountain, well, waters, or rivers of life. Psalm 36 declares that the fountain of life is with the Lord; Psalm 42 describes the soul thirsting for *God; *Ezekiel 47 includes a vision of healing waters; and the closing chapter in the book of Revelation describes Saint *John?s vision of a crystal clear river of the water of life issuing from the throne of G…
Derived from classical scholarship and imagery, the Four Elements (Earth, Air, Fire, and Water) may be depicted in early Christian and medieval art as personified figures or animals, chosen to indicate the appropriate properties. They are frequently illustrated in medieval encyclopedias and scientific treatises and may also appear in scenes such as the *Crucifixion, *Last Judgment, *Resurrection o…
The word evangelist derives from the Greek for ?proclaimer of the gospel? and in widest usage refers to preachers and missionaries. Specifically, the Four Evangelists, *Matthew, *Mark, *Luke, and *John are the named authors of the four Gospels, the first four books of the New Testament canon which each recount, with somewhat different details, the life of *Christ. Matthew and John were named among…
The theory that human temperament and behavior are governed by bodily fluids and planetary influences was developed in the classical period and accepted and elaborated upon by medieval scientists and encyclopedists. The four fundamental, dominating fluids within the human body were identified as: Phlegm (causing a phlegmatic or sluggish temperament), Blood (causing a sanguine or optimistic tempera…
[fooryay] (1768?1830) French mathematician: discovered Fourier series and the Fourier Integral Theorem. Fourier, the son of a tailor, was orphaned at age 8. He had a mixed education, at military school, an abbey and later (after a narrow escape from the guillotine during the French Revolution in 1794) at the ?cole Normale. He joined the staff of the ?cole Normale, newly-formed to train senior teac…
Principal social themes: suicide/depression, homosexuality, divorce Twentieth Century Fox. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Richard Basehart, Paul Douglas, Barbara Bel Geddes, Debra Paget, Agnes Moorehead, Robert Keith, Howard da Silva, Jeffrey Hunter, Martin Gabel, Grace Kelly, Frank Faylen, Jeff Corey, Ossie Davis, Harvey Lembeck, Russell Hicks, Leif Erickson, Joyce Van Patten. Written by John Paxton …
The Pyramids of Giza are among the world?s most famous architectural monuments. In ancient times the Greeks included the Great Pyramid among the Seven Wonders of the World. The Egyptians themselves took an interest in the pyramids, restoring the adjacent buildings as late as 1,000 years after they were originally built. Yet in spite of the tremendous awe and curiosity that the pyramids inspire, th…
The term Fourth World traditionally refers to marginalized and oppressed groups such as the indigenous peoples living either in Third World (relatively undeveloped) or First World (developed and capitalist) countries. (The term Second World is used to designate developed and predominantly socialist countries.) Specific definitions for these terms are provided by documents and conventions of the Un…
Nowhere is there a better illustration of the ?trying on? of forms for the talkies than William Fox?s development of Movietone. First, however, the shoals of de Forests legal challenges had to be navigated. In 1926 Lee de Forest knew of Western Electric?s work in sound cinema. Nevertheless, he experienced ?a shock, like a blow,? when he first saw Warner Bros.? big Times Square billboard announcing…
Elizabeth Ann Fox-Genovese was born May 28, 1941, in Boston, Massachusetts, of Anglo-Saxon Protestant, Scotch-Irish, and German-Jewish ancestry. Her father, Edward Whiting Fox, was a professor of history, and her mother, Elizabeth Mary Simon Fox, was a researcher and homemaker. Elizabeth attended elementary schools in Ithaca and Lake Placid, New York, and in Princeton, New Jersey. She attended hig…
B. 1910 D. July 28, 1996 Birthplace: Unknown The zoot suit is the most innovative men?s garment of the twentieth century. Its knee-length jacket featured exaggerated padded shoulders, and the voluminous, high-waisted pants narrowed to a pegged ankle. When the zoot suit emerged during the 1940s, it was a radical departure from typical men?s suits which had changed little in nearly a century. Althou…
FOX, VIVICA A. (1964?). Actress. A native of Indianapolis , Indiana , Fox earned an Associate Art degree in Social Sciences from Golden West College in Huntington Beach , California . Turning to acting, she landed a major television role in the short-lived series Out All Night , with Patti LaBelle and Morris Chestnut. Her guest-starring roles include Living Single, Family Matters, Matlock, Beverly…
FOXX, JAMIE (1967?). Actor, singer, musician. Born Eric Morlon Bishop in Terrell, Texas, Foxx began playing piano at age three, played football in high school, and attended United States International University in San Diego on a music scholarship. He also studied classical piano at Juilliard and released a 1994 music album, Peep This . He liked to tell jokes and accepted a friend?s challenge to p…
FOXX, REDD (1922?1991). Comedian, actor. He was born John Elroy Sanford and began performing comedy on the ?chitlin circuit? of black theaters and nightclubs while he was still in his teens. For a stage name, he combined his old nickname of Red, due to his light complexion, with the surname of his favorite baseball player, Jimmie Foxx. He recorded a series of explicit blues records in the mid 1940…
[fraka staw roh] ( c .1478?1553) Italian logician and physician: proposed early theory of germ origin of disease. Having studied a variety of subjects at Padua, Fracastoro became lecturer in logic there in 1501. After moves due to war and plague, he settled in Verona from 1516, practising as a physician until 1534. Thereafter he spent his retirement in research. His major medical book, On Contagio…
(NBC, 9/29/1976, 120 mins). A dramatization of the historic U-2 incident in which a CIA spy pilot was shot down over the Soviet Union in the early 1960s and brought to trial. Powers ultimately was returned to the United States in a prisoner swap, and during the later years he became a helicopter traffic reporter for a Los Angeles radio station. He was killed in a helicopter crash while on duty in …
John R. Francis was a prominent African American medical practitioner during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He was also a distinguished educator. He worked in private medical practice and developed a private sanitarium to care for African Americans who lacked proper health care and sanitation in their homes. Francis saw the need for this facility since African Americans were pr…
Founder of the Franciscan Order (Friars Minor), Francis of Assisi , son of a wealthy Italian merchant, spent his youth in business and military service. After being captured in battle, held for a year as a prisoner of war, he returned to Assisi in ill health in 1205 and received a vision of *Christ, who appeared to him in church and instructed him to ?Repair my home, which is in disrepair.? Franci…
Born in 1946, in Illinois; son of a farmer and a librarian; married Juanita Francis, c. 1971; children: four. Education: University of Illinois, B.A. (agriculture), 1968; Indiana University?s Kelley School of Business, M.B.A., 1971. Addresses: Contact ?PetSmart, Inc., 19601 North 27th Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85027. Home ?Paradise Valley, Arizona. Began career at Eisner Food Stores, 1971; joined Jewel Fo…
(1882?1964) German?US physicist: gave first experimental demonstration of the quantized nature of molecular electronic transitions. Franck studied law at Heidelberg but left after a year in order to study physics at Berlin instead. After service in the First World War (he was awarded the Iron Cross), he became professor of experimental physics at G?ttingen. In 1933, being a Jew, he felt obliged to…
As a pioneer on the Kentucky and Illinois frontier, Frank ?Free Frank? McWhorter coped with the hostile and desolate conditions of remote backwoods as both a slave and freedman. Heralded for his dedication as a slave, Free Frank managed to amass enough money by hiring himself out to purchase his wife?s freedom and then that of his own. As a free person of color, Free Frank owned and operated a suc…
(ABC, 1/16/1973 and 1/17/1973, 2 Parts, 90 mins each, 3 hours). Dan Curtis? retelling of the all-time Gothic horror classic, one of the favorite subjects among moviemakers. Robert Foxworth played Dr. Frankenstein, and Bo Svenson the Monster. This was a two-parter shown in 90-minute segments on successive nights as part of ABC?s late night ?Wide World of Mystery? series. Production Company Dan Curt…
(NBC, 11/30/1973 and 12/1/1973, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). A literate retelling of Mary Shelley?s Gothic horror classic with the accent here on character instead of terror, establishing an offbeat relationship between the doctor and his creature. Subsequently this film was edited down to two hours or so for theatrical showings overseas and for TV syndication in the United States. Production…
(1825?99) British organic chemist: originator of the theory of valence. Frankland was apprenticed to a druggist in Lancaster for 6 years in an ill-advised attempt to enter the medical profession. Guidance from a local doctor led him to study chemistry under Lyon Playfair (1819?98) at the Royal School of Mines in London (1845). He later studied with at Marburg and at Giessen. At 28 Frankland became…
(1706-1790) Inventor Of all of the patriots who helped found the United States, Benjamin Franklin is probably the most respected and most revered. Franklin was a self-made man of many talents who prospered in the diverse arenas of politics, science, religion, education, and international diplomacy. As a writer, he is remembered for both his unfinished Autobiography and Poor Richard?s Almanack. A…
(1706?90) US statesman: classic experimenter and theorist on static electricity. Franklin had an unusually wide range of careers: he was successful as a printer, publisher, journalist, politician, diplomat and physicist. Trained as a printer and working in New England and for nearly 2 years in London (UK), Franklin found he also had talents as a journalist; when he was 27 he published Poor Richard…
A printer, author, library organizer, inventor, diplomat, scientist, philanthropist, and statesman, Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1703, the fifteenth child of Abiah and Josiah Franklin. At that time, more than half of the booksellers in the New World were within a quarter of a mile of his birthplace. It is little wonder, then, that Franklin learned to read early in life (?I d…
FRANKLIN, CARL (1949?). Actor, writer, director. A native of Richmond, California, Franklin received a scholarship and studied history at the University of California at Berkeley, where he began to act. He moved to New York after graduation and began a stage career at the New York Shakespeare Festival, performing in Cymbeline, Timon of Athens , and Twelfth Night . He made his film debut in Five on…
(1920?58) British physical chemist and X-ray crystallographer. The daughter of prosperous Jewish parents, Franklin studied chemistry and physics at Cambridge and afterwards, as war work, took a job in coal research, studying its pore size and properties as a solid colloid and being awarded a PhD for this in 1945. Then, during a happy period of 4 years in Paris at the Sorbonne, she moved from physi…
[frash] (1851?1914) German?US industrial chemist: devised process for extraction of sulphur from underground deposits. Frasch was the son of a prosperous pharmacist in W?rttemberg and began his training in pharmacy when he emigrated to the USA in 1868 at age 17. Industry was expanding after the Civil War and he soon interested himself in the new petroleum industry. One of its problems was that som…
Abraham Fraunce was born in Shrewsbury and educated first at the famous Shrewsbury School (1571/72), which Sir Philip Sidney* and Fulke Greville* attended, and later went on to St. John?s College, Cambridge, matriculating in 1576, and, supported by Sidney, himself, Fraunce received from there a B.A. in 1579?80 and M.A. in 1583. While at Cambridge he acted in the anonymous Hymenaeus (1578/79) and a…
[ frown hohfer] (1787?1826) German physicist and optician: described atomic absorption bands in the solar spectrum. Fraunhofer was apprenticed as a mirror-maker and lens-polisher in Munich, rising to become a director of his company in 1811. His miserable time as an apprentice was relieved when he was buried under the collapsed workshop and the Elector celebrated his survival with a gift of money …
A native New Yorker, Fred Meyer opened his first store in Portland Oregon in 1922. Six years later, Meyer opened a drug store, followed by a shopping center in the Hollywood District of Oregon in 1931. In the shopping center, a grocery store was located next to a drug store and also included general merchandise. Also connected to the location were a gasoline station and an apparel store. Fred Meye…
Frederick?s of Hollywood originated as a New York mail-order company which specialized in intimate apparel. Frederick Mellinger, called ?Mr. Frederick,? began the business in 1946. He opened his first store on Hollywood Boulevard to take advantage of the glitz and glamor that surrounded movie stars. Much of Frederick?s initial success can be attributed to Mellinger?s inclusion of black lingerie. T…
Free Republic was founded in 1996 and became popular following the Clinton controversies of the late 1990s. A number of people were introduced to the site through the Drudge Report as well as through participation in a rally calling for the impeachment of President Clinton. This rally was called the ?March for Justice? and was attended by well-known anti-Clinton speakers like Bob Barr, Larry Klaym…
Estelle Freedman was born on July 2, 1947, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, of Jewish ancestry. Her father was in sales and her mother was a freelance writer. She attended Herbert Hoover Elementary School and Hebrew School as a child, and her early influences included her grandparents and summer camp. Freedman attended Barnard College, earning a bachelor?s degree in history, cum laude, in 1969. A comb…
The U.S. Congress established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands on March 3, 1865, as part of its plans for reconstructing the post-Civil War South. Better known as the Freedmen?s Bureau, this temporary federal agency undertook the formidable and unprecedented responsibility of safeguarding the general welfare of both recently liberated slaves and white refugees in the former Co…
(NBC, 10/29/1979 and 10/30/1979, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). In this two part dramatization of Howard Fast?s 1944 novel about an ex slave who is elected to the U.S. Senate while battling other former slaves and white sharecroppers to keep the land they tended all their lives, Muhammad Ali and Kris Kristofferson, as former slave and soldier Gideon Jackson and sharecropper Abner Lait, made the…
Freelance photography is defined as the work done by photographers or artists who run their own businesses rather than working for a company. Generally speaking, freelance photographers own their equipment and take photographs for many clients. If a freelance photographer works exclusively for one client or uses the client?s equipment, that photographer may be deemed an employee of that organizati…
FREEMAN, AL, JR. (1934?). Actor, professor. A consummate actor in both stage and film, Freeman was born in San Antonio, Texas. He attended school in Ohio and later studied law at Los Angeles City College. After a tour of duty in the Army, Freeman returned to college to pursue a degree in theater arts. While in Los Angeles, he acted in local plays and also did radio shows before landing his first B…
FREEMAN, MORGAN (1937?). Actor. Freeman was born in Memphis, Tennessee, and raised in Greenwood, Mississippi. He enlisted in the U.S. Air Force in 1955, and left the military service to pursue his acting career in Los Angeles. He relocated to New York City and got his first important role in the 1967 off Broadway production of The Nigger-Lovers , and later acted in an all African American revival …
Xenophobic attitudes tend to focus on nations that are military or financial rivals and that have geographical proximity and pose a threat, real or imagined, to the ?host? nation. The most typical manifestations are blasons populaires , or negative stereotypes, and demeaning nicknames, which commonly turn into ethnic insults over time. Of England?s European neighbors, France has had the longest an…
[fraynel] (1788?1827) French physicist: established and developed the wave theory of light. When the French Revolution arrived Fresnel?s father took his family to a small estate near Caen. After showing his practical skills Fresnel entered the ?cole Polytechnique and, despite ill-health, gained distinction. He qualified as an engineer at the ?cole des Ponts et Chauss?es, but was removed from his p…
(1945-) MTV Networks Thomas E. Freston rose through the ranks to become chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of MTV Networks in 1987. In this position, Freston took responsibility for the management of one of the world?s premier suppliers of specialized programming. During Freston?s tenure, MTV Networks grew to encompass five basic cable television programming networks, including MTV, M2, V…
(1930? ) US physicist: confirmed experimentally the concept of quarks. Friedman studied in his native Chicago and at Stanford before working at MIT, where he became professor of physics in 1967. With Henry Kendall (1926?99) and Richard Taylor (1929? ) he shared the 1990 Nobel Prize for physics. All three had used highly accelerated electrons scattered by protons and neutrons to successfully test t…
(ABC, 4/22/1979, 180 mins). Drama about a rural American couple who become increasingly embittered as they cope with governmental indifference in their search for the truth behind the death of their son in Vietnam?killed by friendly fire from American artillery. Based on C.D.B. Bryan?s 1976 book about war activist Peg Mullen. Emmy Awards: Outstanding Drama, Best Director (David Greene), Best Music…
(ABC, 5/18/1975, 120 mins). A loving remake of William Wyler?s 1956 film classic, with Richard Kiley and Shirley Knight in the Gary Cooper and Dorothy McGuire roles as a Quaker couple who, when forced to a painful decision by their convictions, risk their lives to help a pair of runaway slaves. Based on Jessamyn West?s books ?Friendly Persuasion? and ?Except for Me and Thee.? Subsequently retitled…
(NBC, 12/3/1979, 120 mins). Billed as the first TV movie with an exclusively all-female cast and creative staff (except for the cinematographer), this mystery thriller focuses on six suspects in a murder that happened 20 years earlier, when all were sorority sisters at college and one apparently had a baby who was killed. Based on the 1968 novel ?The Walls Came Tumbling Down? by Babs H. Deal. The …
Frig is an excellent example of the instability of swearing terms, since in the four centuries of its semantic history the verb has meant, variously and simultaneously, to rub or chafe, to masturbate, to copulate, and to waste time in pointless activity. The participial form frigging has become a general-purpose adjective expressing annoyance or frustration, often used as a euphemism for fucking ,…
(1886?1982) Austrian ethologist: observer of the dancing bees. Frisch studied zoology at Munich and Trieste and later taught zoology at four universities, spending the longest period in Munich. For over 40 years he made a close study of the behaviour of the honey bee. His results showed that bees can use polarized light to navigate back to the hive; that they cannot distinguish between certain sha…
(1904?79) Austrian?British physicist: early investigator of nuclear fission of uranium. Frisch studied physics in his home city, Vienna, and then took a job at the national physical laboratory in Berlin. In 1930 he went to Hamburg to work with , but he was sacked in 1933 as a result of the Nazi anti-Jewish laws and worked for a year in London and then in Copenhagen (with ) until the Second World W…
Patricia McManus Edith Cowan University, Australia Craig Standing Edith Cowan University, Australia The discussion around the impact of information communication technologies in human social interaction has been the centre of many studies and discussions. From 1960 until 1990, researchers, academics, business writers, and futurist novelists have tried to anticipate the impact of these technologi…
RALPH W. LAMBRECHT, M.E. ARPS Independent Writer and Photographer 1 Photography has significantly matured in a variety of ways since its official invention in 1839. Nevertheless, the basic principle of using a negative and positive to create the final image has dominated analog photography since the invention of the calotype process by William Henry Fox Talbot in 1841. The calotype process had t…
(NBC, 2/14/1979 to 2/28/1979, 3 Parts, 120 mins each, 6 hours). An expanded six-hour new version of the 1953 movie classic taken from James Jones? memorable first novel (1951) dealing with military life in Hawaii on the eve of the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Burt Lancaster-Deborah Kerr-Montgomery Clift-Frank Sinatra-Donna Reed roles were here played by (respectively) William Devane, Natalie Wood, …
Similar to the *Flowers and Plants depicted in medieval art, fruit and trees may have specific symbolism (theological connotations or associations with particular holy figures), or they may be more abstract, even decorative, indications of the beauty and bounty of *God?s *Creation. The trees and fruit growing so abundantly in the *Garden of Eden are unidentified apart from the *Tree of Life and th…
Daymond John entered the fashion industry by selling tie-top hats on the street corners of Queens, New York, in the early 1990s. The immediate popularity of his hats lead John to assemble a team of his neighborhood friends to form the company FUBU. The idea behind FUBU (For Us by Us) was simple: ?The consumer is making clothes for the consumer.? With this philosophy guiding the FUBU team, Daymond …
The most powerfully taboo term for copulation over several centuries, fuck is still regarded as unmentionable by the vast majority of middle-class people. It was unlisted in standard dictionaries from 1728 until 1965, being therefore omitted by Dr. Johnson (1755), by the monumental Oxford English Dictionary in 1898, and even by Webster III in 1961. The simple appearance of the word was for many de…
I n the post-novelty period, exhibitors played a key creative role in the motion-picture field. Their claims to authorship were indeed often merited as they expanded and explored the wide-ranging possibilities for expression under their control. These showmen were responsible for the rich panoply of sound accompaniment that included voice, music, and effects. Perhaps even more fundamentally, they …
(1885-1973) Fuller Brushes Alfred C. Fuller, who had a difficult time staying employed, started making brushes in his sister?s basement and selling them door-to-door. In a short time, his brush business became extremely successful. Fuller, essentially, reinvented the brush. His brushes were high quality and designed to fit the specific needs of his customers. He developed an independent workforc…
Best known for A Soldier?s Play , Charles Fuller was the second African American to receive a Pulitzer Prize. Fuller has written compelling social drama revolving around African American life in society. His works encompass the full range of human behavior and emotion. Charles Fuller was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 5, 1939. Being raised in a racially mixed neighborhood and attendin…
One of the nation?s first African American psychiatrists, Solomon Carter Fuller became well known for his work in neuropathology and psychiatry. Early in his career, he conducted research on degenerative diseases of the brain, including Alzheimer?s disease, leaving a legacy to American and African American psychiatry. He endured racism in his workplace and in the community where he lived and yet l…
During the latter part of the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth century, Thomas O. Fuller made a sweeping contribution to African Americans through a variety of endeavors, ranging from teacher, to school principal, from state senator to religious leadership, and from entrepreneurship to writings. His work also spanned two states: North Carolina (where he was its first African American…
Robert Merton introduced a form of functionalism in his 1949 book Social Theory and Social Structure , and that form has been widely adopted by media researchers. His ?functional analysis? detailed how the study of social artifacts (such as media use) could lead to the development of theories explaining their ?functions.? Merton derived this perspective from earlier forms of structural-functionali…
The tradition of a funeral dance in Egypt probably began in the Nagada II Period, as early as 3500 B.C.E. Evidence of funeral dances continued into the Thirtieth Dynasty more than 3,000 years later. Yet these dances are not well understood today. Many problems in understanding the dances stem from the way that the evidence is preserved. The evidence comes mostly from paintings and relief sculpture…
So much of modern knowledge of the ancient Egyptians derives from material recovered from tombs that the misconception that the Egyptians were obsessed with death is common. We are indeed fortunate that the Egyptians decorated their tombs with scenes of daily life, that they included objects from everyday life in their burials, and that they buried their dead with texts of all types, from funerary…
Harvey Fuqua became a living legend in the entertainment industry. His rise to prominence was due to his talent and a keen eye for recognizing potential in other aspiring artists. Fuqua was born in Louisville, Kentucky on July 27, 1929. His uncle, Charlie Fuqua, had made his mark on the music industry as a member of the singing group, The Inkspots. As a young man, Fuqua would often spend time with…
Born December 2, 1978, in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; daughter of Antonio Jose (a stonemason and landscaper) and Maria Manuela (a hotel maid) Furtado; children: Nevis (daughter; from her relationship with Jasper ?Lil? Jaz? Gahunia). Addresses: Record company ?Geffen Records, 2220 Colorado Ave., Santa Monica, CA 90404. Website ?http://www.nellyfurtado.com. Performed in hip-hop duo Nelstar, …
Definition: Fuzzy techniques for context modeling allow the representation of uncertainty. Context-awareness in the field of multimedia applications means that the user?s situation wherein he or she consumes multimedia documents is known to the system. Adaptation to context means to exploit the potentials, meet the restrictions, and fulfill the requirements so that the user stands to benefit from …
[goe dl] (1906?78) Austrian?US mathematician: showed that mathematics could not be totally complete and totally consistent. Growing up, G?del was frequently ill and had a life-long concern with his health. He studied mathematics at Vienna, saw much of the development of the positivist school of philosophy and was apparently unconvinced. In 1930 he received his PhD, proving in his thesis that first…
Turkish sociology professor Nil?fer G?le is one of the main female academicians and intellectuals in Turkish scientific and academic community. She writes about modernization, impacts of the religion of Islam on the Turkish society, and the headscarf issue. Headscarves and veiling are strictly forbidden at Turkish universities and public institutions, and the fact that they are forbidden is seen a…
(1900?79) Hungarian?British physicist: invented holography. The son of a businessman, Gabor studied electrical engineering in Budapest and Berlin. He worked as a research engineer with the firm of Siemens and Halske but in 1933 he had to flee from the Nazis and spent the rest of his life in Britain. He was initially with the British Thomson?Houston Co at Rugby and from 1948 at Imperial College, Lo…
National basketball icon Clarence E. Gaines, popularly known as ?Big House,? was one of the country?s greatest collegiate basketball coaches as well as the African American coach with the most wins in the history of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). In his forty-seven-year coaching career, Gaines compiled a remarkable record of 828 wins and 447 losses and led his team at Winston…
Ernest Gaines, one of the most important writers of the twentieth century, is known for his depiction of the South, his strong characters, his historical accuracy, and his realistic use of setting. He has created a town in Louisiana, Bayonne, a sustained place like Faulkner?s creation of Yoknapatawpha County. Bayonne is the setting for most of his stories; the readers come to know this part of Lou…
(1923? ) US virologist: pioneer in study of slow virus infections. Educated in physics at Rochester and in medicine at Harvard, Gajdusek later worked with at the California Institute of Technology, and in Iran and Papua New Guinea before returning to the USA. It was in New Guinea in the 1950s that he studied the Fore people, who frequently died from a disease they called kuru . He found that it co…
(1964-) Gal?n Entertainment By the time she was 30, Nely Gal?n had signed production deals with HBO Independent Productions and Fox Television to produce television and film products for the Latino market. She made her broadcasting debut when she was 18 on a Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) news show for teens called Checking It Out. At the age of 22 she was the youngest station manager in the …
[gay len] (129?199) Roman physician, anatomist and physiologist: his ideas on human anatomy and physiology were taught for 15 centuries. Born in Pergamon (now in Western Turkey) Galen began studying medicine early; at 21 he went to Smyrna to study anatomy and later to Asia Minor to study drugs; later still he visited Alexandria where he examined a human skeleton. In his time human dissection was n…
(1564?1642) Italian astronomer and physicist: discovered Jupiter?s moons and laws governing falling bodies. Usually known by his first name, Galileo was the son of a musician, and was born in Pisa. He studied medicine to please his father, but his interest had always been mathematics and physics. He became the ill-paid professor of mathematics at Pisa when he was 25, moved to Padua in 1591 and lat…
(1901-1984) American Institute of Public Opinion George Gallup was the founder of the public opinion poll that bears his name. His work was considered to be pioneering in public opinion polling. He invented a scientific statistical technique through which he could sample opinions of a small number of people and derive the general public mood of the population on various issues. His technique was…
[galwah] (1811?32) French mathematician: founded modern group theory. Galois was born with a revolutionary spirit, politically and mathematically, and at an early age discovered he had a talent for original work in mathematics. He was taught by his mother until the age of 12, and at school found interest only in exploring books by creative mathematicians such as A-M Legendre (1752?1833), . Twice (…
By studying mental ability within families, concluded that intelligence is predominantly due to inheritance rather than environment, a view he presented in his book Hereditary Genius (1869). His own very inter-related family provided the basis for his observations. More recent work, such as studies of identical twins brought up in contrasting environments, has led to a different view: most psychol…
(1836-1932) Procter & Gamble James Norris Gamble was principally responsible for the development of Ivory Soap, one of the most recognizable products in American business history. As a partner in Procter & Gamble, he helped guide the company through a period of rapid growth and innovation. The son of the company?s cofounder, he also innovated in the arena of labor relations by introducing a prof…
Definition: A new generation of accessible games is emerging, designed to offer multimodal interfaces that allow people with disability to play as equals with all the other players. On-line entertainment improves the quality of human life and represents a relevant aspect of human culture and communication. Playing games is a basis for discovery, learning and, finally, growing. Playing is a way to …
The game controls for the handheld game are affixed to the lower part of the front frame. The Game Boy has four main buttons, the ?A,? ?B,? ?START,? and ?SELECT? buttons. The functions of the buttons vary depending on the game being played. The START button is often used to begin the game as well as to pause play in a game already in progress. The Game Boy is also equipped with a Directional Pad t…
Definition: Event synchronization in online games deals with the maintenance of game state consistency across several nodes. Many gaming architectural solutions devised for the support of Massively Multiplayer Online Games are based on the idea of resorting to different nodes, distributed throughout the network, that manage a redundant game state. Indeed, it is well known that these approaches, wh…
[gam ov] (1904?68) Russian?US physicist: explained helium abundance in universe; suggested DNA code of protein synthesis. Born in Odessa and a student in Petrograd (now St Petersburg), Gamow worked in Copenhagen with and in Cambridge with , felt oppressed on his return to Russia and worked in the USA from 1934. He made important advances in both cosmology and molecular biology. In 1948, together w…
GANT, RICHARD E. (1940?). Actor. A native of San Francisco, California , Gant spent his early years living with grandparents in Muskogee , Oklahoma . He is an alum of the Negro Ensemble Company and has many Broadway and Off-Broadway credits, including The Mighty Gents, Playboy of the West Indies , and appeared in the Los Angeles workshop production of Yrneh Brown?s Portrait of a Poet, at the Ivar …
Born Alan Gabriel Ludwig Garcia Perez, May 23, 1949, in Lima, Peru; married; children: five. Education: Studied at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru; National University of San Marcos, law degree, 1971; Complutense University of Madrid, doctorate in political science, 1973; Sorbonne University, sociology degree, Paris, France. Addresses: Office ?Presidente, Avda Paseo de la Republica 4297…
In the account of *Creation found in Genesis 2, *God is described as planting a garden (or ?paradise,? from Greek: paradeisos , ?enclosed park?) eastward in Eden. In this garden, God placed *Adam and all the newly created animals which he had Adam name . God also created a woman from one of Adam?s ribs to be Adam?s wife; Adam eventually named her Eve. The garden is described as full of beautiful a…
Anwar Muhammad Gargash (Qarqash) is a prominent businessman, scholar, and government official in the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.). He gained international attention when, as chairman of the National Elections Committee, he oversaw the first elections held in the U.A.E. in December 2006. He is also the senior executive of one of the most important family business enterprises in the U.A.E., a respe…
(1857?1936) British physician: discovered nature of congenital metabolic disorders. While studying four human disorders (alcaptonuria, albinism, cystinuria and pentosuria) Garrod discovered that in each case a chemical substance derived from the diet was not being completely metabolized by the body, with the result that a product that is normally only an intermediate was excreted in the urine. He …
Trial lawyer Willie E. Gary has been called one of the most compelling courtroom orators of the modern age. Known as the ?giant killer? for his legal victories against corporations and insurance companies in cases where his clients have sued to collect personal-injury damage awards, Gary has racked up some impressive statistics, including a $500 million verdict in 1995 that set a new record in Ame…
George Gascoigne was born c. 1539 to Sir John Gascoigne and his wife, Margaret Scargell Gascoigne. The son of well-off country gentry, Gascoigne attended Cambridge and went to Grey?s Inn to study law in 1555. He stood for Parliament in 1557, but with the arrival of the new queen at court, he left Grey?s Inn for life as a courtier in 1558. During this period Gascoigne was thought to have written mu…
(1888?1963) US physiologist. Gasser studied physiology in Wisconsin and in Europe; from 1935 to 1953 he directed the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City, but in 1921?31 he was professor of pharmacology at Washington University (St Louis) and worked on nerve conduction with his former teacher Joseph Erlanger (1874?1965) had shown by 1850 that a nerve impulse was an electrica…
(1955-) Microsoft Corporation William Henry Gates III became known as ?The King of Software? by designing and developing innovative software for the personal computer (PC), helping to make them the universally popular machines they are today. With his high school friend, Paul Allen, Bill Gates co-founded Microsoft Corporation, which he built into a multibillion-dollar company. William Henry Gate…
B. April 24, 1952 Birthplace: Arcueil, France Award: Fashion Oscar Award, 1987 Even in his forties Jean-Paul Gaultier was described as an enfant terrible, a moniker he earned when his began his fashion career in the 1970s. As a designer he embraced an unconventional sense of gender and sensuality. He revised the feminine ideal to include the qualities of strength, power, and authority. To the ster…
[gows] (1777?1855) German mathematician: one of the greatest of all mathematicians. Gauss was of the stature of and in range of interests he exceeded both. He contributed to all areas of mathematics and to number theory (higher arithmetic) in particular. His father was a gardener and merchant?s assistant; the boy showed early talent, teaching himself to count and read, correcting an error in his f…
[gay l?sak] (1778?1850) French chemist: established law of combining volumes of gases; discovered a variety of new chemical compounds, including cyanogen, and developed volumetric analysis. An adventurous child and a brilliant student, Gay-Lussac grew up during and after the French Revolution had done much to create modern chemistry in the 1780s, but he had been guillotined in 1794. From then on t…
(1956-) Anne Geddes Studio The work of Anne Geddes, a photographer known for her engaging pictures of babies, has become phenomenally popular in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and other parts of the world. Geddes?s pictures of chubby babies in various settings, such as gardens, flowerpots, and cabbages have appeared everywhere: in books, calendars, posters, and greeting cards. She an…
(1943-) DreamWorks David Geffen is widely regarded as the wealthiest man in the U.S. film industry. A self-styled ?boy from Brooklyn? who became a millionaire by the age of 25, the ambitious, energetic music and movie executive established a vast Hollywood-based empire. With Steven Spielberg and Jeffrey Katzenberg, he cofounded Dreamworks, ensuring that he will continue to shape the world entert…
[giy ger] (1882?1945) German physicist: invented a counter for charged nuclear particles. Having studied electrical discharges through gases for his doctorate, Geiger moved from Erlangen in Germany to Manchester, where soon he began work under . Together they devised a counter for alpha-particles (1908), which consisted of a wire at high electric potential passing down the centre of a gas-filled t…
(1929? ) US theoretical physicist: applied group theory to understanding of elementary particles. Gell-Mann was educated at Yale University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, gaining his PhD at 22. Work with followed and he then moved to California Institute of Technology, where he became professor of theoretical physics in 1967. At 24, Gell-Mann made a major contribution to the theory of …
(1947?) American astronomer: carried out pioneering work on the structure of the universe. After gaining a PhD at Princeton and a period of work at the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge, England, Geller moved to Harvard in 1980 and was appointed professor of astronomy there in 1988, and a member of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Her research focused on the overall distribution and mo…
(NBC, 5/10/1976, 120 mins). In this recycling of the unsuccessful TV series ?The Invisible Man,? a brash special agent finds himself capable of invisibility from the aftereffects of an underwater explosion during a government salvage operation, and he uses his newfound ?talent? to prove the incident was sabotage. Unfortunately, his invisibility is a transient affliction, and he must do his out-of-…
(CBS, 3/23/1973, 90 mins). A sci-fi fantasy from the creator of ?Star Trek,? Gene Roddenberry. Hoping to duplicate its success, this movie focuses on a twentieth-century NASA scientist who finds himself in a futuristic society after being preserved in suspended animation. It was reworked in 1974 as the TV movie ?Planet Earth.? Production Companies Norway Productions, Warner Bros. Television. Direc…
In the history of swearing, the general focus has moved from the higher forces controlling human destiny to their polar opposite, the excretory and genital functions. Thus in medieval times religious swearing was dominant, whereas in recent centuries swearwords relating to copulation and excretion have come to the fore. The two principal terms falling under this category, namely cock and cunt , ar…
Definition: Geographic video content includes both spatial and temporal geographic characteristics acquired through ground-based or non-ground-based cameras. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) incorporate three key types of geographic information: spatial information , representing areas and entities on a map, tabular information , representing related information about these areas and entities,…
ANTHONY H. COOPER British Geological Survey Geological photography records the rocks, deposits, and processes that characterize the earth?s crust and landscape. It includes photomicrography and photomacrography as well as the photography of specimens including rocks, fossils, and minerals on location, aerial photography, and remote sensing. It includes the photography of natural rock exposures, …
The exceedingly popular soldier *saint, George, may have been martyred in Palestine or Nicomedia in the mid-third or early fourth century. Legends from at least the sixth century were elaborated throughout the Middle Ages, reaching detailed form in the * Golden Legend . This source describes him as a third-century warrior from Cappadocia whose special adventure involved subduing a dragon that had …
[gairah?t] (1816?56) French chemist: classified organic compounds according to type. Gerhardt studied chemistry in Germany, but after quarrelling with his father he became a soldier. He was ?bought out? by an unknown friend and returned to chemistry with, and later with in Paris, where he met . Together they did much to advance organic chemical ideas. The ?theory of types? reached a high point in …
GERIMA, HAILE (1946?). Writer, producer, director, professor. A native of Gondar , Ethiopia , Gerima came to the United States to study acting and directing at The Goodman Theater in Chicago , Illinois . He transferred to the Theater Arts Department at UCLA, and earned his Master?s Degree in Film. Upon graduation, he became a professor at Howard University ?s newly established School of Communicat…
[zhairm?] (1776?1831) France?s greatest female mathematician. Born into a liberal, educated, merchant family, Sophie Germain did not share their interest in money and politics. She retreated to her father?s library and taught herself mathematics, to the dismay of her parents, who did their best to thwart her. There followed a battle of wills, which she won. She spent the years of the Terror (1793?…
Historically xenophobic attitudes towards Germany have derived principally from military rivalry or threat. The most typical manifestations have been blasons populaires , or negative stereotypes, and demeaning nicknames, which develop into ethnic insults over time. Cartoon representations of a militaristic national type are also significant. Prior to World War I, relations between Germany and Brit…
B. 1922 D. April 21, 1985 Birthplace: Vienna, Austria Awards: Coty Award, 1960, 1963, 1966, 1967 ???????? Knitted Textile Association Crystal Ball Award, 1975 ???????? CFDA Special Tribute, 1985 Long before December 1, 1967, when he became the first American designer to appear on the cover of Time , colleagues from the worlds of art and fashion had hailed him as a super star. Rudi Gernreich ha…
Moshe Gershuni is a major Israeli artist. Gershuni was born in 1936 in Tel Aviv, British-controlled Palestine. From 1960 to 1964, he studied at the Avni Art Institute in Tel Aviv. He later taught at the famous Bezalel Academy of Art and Design, Jerusalem from 1972 to 1977, and then at the Art Teachers Training College, Ramat ha-Sharon from 1978 to 1986. Gershuni now lives and works in Tel Aviv, an…
(1942-) International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) Louis V. Gerstner was appointed chairman of the board and chief executive officer (CEO) of IBM in 1993 and since then has brought the computer giant back from the low point the company found itself in during the early 1990s with debts in the billions of dollars. Since those days, Gerstner has taken many steps to trim the company?s waistli…
(ABC, 1/22/1974, 90 mins). A foxy female cop goes undercover to bust a drug empire in this pilot for the first of the policewoman series (1974-75), in which shapely Teresa Graves was joined by Charles Cioffi (in the role originated by Harry Guardino) and Jack Kelly as their boss. Graves, the eye-popping bikini girl of the old ?Laugh In? series, subsequently disappeared from television to take up r…
(CBS, 5/17/1978, 120 mins). Romantic fluff about an aspiring young songwriter who works in a TV newsroom as an assistant director, and the girl, the station?s attractive newscaster, he decides he is going to marry, despite her own plans to wed somebody else in less than a week. Production Companies Moonlight Productions, Paramount Network Television. Director Steven Hilliard Stern. Producers Frank…
(1882-1976) Getty Oil Company J. Paul Getty, as he preferred to be known, was an oil producer who defined the way that the oil business would operate. He was educated to understand geological data for finding the location of oil. He took a step away from the veterans of the business in that regard. Yet, Getty became the key player in the risks and high stakes of oil production. He entered a new …
Fadi Ali Ghandour (Ghandur) is a major Jordanian businessman and the head of the only Middle Eastern company ever listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. Ghandour was born in 1959 to a Lebanese Shi?ite Muslim family. His father, Ali Ghandour, began working in Jordan with Alia, the Jordanian national airline, in the mid-1960s and eventually became its chairman. As a result, Fadi grew up in both Beirut…
Amir Ali Ghasemi is a Tehran-based Iranian graphic artist and founder of the Parkingallery artist collective. Ghasemi?s artwork is central to a larger movement within Iran that blends traditional Islamic and Persian themes with that of a younger generation reconciling modern technologies and social conditions. In addition to solo exhibits in Iran, Ghasemi?s artwork has been displayed in numerous c…
Kurdish Iranian filmmaker Bahman Ghobadi (Qobadi) is the most prominent Kurdish artist working today, and one of a new breed of young Iranian filmmakers who have grown up since the revolution of 1979. His four feature films since 2000 have established him as one of the most respected young filmmakers in the world. Ghobadi, much the best-known of contemporary Kurdish filmmakers, was born in Baneh i…
Episode 1- ?Legends of the Roman Legionnaires? Original air date: April 14, 1996. Investigators Jim lyons and Dr. Patrick Ottaway look into reports of ghost sightings at Mersea Island and the Treasurer?s House in Essex. Episode 2- ?The Mysteries of George? Original air date: April 14, 1996. Melanie Warren investigates reports of a haunted bar in Preston. Episode 3- ?The Phantoms of Chingle Hal…
[jee ohk ] (1895?1982) US physical chemist: pioneer of low temperature techniques. Giauque hoped to become an electrical engineer when he left school at Niagara Falls, but he failed to find a job in a power plant and for 2 years worked in a laboratory at a chemical plant, which moved his interest to chemistry. This became his main study at the University of California at Berkeley, where he subsequ…
Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs was a noted clergyman, missionary, politician, and educator. At the height of his influence during the Reconstruction Era, he made significant and lasting contributions to the Florida educational system. Gibbs High School in St. Petersburg, Florida, and the Gibbs Campus of St. Petersburg College are named in his honor and testify to his enduring achievements regarding the e…
(1839?1903) US physical chemist: founder of chemical thermodynamics. Before 1850, the Americas had produced few physical scientists of renown, with only in the pre-revolutionary USA; but the next 30 years saw the work of H A Rowland (1848?1901) and Gibbs, who was perhaps the most original of all of them and the only theorist. From youth he maintained the family tradition of skill in classical lang…
Gideon appears in the Old Testament book of Judges and is mentioned in the New Testament as a man of faith who both tested and was tested by *God. He was visited by an *angel, called upon to save the Israelites from the Bedouin Midianites, and succeeded in leading an army which drove out the Midianites. While carrying out these deeds, he several times was offered, or asked God for, proof of God?s …
(ABC, 1/4/1972, 90 mins). The last screen adventure of Gidget has her married off, finally, and rebelling against the social caste system in her husband?s company. Monie Ellis, daughter of ?40s-?50s movie actress Mona Freeman, followed a long line of up-and-coming actresses in the starring role: Sandra Dee (1959), Deborah Walley (1961), Cindy Carol (1963), Sally Field (1965 TV series), and Karen V…
(ABC, 12/30/1969, 90 mins). In the fourth ?Gidget? movie (the first made for television), our heroine here played by Karen Valentine has given up surfing off California to become a UN guide in Manhattan and carry on a long-distance romance with her childhood sweetheart, now an Air Force officer in Greenland. Based on Frederick Kohner?s novel ?Gidget Goes to New York.? Production Companies Screen G…
Amy Margaret Gilbert was born on February 23, 1895, in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, to Daniel and Mary Margaret (Ott) Gilbert. She attended Cornell University in the summer of 1914 and received an A.B. from Wilson College in 1915. She taught high school until 1916, when she became an instructor in history at Elmira College in Elmira, New York. She received an M.A. in 1919 from the University of Pen…
John Wesley Gilbert was a black archaeologist and a classical scholar. His work as an archaeologist made him unique among African Americans of his era. After studying at one of the nation?s leading universities and studying and traveling widely abroad, he made his mark at historically black Payne College in Augusta, Georgia. His most enduring contribution may be as teacher and preacher in the Sout…
(1932? ) US molecular biologist: isolated the first gene repressor. Gilbert made a remarkable transition: from a basis of physics and mathematics at Harvard and Cambridge and a post at Harvard as a theoretical physicist, he changed in 1960 to biochemistry and molecular biology and became professor of biophysics at Harvard in 1964 and of molecular biology in 1968 and F Jacob (1920?) had proposed in…
William Gilbert?s reputation rests upon his research into magnetism, seemingly a far remove from his original field of medicine. Gilbert was born 24 May 1544 in Colchester, Essex, and died on 10 December (30 November, old style) 1603. After receiving the B.A., M.A., and M.D. from Cambridge, he began to practice medicine in London in 1573. Like William Harvey,* he became a fellow of the College of …
Roscoe Conkling Giles?s admission to Cornell University Medical School was the first in a series of firsts for the pioneering African American surgeon. He was also the first African American to receive his medical degree from the institution and was the first black certified by the American Board of Surgery. Over the span of more than fifty years, Giles was a dedicated teacher, uniquely talented s…
One of the most popular medieval *saints whose life is first described in legends of the tenth century, Saint Giles (Gilles, or Aegidius) was born in Athens but moved to France to avoid the fame he had achieved through his generosity and miraculous deeds. After studying with Saint Caesarius of Arles , he became a hermit, lived in the forest near Nimes, and later founded a monastery near Arles. Gil…
Early years Gioachino Rossini was born in Pesaro, a town on the coast of Italy. His father, Giuseppe Rossini, played the horn in a local band and inspected slaughterhouses to earn extra money for his family. His mother, Anna, was a singer and the daughter of a baker. Rossini?s mother and father began to teach him music at a very early age. By age six, Rossini was playing the triangle in a local ba…
GIST, JAMES and ELOYCE (1892?1974). Filmmakers, evangelists. This husband and wife evangelistic team was responsible for the religion based films Hellbound Train , 1929, and Verdict Not Guilty, 1933. James had already completed his silent film Hellbound Train when they married, and Eloyce is credited with helping to rewrite the title cards and reediting his production into a stronger presentation.…
The term is largely confined to the British Isles, where it has the broad sense of ?a worthless person? (always male), commonly preceded by the adjectives ?idle? or ?stupid.? It originates as a variant form of get , recorded in Scots from the early sixteenth century in the sense of ?bastard.? The remarkable swearing match, the Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedy (ca. 1503) contains this damning insult: …
GIVENS, ROBIN (1964?). Actress. She was born in New York City and began taking acting classes at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. She entered Sarah Lawrence College to study premed at age 15, but decided to use her looks and her talent in another way. She landed roles on the daytime soap operas The Guiding Light , and Loving . Many television roles followed, including The Cosby Show, Differe…
[glay zer] (1926? ) US physicist: invented the bubble chamber for observing elementary particles. Graduating in 1946 from the Case Institute of Technology in his home town of Cleveland, OH, Glaser then did cosmic ray research at California Institute of Technology for his doctorate (1950). For 10 years he worked at the University of Michigan and from 1959 at the University of California at Berkeley…
[gla show] (1932?) US physicist: produced a unified theory (QCD) of electromagnetism and the weak nuclear interaction. After Cornell and Harvard Glashow spent a few years in postdoctoral work at the Bohr Institute, at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva and in the USA, and in 1967 returned to Harvard as professor of physics. Glashow produced one of the earliest models e…
Born Lev Oleg Glazman, March 8, 1961, in Leningrad, Russia; son of Lydia Glazman; married Alina Roytberg, 1990; children: Thais, Dalia. Born Alina Roytberg, September 29, 1961, in the Ukraine; married Lev Glazman, 1990; children: Thais, Dalia. Education: Roytberg: Parsons School of Design, New York, degree in fashion design, 1984. Addresses: Home ?Brookline, MA. Office ?Fresh, 25 Drydock Ave., Bos…
(1879?1968) Norway?s first woman professor of chemistry; she determined the half-life of radium. The career of Ellen Gleditsch shows the possibility of achieving one?s goal through manageable steps from an unpromising position. She grew up in Troms?, where she did well at her coeducational school, particularly in mathematics. However, the university entrance examination was reserved for boys. Dete…
Phillip Olla Brunel University, UK There is a need to determine precise ground locations for use in a variety of innovative and emerging applications such as earth observation, mobile-phone technology, and rescue applications. Location information is pertinent to a large number of remote sensing applications, some of which support strategic tasks such as disaster management, earth monitoring, pro…
Square, flat upper part of a column that connects the capital of the column to the architrave. A cloth head covering. The glorified spirit of a deceased person entitled to offerings from his family members. City on the east bank of the Nile midway between Thebes and Memphis built circa 1353?1336 B.C.E. Called Akhetaten, ?Horizon of the Aten,? it was the capital of Egypt during the reign of Akhenat…
Editor?s note: The release and application of a new technology often results in new terms and expressions that develop concurrently with the tools and practices from that technology. A classic example of this is evidenced in digital photography and the rise of the Internet. The following pages were originally entries in The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography , 3rd Edition, written at a time when di…
Historically black colleges and universities praised Hugh Morris Gloster as one of the celebrities among their college presidents. President of Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia, for twenty years (1967?87), Gloster, affectionately called ?Hugh? by the student body, touched the lives of thousands of students who later held prominent positions around the country. However, in a nationwide survey …
GLOVER, DANNY (1947?). Actor. The San Francisco native went to San Francisco State University and attended the Black Actors Workshop of the American Conservatory Theater. On stage, he appeared in Macbeth, Island , and Sizwe Banzi is Dead . He relocated to New York and took to the stage in Suicide in B Flat, The Blood Knot , and Master Harold and the Boys , for which he received a Theater World Awa…
Carol Gluck was born on November 12, 1941, in Chicago, Illinois. She grew up in Chicago and then attended Wellesley College, earning a bachelor?s degree in philosophy in 1962. While at Wellesley she spent a year at the University of Munich, in Germany. Gluck completed her graduate work at Columbia University, earning the master?s degree and the Ph.D., both in Japanese history, in 1970 and 1977. Wh…
Martha Teach Gnudi was born in Sycamore, Illinois, on October 26, 1908, to Charles L. and Rosa M. (Tischhouser) Teach. She received a B.A. (cum laude) at the University of Southern California in 1929 and a doctor of letters from the University of Bologna in 1931 (the first woman to receive a degree from this university). She married Dante Gnudi, who was in the hotel business, in 1933. In 1935 she …
(ABC, 1/24/1973, 90 mins). A drama based on the actual diary of a teenage girl caught in a web of drug addiction who, with the help of her family and true friends, desperately tries to fight her way back to the real world after a bad LSD trip. Production Company Metromedia Producers Corp. Director John Korty. Executive Producer Charles Fries. Producer Gerald I. Isenberg. Teleplay Ellen M. Violett.…
(ABC, 4/27/1978, 120 mins). A lighthearted Western about a peppery New England lady who goes west to seek her fortune by writing of her experiences, and the attractive widow of a cavalry officer, both of whom go in search of Billy the Kid, teaming up to outwit gamblers, bounty hunters, and rough-and-tumble lawmen. Production Companies Bennett-Katleman Productions, Columbia Pictures Television. Dir…
In many religions, including Judaism, Brahmanism, and Islam, direct reference to the name of God is taboo. Christianity is more concessive in this regard, but the Old Testament injunction against taking the Lord?s name in vain (the Third Commandment) has continued to be regarded as a serious religious and moral breach. Since English has developed for most of its history in Christian societies, gre…
It is a paradox of medieval Christian society that, out of all the mysterious and wonderful properties of the divine, extending from the Creation to the Last Judgment, the central act of the redemption, the sufferings of Christ at the Crucifixion have become the principal focus of religious swearing. There are, admittedly, a few allusions to God?s creative power in phrases like ?as sure as God mad…
For Christians, God the Father is the first person of the *Trinity, and the ?Lord? (rendered as Yahweh or Jehovah) from Jewish tradition who features throughout the Old Testament as creator, lawgiver, and sovereign, true divinity. The *Creation narratives of Genesis 1-3 state that God created humans in his own image and describe *Adam and Eve hearing the sound of the Lord God as he was walking in …
Although goddam is now regarded as generally, if not exclusively, American in usage, its origins lie in English history. From its imprecatory origins in serious curses like ?God damn you!? or, stranger, ?God damn me!,? it has developed many semantic nuances and grammatical functions, undergoing semantic loss of intensity as its functions have proliferated. Curiously, it is first found in medieval …
(1882?1945) US physicist: pioneered the liquid-fuel rocket. Goddard was born and educated in Worcester, MA, attending the Polytechnic Institute and Clark University. He held the position of professor of physics at Clark University for most of his life. Goddard was interested in the practical aspects of space travel from an early age and in 1919 published a classic paper outlining many of the basic…
Principal social themes: homosexuality, end-of-life issues, suicide/depression BBC. R rating. Featuring: Ian McKellen, Brendan Fraser, Lynn Redgrave, Lolita Davidovich, David Dukes, Kevin J. O?Connor, Mark Kiely, Jack Plotnick, Jack Betts, Rosalind Ayres, Matt McKenzie, Arthur Dignam, Todd Babcock, Martin Ferrero, Cornelia Hayes O?Herlihy, Amir Aboulela, David Millbern, Brandon Kleyla, Pamela Sale…
Dorothy Burne Goebel, a specialist in American history, was born in Huntington, Long Island, on August 24, 1898. She received an A.B. in 1920 from Barnard College and was Phi Beta Kappa. She received an M.A. in 1922 and a Ph.D. in 1926 from Columbia University. From 1920 to 1926 she was an assistant and lecturer in the history department at Barnard; in 1926 she joined the faculty at Hunter as a hi…
n?e Goeppert [goe pert may er] (1906?72) German?US mathematical physicist; discovered and explained the ?magic numbers? of nucleons in some atomic nuclei. Maria Goeppert succeeded in making major contributions to science despite many obstacles. She first studied mathematics at G?ttingen, perhaps because was a family friend, but in 1927, attracted by lectures, she switched to physics. She worked on…
Eugenia Wheeler Goff was born in North Clarkson, Monroe County, New York, on January 17, 1844, to Joseph Lacy and Sarah Ann (Peck) Wheeler. The family moved to Winona, Minnesota, and she graduated from State Normal School in 1869. She taught there for eight years and for nine years in state institutes and teachers? training schools in the state. In 1876 she wrote a textbook, Minnesota, Its Geograp…
We sell tickets to theaters, not movies. ? Marcus Loew D uring the 1915?1928 period, the experience of viewing a film was far different from what it would be at any time before or since. Exhibitors considered themselves showmen, not film programmers. The feature motion picture was only one part of their evening?s entertainment, supplying about 68 percent of the total ?attraction,? according to one…
Evangelia Baralou University of Sterling, Scotland Jill Shepherd Simon Fraser University, Canada Virtuality is a socially constructed reality mediated by electronic media (Morse, 1998). Characterized by the dimension of time-space distantiation (Giddens, 1991), virtuality has an impact on the nature and dynamics of knowledge creation (Thompson, 1995). The relentless advancement of Information an…
(1931-1997) Coca-Cola Company A refugee from Cuba, Roberto Crispulo Goizueta rose through the ranks to become chairman and chief executive officer of the Coca-Cola Company. Credited with transforming the global soft drink manufacturer into one of America?s most admired companies, he became a legend of business management and a very wealthy man. Roberto Crispulo Goizueta was born on November 18, …
(1947-) Avon Products Inc. Christina Gold, who once shunned public speaking, eventually overcame her shyness, which allowed her to rise to Avon?s executive suite. After 19 years and about 20 different jobs with Avon Canada, she was named head of that operation in 1989. In 1993 she became the first female president of Avon?s North American operations, where her problem-solving skills and practica…
(NBC, 3/6/1979, 120 mins). Two fortune hunters searching for treasure in the South American jungles stumble upon a primitive society of statuesque women, descendants of a legendary warrior tribe, who follow the pair back to present-day Manhattan. Anita Ekberg, screen sex queen of the 1950s, returned to moviemaking in this one after many years out of the limelight. Production Companies MI-KA Produc…
(1920? ) Austrian?US astronomer: proponent of steady-state theory; contributor to the theory of pulsars. An Austrian ?migr?, Gold studied at Cambridge, UK, subsequently working there and at the Royal Greenwich Observatory before moving to the USA in 1956, where he later became director of the Center for Radiophysics and Space Research at Cornell University. Gold, a leading proponent of the steady-…
(1690?1764) Russian mathematician: originator of ?Goldbach?s conjecture?. Goldbach studied mathematics and medicine and then travelled widely in Europe from 1710, meeting the leading scientists of the time and so preparing a basis for his later career as secretary of the Imperial Academy of Science at St Petersburg. He was erudite in mathematics, science, philology, archaeology and languages, but …
GOLDBERG, WHOOPI (1950?). Actress, comedian, producer. She was born Caryn Johnson in New York City and grew up in a Manhattan housing project. She made her performing debut when she was eight years old with the Helena Rubinstein Children?s Theater at the Hudson Guild. She dropped out of high school and worked as a summer camp counselor before appearing on Broadway in the choruses of shows, such as…
GOLDEN GLOBE AWARDS, THE. This annual award is given each January by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association to honor excellence in film and television. Its members are foreign correspondents that cover Hollywood for publications outside the U. S. The award ceremony is a highly anticipated, star-studded event that is televised around the world. Past African American winners include: Sidney Poitier…
(NBC, 12/30/1979, 120 mins). Lighthearted tale of a 10 year old girl who, when her boxer father dies, strikes up a relationship with a struggling fighter who was his sparring partner and takes on the job of managing him from obscurity to the championship. The first project for star O.J. Simpson?s own production company, it spawned a sequel that premiered a year later. Production Companies Orenthal…
Merle Goldman was born on March 12, 1931. She attended Sarah Lawrence College and then Harvard University, earning a bachelor?s degree in 1953, a master?s degree in 1957, and a Ph.D. in 1964. She was influenced both by her undergraduate advisor at Sarah Lawrence and by her mentor at Harvard. John Fairbank, her mentor, never lost interest in her work, even though Goldman had four children while in …
[goltshmit] (1888?1947) Swiss?Norwegian chemist: pioneer of geochemistry and crystal chemistry. Born in Z?rich, Goldschmidt graduated from the University of Christiania (now Oslo) in 1911, becoming director of the Mineralogical Institute there when he was 26. He had already had great success in applying physical chemistry to mineralogy. In 1929 he moved to G?ttingen, but returned to Norway in 1935…
[gohld stiyn] (1940? ) US medical scientist: co-discoverer with M S Brown of the origin of one type of heart disease. Goldstein graduated MD at the University of Texas in Dallas in 1966 and worked thereafter at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and then at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. At Boston he had become a close friend of Michael Stuart Brown (1941?), who also be…
Born July 25, 1956, in Cheshire, England; son of Fredrick Alan (a professor) and Muriel (Stanger) Goldsworthy; married Judith Elizabeth Gregson; children: James, Holly, Anna, Thomas. Education: Attended Bradford College of Art, 1974?75, and Preston Polytechnic, 1975?78. Addresses: Agent ?Michael Hue-Williams Fine Art Ltd., 21 Cork St., London W1X 1HB, England. Home ?Penpont, Dumfriesshire, Scotlan…
[gol jee] (1843?1926) Italian histologist: classified nerve cells and discovered synapses. Golgi followed his father in pursuing a medical career, and studied at Pavia; he was later a physician in Pavia for 7 years and from 1875 taught there. He was interested in the use of organic dyes for histological staining (much used by and others) and in 1873 he made, through a spillage accident, his own ma…
he huge and mighty Philistine warrior Goliath features in 1 Samuel 17 as a formidable opponent of the Israelite army during the reign of King *Saul. He daily challenged the Israelites to send forth a man to engage him in single combat, but none would dare until the *shepherd boy (and future king) *David heard his threats and went out to fight Goliath armed only with five smooth stones and a sling.…
Harvard University?s professor of Christian Morals and minister to its Memorial Church, Peter J. Gomes presents to his students and readers an engaging and accessible look at biblical scholarship. As a Christian who happens also to be gay, Gomes has published two books and a collection of sermons exploring biblical perspectives on issues such as slavery, racism, homosexuality, and sexism. Gomes?s …
Charles Goode Gomillion is best known as a community activist with a strong interest in voter rights. His active involvement in voter rights for black Americans in the late 1950s, and eventually the lawsuit that led to the landmark Supreme Court case known as Gomillion v. Lightfoot , affected the nation and the South in regards to redistricting designed to circumvent the black vote. Gomillion was …
Principal social theme: censorship Touchstone. R rating. Featuring: Robin Williams, Forest Whitaker, Bruno Kirby, Robert Wuhl, Noble Willingham, J. T. Walsh, Richard Edson, Juney Smith, Tung Thanh Tran, Chintara Sukapatana, Richard Portnow, Floyd Vivino, Dan Stanton, Don Stanton, Cu Ba Nguyen. Written by Mitch Markowitz. Cinematography by Peter Sova. Edited by Stu Linder. Music by Alex North. Prod…
Jesus? parable of the Good Samaritan is recounted in *Luke 10:29-37. He was responding to a lawyer who had asked for a definition of ?neighbor,? so as to follow the commandment of loving one?s neighbor as oneself. Although the *Jews who worshipped in Jerusalem were hostile toward the Samaritans, the Samaritan in Jesus? story assisted a man who had been robbed and beaten while traveling from Jerusa…
The motif of the *shepherd as leader and protector occurs frequently in the Old Testament, often used to symbolize *God. The imagery was also applied to political (especially royal) leaders, not always with positive connotations (e.g., *Ezekiel 34 describes the disastrous consequences wrought by bad shepherds, poor leaders). In the New Testament , Jesus used the image of the Good Shepherd, who dil…
Principal social themes: education/literacy, homelessness/poverty, child abuse, violence/gangs Miramax. R rating. Featuring: Matt Damon, Robin Williams, Ben Affleck, Casey Affleck, Minnie Driver, Stellan Skarsg?rd, Cole Hauser, Brian Ricci, Richard Fitzpatrick, Rachel Marjorowski, George Plimpton. Written by Matt Damon and Ben Affleck. Cinematography by Jean Yves Escoffier. Edited by Pietro Scalia…
GOODING JR. , CUBA (1968?). Actor. Gooding was born in Bronx , New York , but moved with his family to Los Angeles in the 1970s when his father?s career in entertainment took off. Cuba Gooding, his father, was lead singer for the popular singing group The Main Ingredient. Gooding liked to dance and his first professional performance was as a break-dancer for Lionel Ritchie?s performance at the 198…
1914 Born in Chipley, Florida on July 23 1935 Earns B.A. from Howard University 1938 Earns Ph.D. in psychology from University of California at Berkeley 1942 Marries Willette Kilpatrick 1944 Earns M.D. from Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee; wins rights to Sun newspaper in San Francisco, California 1945 Moves to San Francisco and establishes medical practice; becomes co-publisher of …
Born Drew Goodman, c. 1961; son of James Goodman (an art dealer); married Myra, 1986; children: Marea, Jeffrey. Born Myra Rubin, c. 1964; daughter of Mendek (a jeweler) and Edith (a homemaker) Rubin; married Drew Goodman, 1986; children: Marea, Jeffrey. Education: Drew Goodman: University of California at Santa Cruz, B.A. in environmental studies, 1983. Myra Goodman: Graduated from the University …
(ABC, 10/17/1972, 90 mins). This private eye spoof has a seedy, down-and-out detective and his partner, an erudite dwarf, being drawn by a voluptuous blonde into a missing persons cases leading to murder in the seamy underworld of 1946 Los Angeles. Production Company ABC Circle Films. Director Peter Hyams. Producer Ward Sylvester. Teleplay Peter Hyams. Photography Earl Rath. Music Harry Betts. Edi…
Gook , a comparatively modern term and almost exclusively American in usage, is a powerful and revealing expression of xenophobia. Unlike most ethnic insults, it does not have a clear etymology, and its semantic history combines hostility toward outsiders with great flexibility in application. It thus shows the dynamics of linguistic xenophobia, which include race, war, immigration, and business r…
This curious word, largely of American provenance, is a unique instance of an invented term becoming popular and developing a wide range of critical senses. It was coined by Frederick Lewis Allen in 1921 to mean ?a stolid, usually unimaginative person, especially a writer or public figure.? Allen made up the term in a playful essay in Harper?s Magazine , ?The Goon and his Style?: ?A goon is a pers…
This expression, which is confined to British English, is an interesting instance of two features of swearing, namely the survival of a powerful oath in a euphemized and disguised form, and the genre of the ?self-immolating oath.? The origin of the expression lies in the bizarre appeal ?God blind me!,? recorded from about 1896, when J.R. Ware listed it in Passing English (1909) as ?a gutter phrase…
Tootsie Roll Industries After working her way up the corporate ladder to president of the company, Ellen Rubin Gordon used modern business strategies to keep Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc. at the top of the international lollipop business, while still maintaining the feel of a ?mom and pop? operation. Gordon was born Ellen Rubin, the daughter of William B. and Cele H. Rubin. She attended Vassar Col…
Linda Gordon was born on January 19, 1940, in Chicago, Illinois, of Russian Jewish and Polish Jewish ancestry. Gordon attended public schools in Chicago; Denver, Colorado; and Portland, Oregon. Her father was a social worker and her mother a nursery school teacher; along with her high school teacher Marcia Freeman, they provided the most significant influences on Linda?s early life. Linda Gordon a…
The first African American to receive a Pulitzer Prize for drama was Charles Gordone in 1970 for the dramatic work No Place To Be Somebody . Gordone took the theater world by storm and brought a new type of race consciousness to the stage. His play came on the scene in the 1960s when people embraced the emergence of long silenced African American voices. Its truths brought many awards to Gordone a…
GORDY , BERRY (1929?). Businessman, songwriter, music and film producer. Starting out as a professional boxer, Gordy began to write songs and, in 1959, borrowed $700 to start Motown Records. Nearly 30 years later, the company was sold to MCA Records for $61 million. Gordy?s winning concept was for a music company that turned out hit records like the Detroit car factories turned out cars on an asse…
(1929-) Motown Records Although Berry Gordy, Jr., directed and produced some films in the 1970s, he is best known for his founding of the legendary Motown Records and his production of recordings by such artists as Diana Ross and the Supremes, the Miracles, Gladys Knight and the Pips, the Jackson Five, Stevie Wonder, and many others. Born on November 28, 1929, in Detroit, Michigan, Berry Gordy, …
(1934-) L.L. Bean, Inc. Leon Arthur Gorman is the president of L.L. Bean, Inc., the world?s largest supplier of outdoor clothing and gear. The company?s business was built on catalog sales and was founded by Gorman?s grandfather, L.L. Bean, almost 100 years ago. But, when Gorman took the helm in 1967, L.L. Bean was ailing and not in the same shape it once was. By carefully reorganizing the compa…
GOSSETT, LOUIS, JR. (1936?). Actor. Gossett was born in Brooklyn, New York, and began his acting career at the age of 17 when a leg injury kept him from playing basketball. He received a Donald-son Award for Best Newcomer of the year for his role in the stage play Take A Giant Step . In 1958, while performing on stage in The Desk Set , Gossett was drafted by the New York Knicks to play professiona…
Award: Dallas Fashion Award for Swimwear, 1994 Gottex was created in 1956 by Armin and Leah Gottilieb, a family-owned business, originally based in Tel Aviv, Israel. The owners? daughters, Miriam and Judith, were involved in the business; Miriam selected fabrics and acted as head designer, and her husband, Stephen Ruzow, was vice chairman. The Gottiliebs? other daughter, Judith, managed the compan…
Born William Paul Gottlieb, January 28, 1917, in New York, NY; died of complications from a stroke, April 23, 2006, in Great Neck, NY. Photographer, jazz writer, and children?s book author. William Gottlieb considered himself a jazz writer. As such, he spent many nights holed up in New York City jazz clubs during the 1940s, taking in music for the jazz reviews he wrote for the Washington Post and …
[gowd smit] (1902?78) Dutch?US physicist; first suggested that electrons possess spin. After attending university at Amsterdam and Leiden, Goudsmit obtained his PhD in 1927 and emigrated to the USA, holding a post at Brookhaven National Laboratory from 1948?70. At the age of 23, with fellow-student , he developed the idea that electrons possess intrinsic quantized angular momentum (known as spin),…
Alice Bache Gould was born on January 5, 1868, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Benjamin Apthorp Gould, a well-known astronomer, and Mary (Quincy) Gould, related to Josiah Quincy of Quincy, Massachusetts, his son, known as ?the patriot,? and Alice?s great-grandfather, the third Josiah Quincy, president of Harvard for sixteen years. Alice spent her childhood between the family home in Quincy, owned …
(1836-1892) Entreprenuer Jay Gould worked his way from poverty to great wealth in nineteenth-century America by exploiting the worst aspects of laissez-faire capitalism, a doctrine that maintains the economy should be allowed to operate with minimal government interference. He came to prominence at a time when the U.S. business community was largely unformed and virtually unregulated. Bold, cunn…
(1941?2002) US palaeontologist: developer of novel theories of evolution; prolific and skilful popularizer of evolutionary biology. Educated at Antioch College, OH, and Columbia University, Gould taught and researched at Harvard from 1967. His early research on land snails was a precursor to his work, from 1972, in developing his theory of punctuated equilibria. This modifies theory of evolution b…
Edward Orval Gourdin was an exceptional athlete, soldier, and judge. In all of his endeavors he proved to be a barrier breaker. He was the first man in history to long jump 25 feet and the first African American to win a silver medal in the Olympics in the long jump event. In 1921, he set a new collegiate long jump record with his leap of 24 feet 6 inches. In both 1921 and 1922, he won the Amateur…
Before Meredith ?Flash? Gourdine became a world-renown engineer and physicist, he was a silver medalist in the 1952 Olympic Games. Ultimately better known for his work in thermal management technology than for his 24-foot long jump, he specialized in research relating to electrogasdynamics, which is a method used to disperse fog and smoke. Other applications of electrogasdynamics include refrigera…
(1963? ) British mathematician. ?Tim? Gowers received the Fields Medal for mathematics in 1998 for contributions to both functional analysis and combination theory. The Fields Medal is awarded every four years to between two and four mathematicians under age 40 and having outstanding distinction and promise in mathematics. The Canadian mathematician John Fields initiated, and provided money for, t…
B. November 30, 1903 D. November 24, 1993 Birthplace: Paris, France Awards: Chevalier de la L?gion d?Honneur, 1947 ???????? D? d?Or Award, 1976 ???????? New York University Creative Leadership in the Arts Award, 1978 Germaine Emilie Krebs, who to most of the world was known as Alix Gr?s, grew up in a middle-class Parisian family where she studied music, dancing, and art. Gr?s was primarily int…
G raffiti , the plural form of graffito , meaning ?a scratch? in Italian, was originally a term in art history describing a method of decoration whereby designs are produced by scratches through a superficial layer of plaster or glazing to reveal a background of a different color. However, the popular modern use of the term is entirely different, denoting unauthorized and anonymous writings, messa…
(1917-) Washington Post Katherine Myers Graham is world renowned for her leadership, particularly during her 10 year reign as publisher of the internationally acclaimed Washington Post. During that time, Graham won a United States Supreme Court decision to publish excerpts from the United States government?s classified Pentagon study, known as ?The Pentagon Papers.? She also supported investigat…
(1805?69) British physical chemist; studied passage of gases, and dissolved substances in solution, through porous barriers. Son of a Glasgow manufacturer, Graham studied science in Glasgow and Edinburgh, despite his forceful father?s desire that he should enter the church. He held professorships in Glasgow and London, and became a founder of physical chemistry, and first president of the Chemical…
(1935-) Black Enterprise Magazine Earl Graves has emerged as an authority on black entrepreneurship through his successful magazine, Black Enterprise , and flourishing business ventures. He is one of the most recognized African American publishers in the United States and also has interests in radio stations across the country. Graves, an advocate of the black middle class, is a role model for a…
Robert Graves (1895?1985) was a versatile man of letters, a notable poet, novelist, anthropologist, and historian, whose works ranged from The White Goddess (1948), a study of mystery rites in ancient times, to I, Claudius (1934), a historical dramatization of the deranged Roman emperor. His contribution to the understanding of swearing consists of a small incisive volume originally issued under t…
( c. 1666?1736) English physicist: distinguished between electrical conductors and insulators. Gray was a dyer?s son who began to follow the same trade but after meeting (the Astronomer Royal) was attracted to astronomy and obtained a job as an observer at Cambridge for a year. Back in London, he experimented with electrical devices, and in 1729 (when he was over 60) he made a major discovery. He …
(NBC, 11/22/1974, 120 mins). A sumptuous remake of the Dickens classic that previously had been filmed in black and white in 1917, 1934, and 1946 (the definitive version). The latest ?Expectations? was produced as a musical with an original score by Norman Sachs and Mel Mandel, but none of the songs appeared in the final print for reasons never explained. Production Company Transcontinental Films …
GREAVES, WILLIAM (1926?). Documentary filmmaker, director, editor, actor. The New York-born Greaves began his long career as an actor in films like Miracle in Harlem , 1948, Lost Bounderies , 1949, and The Fight Never Ends , 1949. He later enrolled at City College of New York and studied at the Actor?s Studio with Lee Strasberg and Elia Kazan. He was also a dancer at one time with the Sierra Leoni…
Principal social themes: immigration, environmental issues Touchstone. PG-13 rating. Featuring: Gerard Depardieu, Andie MacDowell, Bebe Neuwirth, Gregg Edelman, Robert Prosky, Ann Wedgeworth, Ethan Philips, Jessie Keosian, Mary Louise Wilson, Ronald Guttman, Lois Smith, Simon Jones. Written by Peter Weir. Cinematography by Geoffrey Simpson. Edited by William Anderson. Music by Hans Zimmer. Produce…
Constance Green, a pioneer in urban history, was born August 21, 1897, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, to Andrew Cunningham and Lois Thompson (Angell) McLaughlin. Her grandfather on her mother?s side was University of Michigan president James B. Angell; her father taught history at the university, organized the Bureau of Historical Research for the Carnegie Institute, and then became chairman of the histo…
Principal social themes: immigration, suicide/depression Franchise Pictures. PG-13 rating. Featuring: Patrick Swayze, Forest Whitaker, Don Duong, Trung Nguyen, Hiep Thi Le, Kathleen Luong, Billinjer Tran, Phuoc Quan Nguyen, Long Nguyen, Catherine Ai, Phu Cuong, Jennifer Tran, Khu Chinh. Written by Timothy Linh Bui. Cinematography by Kramer Morgenthau. Edited by Leo Trombetta. Music by Jeff and Mic…
B. 1897 D. December 13, 1988 Birthplace: Chicago, Illinois Benjamin Green-Field was born in Chicago, Illinois. The death of Green-Field?s father, when Benjamin was three, necessitated his mother, Ida Helen Green-Field, to open a hat shop to support her four children. Green-Field dropped out of high school to apprentice in the millinery trade, and soon after he opened his own business, Bes-Ben, a p…
(1793?1841) British mathematician: established potential theory in mathematical physics. Green left school early to work in the family corn mill and bakery and studied mathematics on his own. When his father died the mill was sold and he became financially independent. At age 40 he began to study at Cambridge; he graduated in 1837 and received a fellowship, but became ill and died soon afterwards.…
At a time when blacks in the North were unable to provide a population base to support an African American political candidate or to provide a voting block to draw attention to their community?s issues, John Patterson Green became the first African American elected to the Ohio Senate. His success was preceded by his appointment to other governmental positions such as justice of the peace and state…
(1946? ) British theoretical physicist. Educated in Cambridge and afterwards working in Princeton, Cambridge, Oxford and London, Green became professor of theoretical physics in Cambridge in 1993. He is best known for his work on the superstring theory, a novel approach to the nature of nuclear particles and the forces of nature. As background to Green?s work, it should be noted that interactions …
Robert Greene was one of the earliest English writers to realize the potential of printed works as commodities; he was, as Theophilus Cibber said in 1753, ?amongst the first of our poets who writ for bread? (in Crupi, 17). Greene even marketed future works, specifically his Conny-catching (confidence game) pamphlets, through prefatory ?teasers? about information to be revealed in later works, pres…
(1951-) Ben & Jerry?s Ice Cream Jerry Greenfield, along with Ben Cohen, founded Ben & Jerry?s ice cream, which features delicious flavors with quirky names like Chubby Hubby; Coffee, Coffee BuzzBuzzBuzz; and Chunky Monkey. The pair are former hippies who started off with a little scoop shop in Vermont, and ended up infiltrating corporate America with their tie-dyed shirts and dedication to impro…
(1950? ) British neuroscientist and pharmacologist. Greenfield entered Oxford to read classics and emerged with a doctorate in pharmacology, and after working in neuroscience in Paris, New York, La Jolla and Belfast returned to Oxford, becoming professor of pharmacology in 1996. In 1998 she also became Director of the Royal Institution, and the first woman to hold this post. Her interests focus on…
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has had its share of influential African Americans involved in its program, but only a few have risen to high ranking administrative positions. Colonel Frederick D. Gregory is one of those few. Gregory was born in Washington D.C. on January 7, 1941, at the Freedmen?s Hospital. His parents are Francis A. Gregory and Nora Drew Gregory. Gregory…
Father of the medieval papacy" and a Doctor of the Church, the Roman-born aristocrat Gregory (c.540?604) was elected pope by acclamation in 590. He had previously held positions in the Roman civil government and had been a deacon and papal ambassador to Constantinople. He had founded seven monasteries and lived as a monk and later abbot of Saint Andrew?s in Rome. His importance rests primarily on …
(1638?75) Scottish mathematician: contributed to discovery of calculus. A graduate of Aberdeen, Gregory went on to study at Padua, and became the first professor of mathematics at St Andrews when he was 30. After 6 years he moved to Edinburgh, but died a year later. While in Italy he published a book in which he discussed convergent and divergent series (terms he used for the first time), the dist…
Gregory ?The Theologian? (329-389), son of the bishop of Nazianzus in Cappadocia, studied in Athens, where he became friends with Saint *Basil and with whom he lived a solitary life as a monk for several years. Ordained as a priest c.362, in c.372 he was appointed bishop of Sasima (a village in Cappadocia that he never visited). He assisted his father in Nazianzus and was called to Constantinople …
Fulke Greville?s long life encompassed the reigns of both Queen Elizabeth* and King James.* Born to a wealthy Warwickshire family in 1554, five years before Elizabeth ascended the throne, he died at the hands of a knife-wielding servant some seventy-four years later, in the third year of the reign of Charles I. His longevity was nowhere more impressive than in the realm of politics, where a decade…
Grids were used to control the proportions of two-dimensional relief sculpture and to line up the sides, back, and front of sculpture in the round. Grids are often preserved in unfinished relief sculpture or in paintings where a finished layer of paint has fallen off to reveal the underlying grid. These remains of grids have provided the data to study how Egyptian artists worked. In the earliest e…
Marion Eleanor Gridley, a prolific writer of popular Native American history, was born in White Plains, New York, to William Thomson Gridley, a transportation engineer, and Ada Antoinette (Robertson) Gridley on November 16, 1906. She married Robinson Johnson on May 15, 1932, and was divorced in 1947 or 1948. During that time, she began to write history and published Indians of Today in 1936. In 19…
GRIER, DAVID ALAN (1955?). Comedian, actor. This Detroit, Michigan born actor earned his Master of Fine Arts Degree from Yale University, School of Drama in 1981, and received a Tony Award nomination for his portrayal of baseball great Jackie Robinson in the Broadway musical The First . He has an impressive list of film and television appearances, including Streamers , 1983; Boomerang , 1992; and …
GRIER, PAM (1949?). Actress. Born into a military family in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and spent her developing years in Europe. She returned to the United States at age 14 and lived in Denver, Colorado. Planning for a career in medicine she attended Metropolitan State College. As the runner-up in the 1967 Miss Colorado Universe contest, Grier signed with a Hollywood agent and relocated to Los…
(ABC, 2/27/1976, 120 mins). Two lonely people, both terminally ill, have a short-lived love affair, sharing a series of adventures in which they live out their childhood dreams. This film was called ?Today Is Forever? for its theatrical showings overseas. Richard C. Glouner won an Emmy Award nomination for his cinematography. Production Companies Danny Thomas Productions, ABC Circle Films. Directo…
GRIFFIN, EDDIE (1968?). Comedian, actor. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and attended Lincoln High School, where he was voted class clown three times. Griffin used his gift to make people laugh and became a stand-up comedian before moving into television and film. His film work includes the lead roles in Foolish , 1999, and Undercover Brother , 2002. On television, he portrayed the title cha…
[green-yah?] (1871?1935) French organic chemist: discovered use of organomagnesium compounds in synthesis. Grignard, a sailmaker?s son, studied at Lyon to become a teacher of mathematics. Later he moved to chemistry and to research in organic chemistry under P A Barbier (1848?1922), who gave him a research project ?as one throws a bone to a dog?. He found that magnesium would combine with reactive…
Captain Francis Grose (1731?1791) is a significant but not well-known figure in the history of foul language and obscenity, being the author of the most racy and entertaining work in the field, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (1785). Grose was an antiquary who wrote two substantial works, Antiquities of England and Wales (1773?1787) and A Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons (1785?17…
Grotesques are peculiar, deformed, contorted, exaggerated, or hybrid forms that appear especially in medieval painting and sculpture. Found within and creating decorated initials in manuscripts of the Carolingian and Romanesque periods, they were especially popular as marginalia in Gothic manuscripts from the thirteenth century onward. Grotesques are also often found carved beneath wooden choir se…
(1936-) Intel Corporation Andy Grove is a cofounder and chairman of the Intel Corporation, which supplies over 90 percent of the microprocessors used in the world?s computers. Under his guidance, the company switched from being a supplier of memory chips in the early 1980s to the powerhouse builder of computer ?brains.? This decision made Intel one of the major players in ushering in the Informa…
(1811?96) British lawyer and physicist; devised first fuel cell. It is rare for anyone to practise law and science together, as Grove did. He became a barrister, but poor health was thought to point to a less active life and he turned to electrochemistry. He invented the Grove Zn-Pt cell, which was popular and survived in a form modified by . Then, to improve his income, Grove returned to legal wo…
Adolescent concerns regarding burgeoning feelings of sexuality, responsibility, and social connection have been the subject of many modern dramas. The children we witness growing up in these plays are as varied as the problems they face. But wherever they reside, all are teenagers facing typical adolescent concerns regarding their place in society and their relationship to others. In many plays, w…
Censorship of language and morality takes both official and unofficial forms. In addition to the Master of the Revels and the Lord Chamberlain, there have been various significant individuals who have simply taken up the role of self-appointed supervisor of public morals. These included a number of Puritans who attacked the Elizabethan stage, covered in the entry for Renaissance, and Jeremy Collie…
B. 1881 D. 1953 Birthplace: Florence, Italy Awards: Future Best New Designer, Tom Ford, VH-1 Fashion Awards, 1995 ???????? CFDA International Designer of the Year Award, Tom Ford, 1996 ???????? International Designer of the Year, Tom Ford, Fashion Editors Club, Japan, 1996 ???????? Designer of the Year, Tom Ford, VH-1/Vogue Fashion Awards, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 ???????? European Company o…
Principal social theme: racism/civil rights Columbia. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Spencer Tracy, Sidney Poitier, Katharine Hepburn, Katharine Houghton, Cecil Kellaway, Beah Richards, Roy Glenn, Isabel Sanford, Virginia Christine, Barbara Randolph. Written by William Rose. Cinematography by Sam Leavitt. Edited by Robert C. Jones. Music by Frank De Vol. Produced and directed by Stanley Kramer. Color.…
(1856-1930) American Smelting and Refining Company Daniel Guggenheim was one of America?s most powerful business leaders as well as one of the richest men in the world. His fame and fortune stemmed from the key role he played in exploiting the earth?s mineral resources and making them available almost exclusively to the United States. Although he subscribed to a style of management that was ofte…
(1861?1938) Swiss physicist: introduced the use of iron?nickel alloys for the improvement of instruments. Guillaume studied science at Zurich, securing a doctorate in physics. After a short time as an artillery officer, his career from 1883 was in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, and as its Director from 1915. His work inevitably led him to study the thermal expansion of materials…
ROMAN DE LA ROSE . The immensely popular thirteenth-century French romance the Roman de la Rose is a lengthy allegorical poem of over 20,000 lines which tells the story of a lover searching for his heart?s desire: the rose. The lover?s quest and adventures, phrased in the form of a dream-vision, are described in a series of symbolic venues (e.g., the Garden of Delight) and encounters with personif…
The influential and innovative French poet and composer Guillaume de Machaut (c.1300?1377) was associated with the courts of a number of powerful aristocrats, including John of Luxembourg (king of Bohemia); Bonne of Luxembourg (queen of France); Charles II of Navarre; Jean, duke of Berry; and Philip the Bold of Burgundy. The works he created for these wealthy patrons were often luxuriously illustr…
GUILLAUME, ROBERT (1927?). Actor, singer, producer. He was raised by his maternal grandmother in the poor section of St. Louis, Missouri, and became a celebrated actor of stage, film, and television. He spent time in the U.S. Army before enrolling at St. Louis University to study business administration. He took on menial jobs as a cook and a streetcar conductor to support himself and began traini…
(NBC, 11/17/1975, 180 mins). Drama chronicling the headline making murder case involving Dr. Sam Sheppard, the Cleveland osteopathic surgeon, convicted of the July 4, 1954, slaying of his wife Marilyn, the 10 years he spent in prison, and his subsequent life until his death in 1970. Production Companies Universal Television, NBC Productions. Director Robert Michael Lewis. Executive Producer Harve …
Known for his seemingly effortless delivery style and standout work as a television sportscaster, three-time Emmy Award winner Greg Gumbel was born on May 3, 1946 in New Orleans, Louisiana to Rhea Alice LeCesne Gumbel, a housewife, and Richard Dunbar Gumbel, a county probate judge for the Cook County Court in Illinois. The family?which included Greg, a younger brother, Bryant, and two younger sist…
GUNN, MOSES (1929?1993). Actor. A native of St. Louis, Missouri, Gunn graduated from Tennessee State University before making a name for himself on the New York stage, winning an Obie Award for his work in Leslie Lee It?s The First Breeze of Summer . He also appeared off Broadway in Jean Genet?s The Blacks , and as Joe Mott in The Iceman Cometh . He has also been nominated for a Tony and an Emmy A…
[gootn berg](1889?1960) German?US geophysicist: demonstrated that the Earth?s outer core is liquid. Gutenberg studied at Darmstadt and at G?ttingen before being appointed professor of geophysics at Freiberg in 1926. In 1930 he moved to America to join the California Institute of Technology, becoming director of its seismological laboratory in 1947. By 1913 it was known that, on the opposite side …
[gooth] (1947? ) US astrophysicist; made a major contribution to our understanding of the origin of the universe. A student at MIT, Guth worked at Princeton, Columbia, Cornell and Stanford before taking posts in physics at MIT from 1980 and concurrently at the Harvard?Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics from 1984. For some time the ?Big Bang? theory of the creation of the universe, proposed by in …
GUY, JASMINE (1964?). Actress, dancer, singer. The daughter of a Baptist minister, Guy was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. She moved to New York City at age 16 to study dance with famed choreographer Alvin Ailey. Her dance training led to work in revival and road company tours of the Broadway shows The Wiz and Leader of the Pack . She was a dancer on several episodes…
Definition: H.263 is a teleconferencing video compression standard developed by the ITU, which was designed for low bit rate conversational video services. H.263 technology became a basis for later MPEG-4 Part 2 since MPEG-4 community intended to develop a technology optimized for very low bit rate applications at the first stage. As a result, wireless phone standards such as 3GPP include H.263 as…
(1896?1980) German physicist and theoretical chemist: developed molecular orbital theory of bonding in organic molecules. H?ckel?s study of physics at G?ttingen was interrupted by the First World War, when he spent 2 years on aerodynamics before returning to finish his course. He worked as assistant first to the mathematician , but he did not like the work and he also wished to travel. He joined h…
[hahwee] (1743?1822) French mineralogist: founder of crystallography. Although Ha?y?s father was an impoverished clothworker, the boy?s interest in church music secured an education for himself through the help of the church. He became a priest, and professor of mineralogy in Paris, in 1802 had shown in 1670 that the angle between corresponding faces in the crystals of one substance is constant (i…
Palestinian resistance leader George Habash (also known as ?al-Hakim,? the Doctor) has played a significant role in Palestinian politics since helping to found the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) in 1951. He went on to found the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in 1967. Habash was born 26 August 1925 in al-Lidd (also called Lydda or, in Hebrew, Lod), Palestine, a medium-sized c…
[hah ber] (1868?1934) German physical chemist: devised nitrogen ?fixation? process. Haber?s father was a dye manufacturer and so he studied organic chemistry to prepare him for the family firm. However, physical chemistry interested him more, and he worked on flames and on electrochemistry. By 1911 he was well known and was made director of the new Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry a…
Emile Habibi was noted Palestinian writer and politician from Israel. Unlike other Palestinian authors such as Rashid Husayn or MAHMUD DARWISH , he did not go into exile, either self imposed or otherwise, after the 1948.Arab-Israeli War and the creation of Israel. Instead, he remained all his life in the land of his birth until his death in May 1996. Emile Shukri Habibi was born in August 1921 in …
[adamah?] (1865?1963) French mathematician: developed theory of functionals. Hadamard?s parents recognized his mathematical ability and he attended the ?cole Normale Sup?rieure in Paris. His doctoral thesis was on function theory; he taught at the Lyc?e Buffon and then at Bordeaux. At 44 Hadamard became professor of mathematics at the Coll?ge de France in Paris, and later at the ?cole Polytechniqu…
n classical mythology, Hades is the god of the underworld and also the name for the realm or state of departed spirits. The word was used in Greek translations of the Bible for the Hebrew Sheol (the dark, silent place of the dead) and appears in the New Testament as the after-death location of both the good and bad, who await the Resurrection of the Dead. The specific place where the wicked are pu…
(1858?1940) British metallurgist: discovered several new steel alloys. After a local schooling and training as a chemist, Hadfield started work in his father?s small steel foundry in Sheffield. Due to his father?s ill-health he took over the firm when he was 24 and inherited it 6 years later. Hadfield continued the research he had begun in the early 1880s into steel alloys, publishing 150 scientif…
Zaha Muhammad Hadid is a world-renowned Iraqi architect based in London, and the only woman among today?s high profile, elite international architects. Hadid was born in Baghdad, Iraq, on 31 October 1950 to an upper-class family of Sunni Muslim Arabs. Her father, Muhammad al-Hajj Husayn Hadid, was a wealthy industrialist from Mosul, Iraq. He was a founder of the left-liberal al-Ahali group in Iraq…
(1879?1968) German radiochemist. Like before him, Hahn originally was intended for a career in architecture, but this was overruled by his interest in chemistry, which he studied at Marburg. In 1904 he spent 6 months in London, which he much enjoyed and which introduced him, under guidance, to the then novel field of radiochemistry. Its attractions led him to spend the next year with at Montreal; …
Most scholars believe that some ancient Egyptian men and women often wore wigs regardless of the style of their natural hair. The more elaborate styles that artists represented for upper-class men and women were almost certainly wigs. Representations of rich women often include a fringe of natural hair at the forehead, under a wig, leading scholars to believe that it was a sign of wealth and statu…
A well-known Egyptian writer, Tawfiq al-Hakim is renowned as the father of modern Arab drama. Al-Hakim was born the son of a wealthy Egyptian judge on 9 October 1898 to a landowning family in Alexandria, Egypt. From an early age he showed a sensitivity and love for literature. He began frequenting theaters and attending performances of such famous actors as George Abyad. While pursuing his seconda…
(1892?1964) British physiologist and geneticist: showed that enzyme reactions obey laws of thermodynamics. Haldane is one of the most eccentric figures in modern science. If his life has a theme, it is of bringing talents in one field of work to the solution of problems in quite a different area. He was self-confident, unpredictable and difficult to work with. His family was wealthy and talented, …
(1868?1938) US astronomer: discovered that sunspots are associated with strong magnetic fields. Son of a wealthy engineer, Hale had an early interest in astronomy and studied physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Whilst still an undergraduate he invented the spectroheliograph, an instrument capable of photographing the Sun at precise wavelengths and now a basic tool of solar astronomy.…
(1677?1761) English chemist and physiologist: developed gas-handling methods; classic experimenter on plant physiology and on blood pressure. Hales studied theology at Cambridge and in 1709 became perpetual curate of Teddington. There he stayed, refusing preferment, so that he could maintain his work in chemistry and biology. He seems to have been much influenced by work, and his own is marked by …
Definition: In Visual Secret Sharing based on halftoning, the continuous-tone image is first transformed into a halftone image, and then the VSS is applied. Since VSS-schemes require binary inputs , the continuous-tone image is first transformed into a halftone image using the density of the net dots to simulate the intensity levels. In the sequence, the halftone version of the secret image is enc…
HALL, ALBERT (1937?). Actor. He was born in Boothton , Alabama , and began his entertainment career performing with the Richmond Sheppard Mime Troup. He made his TV debut in the 1973 season of the daytime soap opera One Life to Live , and his film debut was as a background detective in Cotton Comes to Harlem , 1970. His major screen roles include Apocalypse Now , 1979; Malcolm X , 1992; and Ali , …
Edward Hall, a Londoner by birth and a lawyer by profession, came of age during the momentous reign of Henry VIII (1509?47). As a member of the House of Commons he witnessed and supported the first stages of the English Reformation. But we know relatively little of his life. He was of middle-class origins, his parents affluent enough to allow him to be educated at Eton, King?s College, Cambridge, …
Gwendolyn Midlo Hall was born on June 27, 1929, in New Orleans, Louisiana, of Russian- and Polish-Jewish ancestry. Her father was a tailor, then an attorney; his role as a civil rights and labor lawyer during the 1930s and 1940s had a tremendous influence on her life. She attended public schools in New Orleans as a child, then the Newman High School, a private school. She attended Newcombe College…
HALL, IRMA P. (1937?). Actress. She was born in Beaumont, Texas, and attended Briar Cliff College before transferring to Texas College while studying to become a language teacher. An interest in acting developed after she met actor director Raymond St. Jacques while she was working as a volunteer reporter for a Dallas newspaper. He hired her to do publicity for his film Book of Numbers , 1972, and…
(1891-1982) Hallmark Cards, Inc. In 1910, at the age of 18, Hallmark cards founder Joyce Clyde ?J.C.? Hall packed two shoeboxes with imported postcards and headed to Kansas City, Missouri. He soon realized the increasing popularity of quality greeting cards and with brother Rollie began selling Christmas cards with the Hallmark label in 1913. Hall Brothers Inc., as Hallmark was known until 1954,…
Sharlot Hall, purported to be the only woman to hold a livestock slaughtering license, was born on October 27, 1870, in Prosser Creek in Kansas Territory to James Hall, a rancher, and Adeline Hall. In 1881 the family moved to Arizona; on the journey, Sharlot suffered a fall from a horse and injured her spine, which would plague her the rest of her life. (She called it ?the Mexican Revolution in my…
[ha lee, haw lee] (1656?1742) English astronomer and physicist: made numerous contributions to astronomy and geophysics. Son of a wealthy businessman, Halley was an experienced observer as a schoolboy before he entered Oxford in 1673. He became a remarkable and prolific scientist, who made important discoveries in many fields. He was also highly likable and even good-looking. He made his name as a…
(1951-) CompUSA, Inc. James F. Halpin led computer superstore CompUSA, Inc. out of the financial troubles that it found itself in at the beginning of the 1990s. After experiencing dramatic growth in the 1980s, CompUSA had begun to lag. The multi-billion dollar retailer known as ?America?s Computer Superstore? had become lethargic, and its bloated bureaucracy had brought it to the brink of declar…
B. April 23, 1932 D. March 26, 1990 Birthplace: Des Moines, Iowa Awards: Coty American Fashion Critics Award, 1962, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1974 Halston Retrospective , Fashion Institute of Technology, New York City, New York, 1991 Halston?s presence seemed larger than life. From the time he left Evansville, Indiana, where he grew up, he radiated an aura of glamor. He became known for his millinery des…
Mustafa Butrus Hamarneh (Hamarina) is a scholar and leading political analyst in Jordan. Hamarneh was born on 26 February 1953 in al-Zarqa, Jordan. He hailed from Jordanian Arab Christians originally from the town of Madaba, a family that went on to produce a number of prominent academics and politicians. Hamarneh attended university in Spain, receiving his licenciatura in economics from La Univer…
Marwan Hamed is a young Egyptian filmmaker best known for his unflinching portrayal of private lives in modern-day Egypt. After receiving his degree from the Cairo Film Institute in 1999 he apprenticed as assistant director to many outstanding Egyptian filmmakers such as Sherif Arafa, Samir Seif, and Khairy Beshara. Initially he built his reputation directing commercials. His first big-screen film…
Syrian journalist Ibrahim Hamidi (also Humaydi) is the Damascus-based correspondent for the London-based daily al-Hayat newspaper. He has covered a variety of issues related to Syria on the regional and international level, including the grooming and early years of President BASHAR AL-ASAD?S rule in Syria, and the Iraq War. Hamidi was born to an impoverished family in a small Syrian village in the…
HAMILTON, LISA GAY (1964?). Actress, director. She was born in Los Angeles, California, and began acting at an early age. She took private acting lessons in junior high school and attended summer drama camps. She graduated from New York University and received a master?s degree from Julliard. Her notable television roles include Dr. Laura Reed, 1996, in the daytime drama One Life to Live , and Reb…
(1805?65) Irish mathematician: invented quaternions and a new theory of dynamics. Hamilton was born in Dublin. His father, a solicitor, sent him to Trim to be raised by his aunt and an eccentric clergyman-linguist uncle when he was 3. He showed an early and astonishing ability at languages (he had mastered 13 by age 13) and later also wrote rather bad poetry and corresponded with Wordsworth, Coler…
Thomas Hamilton was a successful and respected black journalist and antislavery activist during the mid-1800s. His publications the Anglo-African Magazine and the Weekly Anglo-African informed and uplifted black Americans. Periodicals such as these that supported the antislavery movement were crucial to the political and social strategy of blacks. Hamilton?s role as editor, publisher, and activist…
(1936?2000) British evolutionary biologist. As a student at Cambridge, Hamilton first read work on genetics and evolution: his development of these concepts occupied his subsequent career, spent in London, Brazil, Michigan and (from 1984) in Oxford. His early work from 1964 focused on insect societies. He was concerned particularly with the way individuals can altruistically aid survival and breed…
HAMPTON, HENRY (1940?1998). Documentary filmmaker. A native of St. Louis, Missouri, Hampton founded Blackside Inc. to produce documentary and industrial films focusing on projects that would inform, educate, and address social change. The company has produced Malcolm X: Make It Plain , 1995, for The American Experience. Other productions include America?s War on Poverty, Code Blue, The Great Depre…
Barbara Ann Hanawalt was born on March 4, 1941, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, the daughter of Nelson G. and Pearl Basset Hanawalt. Her parents, of Pennsylvania Dutch/German and English ancestry, raised Barbara in Highland Park, where she attended public elementary and high schools. Her father was a professor of psychology at Douglass College, Rutgers University, and her mother was an elementary sc…
(1737-1793) Merchant, Political Leader John Hancock is most famous for the enormous signature he affixed to the Declaration of Independence. Before the Revolutionary War, Hancock was a respected merchant in Boston, and his involvement in several disputes leading up to the revolution helped pave the way for his leadership role in the Continental Congress; overall, however, he was an uninspired le…
Born March 29, 1957, in San Diego, CA; daughter of Edward (an attorney) and Alice Ann (a social worker; maiden name, Silverthorn) Hand; partner of John Clute (a critic); children: two with Richard Grant (a novelist). Education: Catholic University of America, B.A., 1984. Addresses: Agent ?Martha Millard Literary Agency, 204 Park Ave., Madison, NJ 07940. Home ?P.O. Box 133, Lincolnville, ME 04849. …
(1916-) Mattel, Inc. Ruth Handler was the mastermind behind the creation, marketing, and sales of the Barbie doll, first sold in 1959. Thirty years later, more than 800 million dolls in the Barbie family had been sold by Mattel, the company founded by Ruth Handler and her husband Elliot. In 1996 Barbie dolls and Barbie paraphernalia generated $1.7 billion dollars in revenue for Mattel. Ruth Mosk…
Mary Flug Handlin was born in New York City on September 14, 1913, to Harry and Fanny (Schuck) Flug. She received a B.A. in 1933 at Brooklyn College and an M.A. the next year from Columbia University. She married Oscar Handlin, a professor at Harvard, in 1937, and from 1935 to 1942 she was an analyst for various government agencies. In 1942 she became research historian of the Social Science Resea…
(NBC, 5/8/1979 and 5/9/1979, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). In this two part thriller, Irwin Allen, filmdom?s ?disaster master,? strands a party of friends in a disabled sightseeing train dangling above a mountain gorge to sweat out a rescue while reliving (through flashbacks) past jealousies, simmering conflicts, and forgotten secrets as the cable begins snapping wire by wire. Production Compa…
Ismail Abd al-Salam Haniyeh (Ismaqil Haniyya, Hanieh) is a high-ranking official in the Palestinian organization Hamas. He became the prime minister of the Palestinian Authority in February 2006. Haniyeh was born in 1962 (some sources say January 1963) in the Shati (?Beach?) Refugee camp in Gaza to Palestinian Muslim Arab parents displaced from their village of al-Jura, Palestine, during the Arab…
Born Alyson Lee Hannigan, March 24, 1974, in Washington, DC; daughter of Albert Hannigan (a truck driver) and Emily Posner (a real estate agent); married Alexis Denisof (an actor), October 11, 2003. Education: Attended California State University?Northridge. Addresses: Agent ?Innovative Artists, 1505 Tenth St., Santa Monica, CA 90401. Home ?Santa Monica, CA. Actress on television, including: Free …
Algerian politician, political activist, and feminist Louisa Hannoun (Luiza Hanoune, Hanoun, Hannun) came to prominence with the political opening allowed by the Algerian government?s ruling party, the Front de Lib?r-ation Nationale (FLN; National Liberation Front), in the late 1980s. In 2004 she became the first female candidate for president in the Arab world. Head of the Trotskyite Parti des Tr…
Israeli rock music icon Shalom Hanoch (Hanokh, Chanoch) is one of the most significant performing artists currently active in the country?s popular music scene. As a singer-songwriter and composer, he has been a major force in the Israeli entertainment arena since the end of the 1960s and the influence he exerts over his contemporaries, as well as younger generations, remains potent. He is one of …
(1919?73) British biophysicist: co-deviser of sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction. As a zoologist who became a biophysicist, Jean Hanson first became interested in how muscle contracts during the 1940s when she was a research student in London, studying the blood vessels of annelids. Thereafter she spent her career with the Medical Research Council Biophysics Unit there, except for a fru…
(CBS, 9/5/1978, 120 mins). Suzanne Somers appears in her first TV starring role in this romantic comedy about an aspiring singer torn between making the most of her one chance at fame in Las Vegas or giving her heart to a love-struck mountain man. Production Companies Hamel-Somers Productions, A Whitaker Production, Tri-Mark Media III Inc. Director Robert Scheerer. Executive Producer Philip Barry.…
(NBC, 7/1/1973, 120 mins). Plans to bring Charlie Chan back to TV in this mystery involving the legendary sleuth and a wealthy Greek ship tycoon aboard the latter?s yacht off the coast of Vancouver resulted in this curiously disappointing TV-movie with a stranger history. Filmed on location in late 1970, it premiered on British television in July 1973 and subsequently disappeared, only to resurfac…
Definition: Haptics is a new media that deals with the sense of touch; haptic feedback is currently possible in desktop computers and mobile devices. The use of desktop computers has traditionally been heavily based on graphical displays and manual input. Sound and speech have been widely integrated in the operating systems, but the auditory modality is still underused. When we consider how the se…
Definition: Haptics is a new media that deals with the sense of ?touch? and provides an interface for the user to interact with objects through synthesized touch . Traditional media such as audio, video, text and image deal with the hearing and vision human senses. Haptics is a new media that deals with the sense of ?touch?. It provides an interface for the user to interact with objects through sy…
Born Edward W. Harbert III in 1955 in New York; son of Ted Jr. (a television executive) and Marna Harbert; married Susan; children: Emily, William. Education: Boston University, B.S., 1977. Addresses: Office ?E! Networks, 5670 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90036. ABC Entertainment, feature film coordinator, 1977?79, feature film and late night programming supervisor, 1979, assistant to vice pre…
Mohamed (also Muhammad, Mohammed) Harbi is an Algerian historian who was a prominent member of the National Liberation Front of Algeria (Jabhat al-Tahrir al-Watani), often referred to by its French title Front de Lib?ration Nationale (FLN). After Algeria achieved its independence in 1962, Harbi served at the cabinet of the Algerian president Ahmad Ben Bella. In 1965 when army strongman Houari Boum…
HARDWICK, GARY. Writer, director. He was born the 10th of 12 children in Detroit , Michigan , and is now one of the foremost filmmakers of the hip-hop generation. He majored in English at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor , and received his law degree from Wayne State Law School in Detroit . He worked his way through law school doing stand-up comedy and continued this sideline while practici…
(1877?1947) British mathematician: developed new work in analysis and number theory. Hardy was the son of an art teacher; he was a precocious child, whose tricks included factorizing hymn-numbers during sermons. His early mathematical ability won him a scholarship to Winchester School and then another to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was elected a Fellow. In 1919 he became Savilian Professo…
Tamara K. Hareven was born on May 10, 1937, in Czernautz, Rumania. Her father was an attorney, her mother a mathematics professor. Between the ages of four and seven, she was in a German concentration camp in the Ukraine. She remembers the influence of her maternal grandmother, who narrated folk tales and who taught her to read from scraps of newspaper. In 1946 Hareven?s family returned to Rumania…
HAREWOOD, DORIAN (1950?). Actor. This native of Dayton, Ohio, made his television debut in the telepic Foster and Laurie , 1975, and his film debut in Sparkle , 1976. He portrayed Olympic sprinter Jesse Owens in the biopic The Jesse Owens Story , 1984; Lenell Geter in Guilty of Innocence: The Lenell Geter Story , 1987, and has guest appeared in TV series, such as Trauma Center, I?ll Fly Away , and…
Deserved or not, John Harington has always had the reputation of Elizabethan bad boy, as John Skelton* was known in the early Tudor era. Certainly, some of his behavior was refreshingly adolescent. Fortunately for Harington, his father was always in Princess and Queen Elizabeth?s* good favor. The elder John Harington was imprisoned in the Tower in 1554, reportedly for nothing more than showing kin…
Rafiq Baha?eddin Hariri (also Rafik, Rafic Baha al-Din) was a self-made billionaire before rising to lead Lebanon as prime minister during one of the country?s most turbulent contemporary periods. Hariri was born in Sidon, Lebanon, on 1 November 1944 to a modest Sunni Muslim family. As a young man, he attended elementary and secondary schools in Sidon, and pursued university studies at the Arab Un…
(1880-1943) Harley-Davidson, Inc. William Harley and his partners, the Davidson brothers, took a simple vision and turned it into a company that produced motorcycles for customers worldwide. The Harley-Davidson name became an icon of American culture that has incurred a large and loyal following. William Harley first began tinkering with the idea of producing a machine that would be easier to ri…
Definition: Harmonic broadcasting divides a video into equal-size segments . Harmonic broadcasting (HB) was initiated to divide the video into N equal-size segments and transmit them into logical channels of decreasing bandwidth. As illustrated in Figure 1, the i th video segment is put on the i th channel with a bandwidth of C/i . Client starts receiving data from each segment stream after it beg…
(NBC, 10/16/1977 to 10/18/1977, 3 Parts, 120 mins each, 6 hours). A poor New York teenager of the mid 1930s is forced into prostitution despite efforts to make a living otherwise, and ultimately becomes the city?s most famous madam, in this six hour adaptation of Harold Robbins? 1955 potboiler. An Emmy nomination went to Yvonne Wood for her period costumes. Subsequently it was shown in two parts o…
(CBS, 11/21/1978 and 11/22/1978, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). Elaborate Harold Robbins fiction (told as a two part, four hour film) dealing with a handsome Israeli, raised by an influential Arab, who comes into conflict with his heritage when he is entrusted with managing his country?s oil fortunes and must deal with a fanatical terrorist group led by his daughter. Later edited down to three …
HARPER, HILL (1966?). Actor. Hill was born in Iowa City, Iowa, and graduated magna cum laude from Brown University with a BA degree and from Harvard Law School, cum laude, with a JD degree. He is now an accomplished actor of stage, television and film. He guest starred in TV series, such as NYPD Blue, ER, Soul Food, The Sopranos , and had a recurring role as Aaron in Married with Children . He als…
Born Stephen Joseph Harper, April 30, 1959, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; son of Joseph and Margaret (Johnston) Harper; married Laureen Teskey, December 11, 1993; children: Ben, Rachel. Education: Attended University of Toronto; University of Calgary, B.A., 1985, M.A., 1991. Addresses: Office ?Office of the Prime Minister, 80 Wellington St., Ottawa K1A 0A2, Canada. Computer programmer for oil and g…
The first African American astronaut to walk in space, Bernard A. Harris, born on June 26, 1956 in Temple, Texas to Gussie and Bernard A. Harris Sr., was the first of three children. Bernard?s parents divorced when he was very young. His mother moved with her children to San Antonio, a large city plagued with drugs and violence. When Harris was about seven, his mother found work with the Bureau of…
Christina Phelps Harris was born in New York City on February 9, 1902, to Luis James Phelps, a lawyer, and Marie Christina (Nichols) Phelps. She attended the Sorbonne in Paris from 1919 to 1920 and Wellesley College from 1920 to 1922. She received an A.B. in 1925 and an A.M. from Barnard College in 1927. Harris became an instructor in English history at Vassar College and received a Ph.D. in moder…
Since the 1990s, E. Lynn Harris has reigned as one of the most popular U.S. novelists. Over the years, more than three million copies of his novels have been sold, and he is greeted at bookstore readings by long lines of fans. Harris has been acknowledged as the first African American male novelist to achieve the same level of success as African American female novelists who are his contemporaries…
HARRIS, THERESA (1909?1985). Actress, A true but often overlooked star of Hollywood?s Golden Era, Harris could sing, dance, and act with the best of them, but was mostly relegated to playing maid roles, which she did with dignity and grace. As one of the most popular actresses in Hollywood, she appeared in over 60 films between 1930 and 1958, working at every major studio with some of their bigges…
Wesley L. Harris is the head of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Prior to this position, he served as associate administrator for aeronautics at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), vice president and chief administrative officer of the University of Tennessee Space Institute (UTSI), and dean of the School of En…
(1693?1776) English navigator and horologist. A Yorkshireman, Harrison was a carpenter-turned-clockmaker who invented the marine chronometer and so revolutionized marine navigation and exploration. With the colonial and naval ambitions of the European nations in the late 17th and early 18th-c, marine navigation was an issue of key importance. In 1707, 2000 lives were lost when an English fleet une…
(ABC, 8/25/1979, 120 mins). Robert Wagner and Stefanie Powers are happily married jet-set investigators and Lionel Stander is their jack of all-trades right hand in this pilot to the hit series, coproduced by Wagner and wife, Natalie Wood, under their Rona II banner. Here, the Harts look into the mysterious death of a close friend at a posh health spa. Natalie Wood does a cameo walking across a mo…
Gabriel Harvey?s life spanned eight decades and breaks into two parts: the well-documented and eventful public career through the 1590s and the private era from the late 1590s until his death, a period of his life about which we know little. So often was Gabriel Harvey represented?often to his detriment?in literature during the first half of his life that versions of his life and works have often …
(1578?1637) English physician: founded modern physiology by discovering circulation of the blood. Harvey was the eldest of seven sons in the close family of a yeoman farmer. After Cambridge he went to the greatest medical school of the time, at Padua, and studied there in 1600 under , who discovered but did not understand the valves in the veins. Back in London from 1602, Harvey was soon successfu…
William Harvey achieved the greatest feat in physiology, biology, and medicine in the first half of the seventeenth century with his discovery of the circulation of the blood. He was born to well-to-do yeoman stock in Folkstone, Kent, as the eldest son of nine children. From ten to fifteen he attended the King?s School at Canterbury and then went to Cambridge. There he received the B.A., then move…
Faezeh Hashemi (Faezeh Hashemi Bahrami, Faezeh Hashemi Rafsanjani) is an Iranian politician and social activist known equally for her audacious work on behalf of women and social reform as she is for being the younger daughter of powerful politician and former president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. Faezeh Hashemi served one term in Iran?s Majles (parliament) and has been active in both the govern…
B. 1899 D. 1981 Birthplace: Tell City, Indiana For connoiseurs of costume jewelry, Miriam Haskell?s pieces are among the most coveted. Made of the finest faux pearls, brass filagree, and handmade glass beads, her designs were beautifully intricate and perfectly executed. Haskell began her career in the early 1920s as the manager of a stylish boutique in New York?s McAlpin Hotel. Reportedly inspire…
King Hassan II, known as Moulay Hassan bin Muhammad Al Alawi before he became ruler, was king of Morocco from 1961 to 1999. Hassan II was born in Rabat, Morocco, on 9 July 1929. The eldest son of Sultan Muhammad V and Lalla Abla, he was named after his illustrious great-grandfather, Hassan I (r. 1873?1894). The Alawi family claims descent from the prophet Muhammad. Hassan was educated at the Royal…
Margaret Hastings was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, on May 23, 1910, to William Walter Hastings, a teacher and clergyman, and Elizabeth (Fairbank) Hastings. She graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1931 and received an M.A. in English medieval history in 1932 and a Ph.D. degree from Bryn Mawr in 1939. She taught in private schools in Waterbury, Connecticut, and Boston, Massachusetts, from…
The varied communications career of Andrew Hatcher took him from the East Coast to the West Coast and back again and led to his history-making appointment in 1960 as the first African American associate press secretary to the president of the United States. His service during the administrations of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson made him a participant in, as well as eyewitness to, the inter…
Hate speech is a significant new categorizing term, denoting the deliberate or concerted use of provocative slurs or offensive epithets. First recorded in 1988 in the United States, it obviously reflects awareness of the power of language as the bearer of prejudice. However, the practice of stigmatizing foreigners, believers of ?alien? religions, homosexuals, and outsiders in general has been esta…
Born November 12, 1982, in Brooklyn, NY; daughter of Gerald Hathaway (an attorney) and Kate McCauley (a stage actress). Education: Attended Vassar College and New York University. Addresses: Management ?Management 360, 9111 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills, CA 90210. Actress in films, including: The Princess Diaries , 2001; The Other Side of Heaven , 2001; Neko no ongaeshi , 2002; Nicholas Nickleby ,…
Palestinian sculptor Mona Hatoum (also Muna Hatum) was born in Beirut, Lebanon, to Palestinian Christian parents exiled from Haifa as a result of the 1948 War. She briefly attended Beirut University College (1970?1972). On a visit to London in 1975, she was forced to stay when civil war broke out in Lebanon. She enrolled at Byam Shaw School of Art (1975?1979) before studying at the Slade School of…
(NBC, 11/24/1970, 120 mins). A Cold War thriller about a scientist who is recruited by the CIA to inject himself with the brain fluid of a dying colleague in order to preserve missile defense secrets, but who soon discovers that he is leading a double life torn between his own wife and his fellow scientist?s widow, a Nazi sympathizer. Based on writer/director Curt Siodmak?s 1968 novel, a belated s…
(ABC, 10/17/1976, 120 mins). Four couples experience childbirth by the ?natural? Lamaze method in this stellar TV pilot to the subsequent series. Original title: ?Giving Birth.? Production Company The Jozak Company. Director Robert Day. Executive Producers Gerald I. Isenberg, Gerald W. Abrams. Producer Lew Gallo. Teleplay Peggy Elliott. Photography Jacques R. Marquette. Music Earle Hagen. Song by …
(ABC, 10/28/1977, 120 mins). Like its predecessor ?Having Babies? (1976), this film focuses on several couples, the emotional crises involving birth and adoption, and hospital personnel?s participation in their lives. Susan Sullivan?s character of Dr. Julie Farr became the pivotal role in this one, which served as a pilot to a ?Having Babies? series that ran briefly in early 1978 and almost immedi…
(ABC, 3/3/1978, 120 mins). The third pilot movie for the subsequent ?Having Babies? series which quickly was retitled ?Julie Farr, M.D.? and soon afterward disappeared, all during the last few weeks of the 1977-78 season. Patty Duke Astin won another of her various Emmy Award nominations for her performance. Production Companies The Jozak Company, Paramount Network Television. Director Jackie Coop…
(CBS, 9/20/1968, 120 mins). Special law officer Steve McGarrett tracks down Red Chinese operatives and their spy ring in Honolulu in this realistic pilot for the long-running series that premiered one week after the telefeature and was one of the top-rated weekly shows for more than a decade. Jack Lord became a major TV personality and Khigh Dhiegh turned up frequently to re-create his role as McG…
(1942? ) British theoretical physicist: advanced understanding of space-time and space-time singularities. Hawking graduated from Oxford in physics and, after a doctorate at Cambridge on relativity theory, remained there to become a Fellow of the Royal Society (1974) and Lucasian Professor of Mathematics (1979). He developed a highly disabling and progressive neuromotor disease while a student, li…
HAWLEY, MONTE (1901?1950). Actor. This native of Chicago, Illinois, was a top actor of the 1930s and 1940s. He began acting as a teen and became a member of the famous Lafayette Players. He was in the stage productions of Shuffle Along and Runnin? Wild , and traveled with several road shows. He broke into silent films and became known as ?one shot Monte? for his ability to never need to do a retak…
(1920? ) Japanese astrophysicist. Educated at Kyoto and Tokyo, Hayashi returned to Kyoto in 1954 and taught there throughout his career. In 1948 the ?Big Bang? theory offered an explanation for the relative abundance of the chemical elements in the universe, using in part the idea due to in 1946 that thermonuclear reactions would occur in the very hot and dense first stages of the ?Big Bang?. In t…
As one of the premiere artists of the African American folk experience, Palmer Hayden painted ordinary aspects of twentieth-century black life and helped pioneer candid representations of everyday existences in American modern art. While his work has been widely celebrated since the mid-twentieth century, his incorporation of African American folkloric themes and images was more widely debated tha…
HAYES, ISAAC (1942?). Musician, film composer, actor. Hayes was born in Covington , Tennessee , and raised by his sharecropping grandparents who moved to Memphis when he was a teen. He sang in the church and learned to play piano and saxophone, which led him to working with the Memphis-based Stax Records house band, recording on more than 200 tunes, including "Soul Man" and "Hold On, I?m Coming," …
Born Dennis Dexter Haysbert, June 2, 1954, in San Mateo, CA; son of Charles (a security guard and sheriff?s deputy) and Gladys (a homemaker and housecleaner) Haysbert; married an office manager (divorced, 1984); married Lynn Griffith (an actress and caterer; divorced, 2001); children: Charles, Katherine. Education: Graduated from American College of Dramatic Arts, Pasadena, CA, c. 1977. Addresses:…
HAYSBERT, DENNIS (1955?). Actor. He was born in San Mateo , California , and began his acting career in the made forTV movies Code Red , 1981; Grambling?s White Tiger , 1981; and The Return of Marcus Welby, MD , 1984. He had a recurring role on the series Code Red , and Just the Ten of Us , and was a regular as president of the United States on the series 24 . He appeared in the TV miniseries Quee…
B. 1897 D. October 26, 1981 Birthplace: San Bernardino, California Awards: Academy Award for Costume Design: The Heiress (1949), All About Eve (1950), Samson and Delilah (1950), A Place in the Sun (1951), Roman Holiday (1953), Sabrina (1954), The Facts of Life (1960) The Sting , 1973 ???????? Motion Picture and Television Fund, Tribute to Edith Head, 1998 From 1938 to 1967, Edith Head ruled at P…
The Gospels recount several episodes of Jesus? miraculous healings of blind people. The subject is one of the most frequently represented *miracle scenes in early Christian art and can be found in numerous examples (especially sarcophagi) from the third and fourth centuries. The subject continued to be represented up through the thirteenth century in various formats. Generally, Jesus is shown actu…
There are several accounts in the Gospels of Jesus healing people possessed by *demons. As with other scenes of Jesus? *miracles, the subjects are found in simplified formats in early Christian examples. Jesus will be shown standing and gesturing toward the possessed person, who may be chained or writhing violently. The exorcised demon often appears exiting from the person?s mouth or on the top of…
The Gospels recount several episodes and different versions of Jesus? miraculous healings of crippled or lame people. Mark (2:1-12) and *Luke (5:17-26) describe how a palsied man was brought to Jesus, who was preaching in a house in Capernaum. The crowd outside was so great that the sick man had to be lowered on his bed through the roof of the house. Jesus healed the man and directed him to take u…
The Children?s Defense Fund (2003) has identified disparities in health for poor and minority children, especially black and Latino children. They continue to lag behind white and affluent children in almost every health indicator. Most of the current research is focused upon eliminating health disparities in health care for adults. Research on children indicates ?that disparities persist in the a…
Adistinguished captain in the U.S. Revenue Service, Michael Healy was the only African American to have command in any service that predates the establishment of the U.S. Coast Guard. He began his career as a seaman at age fifteen without any seafaring experience, and just ten years later, he was ascending through the ranks of the Revenue Service. By the time the service promoted him to the rank o…
(1863-1951) American Newspapers, Inc. Founder of one of the most extensive newspaper empires in history, William Randolph Hearst was a dominant and controversial figure in American journalism and politics for many years. An only child, William Randolph Hearst was born in a hotel in San Francisco, California on April 29, 1863. His father, George Hearst, was a self-taught geologist who made a fort…
(CBS, 3/3/1972, 90 mins). A woman attorney and her young associate defend a wealthy contractor accused of murdering an ironworker who was having an affair with his teenage daughter. Susan Hayward replaced ailing Barbara Stanwyck in this pilot for a prospective Stanwyck series that was to have been called ?Fitzgerald and Pride.? Production Companies Stonehenge Productions, Metromedia Producers Corp…
Most religions, especially those with proselytizing, recruiting, or militant characteristics, make a sharp distinction between ?true believers? or ?keepers of the faith? and ?unbelievers,? namely outsiders, opponents, and holders of rival religions. In the course of the Middle Ages, when Christianity was in the ascendancy in Europe, various terms developed to denote and stigmatize those who were n…
(1911? ) British biochemist: made possible the bulk production of the first antibiotic, penicillin. Heatley was born in Suffolk, the son of a veterinary surgeon. After graduation at Cambridge he continued there, taking a doctorate in biochemistry. His first job, in 1936, was in the School of Pathology at Oxford, where his subsequent career was largely spent. He was working there with when, from 19…
A topic of much discussion among early Christian and medieval theologians, heaven has been defined and pictured in a variety of ways in medieval art and literature. In the Genesis *Creation narratives, *God is described as creating the heavens and placing within them the sun, moon, and stars . Heaven is thus understood to be the visible sky, as well as the realms beyond it; it is sometimes seen as…
(1850?1925) British physicist: developed theoretical basis of cable telegraphy. Lacking a university education, Heaviside worked initially as a telegraph operator until deafness forced him to stop. Unmarried, he lived with his parents, never obtained an academic position (although he received several honours) and eventually died in poverty. Working alone, Heaviside developed much of the mathematic…
Grace Raymond Hebard was born in Clinton, Iowa, to the Rev. George Diah Alonzo and Margaret E. Dominick (Marven) Hebard. Grace attended the State University of Iowa and received a B.S. in civil engineering in 1882. She then became a draftsman in the land office of the United States Surveyor General at Cheyenne, Wyoming, for nine years. While working, she earned an M.A. from Iowa in 1885. In 1891 H…
(NBC, 10/8/1972, 120 mins). An aging lawman in the turn-of-the-century West finds himself out of step with the times and reluctantly accepts a job as a deputy to an inexperienced, college educated copy in this lighthearted pilot for the series (1972-74) that was one of the rotating elements of the NBC Sunday Mystery Movie. Richard Boone and Rick Lenz continued in their roles along with (occasional…
(NBC, 11/17/1968, 120 mins). A superb fourth film version of the all-time favorite children?s novel and the first in a series of movies based on literary classics put together by Frederick Brogger and James Franciscus (through their Omnibus Productions) and director Delbert Mann. ?David Copperfield,? ?Jane Eyre? and the theatrical ?Kidnapped? followed. Making her acting debut in the title role: th…
(1844-1919) H. J. Heinz Company Henry John Heinz started selling surplus produce from his family?s garden when he was eight years old. Many years later, his company, H. J. Heinz Company, had become the largest pickling and preserving house in America. During his time, Heinz was also known for his model factories, in which there was never a strike. In current times, people recognize the advertisi…
[hiy znberg] (1901?76) German physicist: developed quantum mechanics and discovered the uncertainty principle. Heisenberg, son of a professor of Greek at the University of Munich, was educated at Munich and G?ttingen. He worked with in G?ttingen, and in Copenhagen. In 1927 he returned to a professorship in Germany at Leipzig. Heisenberg was a major creative figure among those who revolutionized p…
Helena was the mother of the first Christian Roman emperor Constantine and the wife of the general Constantius Chlorus. She converted to Christianity c.312 and was deeply admired for her piety and charity. In 326 she undertook a pilgrimage to the Holy Land where she died after having founded numerous churches on sites associated with the life and passion of Christ (notably the church of the Holy S…
The English word Hell derives from Hel , the term used in ancient Germanic myths for the realms of the dead, similar to the Hebrew Sheol and Greek * Hades . The specific concept of hell as a place of punishment for the wicked derives from the Hebrew notion of Gehenna ?a geographic location mentioned in the Old Testament as the site of various pagan atrocities, such as child sacrifice. *Jeremiah?s …
The concept of a place of eternal suffering, the obverse of paradise, is one largely derivative of gnostic or Manichean notions, namely that the world is a battleground between the principles of good and evil, and these ultimate states form parts of a system of punishment and reward. Within the Christian framework the idea of the Last Judgment and its extreme consequences have become established, …
(1821?94) German physicist and physiologist: a discoverer of the law of conservation of energy; achieved major results in theories of electricity and magnetism, and on the physiology of vision and hearing. Helmholtz must be the most versatile scientist of his century: he did first-class work in physics and physiology, both theoretical and experimental, and he was no mean mathematician. He has been…
( c .1579?1644) Flemish alchemist, chemist and physiologist: made early studies of conservation of matter. A member of a noble and wealthy family, Helmont studied the classics, theology and medicine before turning ?for 7 years to chemistry and the relief of the poor?. He believed in alchemy, but his own work represents a transition to chemistry proper. He used a chemical balance and understood cle…
(1920-) The Helmsley Palace Hotel Dubbed by many in the press as the ?Queen of Mean? due to her demanding, aggressive persona, Leona Helmsley reigns supreme over one of New York City?s most luxurious hotels, the Helmsley Palace located in midtown Manhattan. Married to the late billionaire Harry Helmsley since 1972 and berated by some due to her seeming lust for the spotlight, Leona has sometimes…
(CBS, 4/1/1976 and 4/2/1976, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). An explosive dramatization of the bestseller by Vincent T. Bugliosi about the Charles Manson ?family? and the trial of the Tate/LaBianca murderers. One of the biggest made for TV movie productions to its time, with 115 speaking parts, and the highestrated television film of all during the two nights it took to unfold. Emmy Award nomina…
Abby Maria Hemenway was born in 1828 at Ludlow, Vermont, to Abigail (Barton) and Daniel Sheffield Ludlow, a farmer. She taught at a district school when she was fourteen and in 1847 enrolled in the Black River Academy in Ludlow. In 1852 she taught school and was involved in a local Ladies? Association for Mental and Other Improvement. After three years in Michigan, she returned to Ludlow and began…
fl.Fourth Dynasty(2625?2500B.C.E.) Priest Architect Hemiunu was the son of Nefermaat, a son of King Sneferu. He was thus grandson of one king and nephew of King Khufu, patron of the Great Pyramid at Giza. As a member of the royal family he reached many high offices. The list of his achievements is recorded on his statue, currently located in Hildesheim, Germany. They include, Member of the elite…
(1952-) Discovery Communications, Inc. John S. Hendricks, founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Discovery Communications, Inc., made a fortune in the cable TV business, taking about 10 years to turn his TV programming company into a $700 million a year business. Though not a television professional when he came into the business, Hendricks succeeded by knowing how to recruit the righ…
Jimi Hendrix became recognized during his short life and music career as a brilliant innovator on the electric guitar and arguably the greatest rock musician of all time. His music combined elements of blues, jazz, folk, pop, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, country, classical virtuosity, electronic experimentation and manipulation of noise, volume, feedback, sound delay, repetition, and other spe…
HENDRY, GLORIA (1949?). Actress. She was born in Winter Haven , Florida , and grew up in Newark , New Jersey . She became a model and landed her first acting role in the film For Love of Ivy , 1968, while working as a Playboy Bunny. And striking screen presence, this bronze bombshell quickly became a visual mainstay in a string of what became known as Blaxploitation Films produced in the early 197…
Aaron Edd Henry dedicated his life to the uplift of the people in the state of Mississippi and of the nation. Henry?s service extends to the NAACP, the Freedom Riders, and the Mississippi House of Representatives. Protest and personal involvement brought him shoulder to shoulder with the great leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. and longtime friend Medgar Evers. Although Aaron Henry is not know…
(1797?1878) US physicist: pioneer of electromagnetism. Strangely, no American after did much for the study of electricity for 75 years, when Henry did a great deal. In many ways Henry is the traditional American of folklore; tall, handsome and healthy, he was still a strenuous researcher at 80. Growing up in Albany in New York State with a widowed mother, he was not fond of schoolwork and at 15 wa…
(1774?1836) British chemist: discovered law of gas solubility. Henry was the third and most successful son of Thomas Henry, whose profitable ventures in chemistry had included the early use of chlorine for bleaching textiles, the preparation and use of bleaching powder (Cl2 absorbed in lime) as a useful alternative to the gas, and the making of ?calcined magnesia? (ie Mg(OH)2 ) for medicinal use. …
Although there is much speculation about the life of Robert Henryson, what is known is limited to his residence in Dunfermline, approximate dates, and the esteem in which he was held by immediate successors. Dunbar?s* Lament for the Makaris , printed in 1508, states ?In Dunfermelyne he hes done roune/With Maister Robert Henrisoun? (81?82). A holograph gloss of the word ?Muse? in Gavin Douglas?* tr…
Though Philip Henslowe is the author of the most important document in the history of British theater, he was not a man of letters. He was, in fact, a successful businessman and entrepreneur, a dyer, pawnbroker, real estate investor, and landlord, but his most famous role was as theater owner/manager and, from 1592 to 1603, keeper of an account book/ledger/commonplace book known as Henslowe?s Diar…
During the period of slavery in the United States and afterward in the ongoing struggle for equality and opportunity for people of African descent, Josiah Henson was a man who lived his conviction of being honest in both word and deed. Even while a slave and enduring violence, when given the choice of defiling his word or gaining freedom, Henson kept his word. When Harriet Beecher Stowe read The L…
it is a legendary name among family businesses and is currently overseen with the same love and eye for impeccable quality by its fifth-generation chairman, Jean-Louis Dumas-Herm?s. The saga began with beautifully handcrafted harnesses and saddles, made by founder Thierry and his son Emile-Charles, who catered to the wealthy carriage trade. When grandson Emile-Maurice saw that the invention of the…
[airmeet] (1822?1901) French mathematician: developed theory of hyperelliptic functions and solved the general quintic equation. Hermite had an inability to pass examinations, and congenital lameness, but he greatly influenced his generation of mathematicians. Having entered and then been dismissed from the ?cole Polytechnique, Hermite finally, but only just, graduated at 25; by then he was clearl…
HERNANDEZ, JUANO (1901?1970). Actor. Born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, Hernandez was the son of a seaman, and experienced many diverse careers. He began his entertainment career on the streets of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, singing to raise money for food. He joined the circus as part of an acrobatic act, and later lived in the Caribbean and worked as a professional boxer under the name Kid Curley. He ev…
Angelo Herndon moved from menial laborer to radical labor activist, which resulted in his becoming a Communist in the 1930s who sought to organize black and white workers in the South during the era of segregation. He was tried, convicted, and imprisoned in Georgia because of his activities, and his case became the focus of international attention. Herndon endured mistreatment while incarcerated a…
The name Herod occurs numerous times in the New Testament referencing four members of a family of Palestinian rulers in the first centuries B.C. and A.D. Various of these Herods appear in early Christian and medieval art, dressed as kings (in rich robes, often crowned) and feature in a number of specific episodes. The historical figures tend to be conflated into one generic image of an evil tyrant…
[her shl] (1750?1848) German?British astronomical observer; discovered eight new comets. Caroline Herschel?s introduction to astronomy was entirely due to her devoted affection for her elder brother but she became the most famous woman astronomer of her time. In 1835 she was one of the first two women elected to honorary fellowship of the Royal Astronomical Society. Caroline, born in Hanover, was …
[her shl] (1738?1822) German?British astronomer: discovered Uranus, the Sun?s intrinsic motion through space and the true nature of the Milky Way. Herschel followed his father in becoming a musician in the Hanoverian Guards, entering as an oboist at 14. At 19 he came to England, working as a freelance musician before appointment as an organist in Bath. He was a keen amateur telescope maker and obs…
[her shl] (1792?1871) British astronomer and physicist: surveyor of the southern sky. Although his father the ?gauger of the heavens?, did notable scientific work, John did more and ranged outside his father?s astronomical interests. For an only child his famous father was rather overwhelming, but his close friendship with his aunt ended only with her death at 98. He graduated from Cambridge in ma…
(1908?97) US biologist: demonstrated information-carrying capability of bacteriophage DNA. A graduate of Michigan State College, Hershey taught at Washington University, St Louis, until 1950 and then worked at the Carnegie Institution of Washington. His best-known work was done in the early 1950s with Martha Chase (1927? ), when they proved that DNA is the genetic material of bacteriophage (the vi…
(1857-1945) Hershey Foods Corporation Although Milton S. Hershey never attended school beyond the fourth grade, he founded what was in 1904 the world?s largest single entity engaged solely in the manufacture of chocolate and cocoa?Hershey Chocolate Company. He literally built the town of Hershey, PA, investing much of his fortune in the town and founding two schools in the community. Today the H…
Avram (full name: Avraham) Hershko is a prominent Israeli biochemist and Nobel Prize winner. Hershko was born on 31 December 1937 in Karcag, Hungary. During World War II, Hungary was a German ally. In 1944 German forces occupied the country and began deporting its Jewish population. Hershko?s father was drafted into a labor unit and sent to the Russian front, while he and some of the rest of his f…
(1857?94) German physicist: discovered radio waves. Hertz studied at the universities of Munich and Berlin, at the latter under , whom he served as an assistant. In 1885 he was appointed professor of physics at Karlsruhe Technical College and later held a professorship at the University of Bonn. Influenced by Helmholtz and by electromagnetic theory, he was the first to demonstrate the existence o…
[hert sprung] (1873?1967) Danish astronomer: discovered stellar spectral type/luminosity relationship. Trained as a chemical engineer, Hertzsprung did research in photochemistry before appointment as an astronomer at the Potsdam Observatory in 1909. His work on photography led to his success in classifying stars. Hertzsprung was the first to realize that there was a relationship between the spectr…
[herts berg] (1904?99) German?Canadian physical chemist: devised methods of analysing electronic spectra to detect new molecules and to find molecular dimensions. Born and educated in Germany, Herzberg taught at Darmstadt from 1930 until 1935 when he emigrated to Canada. For 20 years until 1969 he was head of the physics division for the National Research Council in Ottawa, which he made into a ce…
(1802?50) Swiss?Russian chemist; pioneer of thermochemistry. When Hess was 3 years old his father, a Swiss artist, became tutor to a rich Moscow family and the boy moved from his birthplace (Geneva) to Russia. He was there for the rest of his life, taking a medical degree at Tartu in 1825 and then visiting in Stockholm. The visit was only for a month, but its influence was permanent. From 1830 he …
(1906?69) US geologist and geophysicist: proposed sea-floor spreading hypothesis. Hess spent most of his academic life at Princeton University, moving there in 1934. During the Second World War he distinguished himself in the US Navy by conducting echo-sounding work in the Pacific, during which he discovered a large number of strikingly flat-topped seamounts, which he interpreted as sunken islands…
(1883?1964) Austrian?US physicist: discovered cosmic rays. Son of a forester, Hess was educated at Graz, receiving his doctorate in 1906. He worked on radioactivity at Vienna until 1920, and afterwards at Graz, New Jersey and Innsbruck. In 1931 he set up a cosmic ray observatory on the Hafelekar mountain. When the Nazis occupied Austria in 1938 Hess was dismissed, as his wife was Jewish, and he be…
(1881?1973) Swiss neurophysiologist: showed that localized areas in the brain control specific functions. Hess studied medicine at five universities in Switzerland and Germany and became a specialist ophthalmologist, but gave up this career to work in physiology and from 1917?51 headed physiology in the university of Z?rich. The precision surgery he had learned as an ophthalmologist was to prove u…
Spiros Louvros COSMOTE S.A., Greece Dimitrios Karaboulas University of Patras, Greece Athanassios C. Iossifides COSMOTE S.A., Greece Stavros A. Kotsopoulos University of Patras, Greece Within the last two decades, the world of telecommunications has started to change at a rapid pace. Data traffic, where the information is transmitted in the form of packets and the flow of information is bursty…
[he veshee] (1885?1966) Hungarian?Swedish radiochemist: introduced use of radioactive ?tracers? in analysis. Hevesy was a highly mobile chemist; he worked in at least nine research centres in seven countries. His visit to work with in Manchester (1911?13) established his interest in radiochemistry. While there he found that ordinary lead and radioactive ?radium-D? are chemically inseparable; later…
(1909?2000) British physicist: pioneer radio astronomer. Hey studied physics at Manchester, graduating in 1930, and obtained his master?s degree in X-ray crystallography the next year. He was then a teacher of physics in a northern grammar school for some years. The Second World War began in 1939, and in 1942 Hey joined the Army Operational Research Group (AORG) after a 6-week course at the Army R…
Born Steven Jay Heyer, June 13, 1952, in New York, NY; son of Harold (an attorney) and Ethel Heyer; married Margaret Tobin, February 13, 1989; children: Kate, David. Education: Cornell University, B.S., 1974; New York University Stern School of Business, M.B.A., 1976. Addresses: Office ?Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc., 1111 Westchester Ave., White Plains, NY 10604. Booz, Allen & Hamilton…
Because of John Heywood?s intimate forty-year affiliation with the Tudor court and the Sir Thomas More* Circle and because of his sophisticated literary and musical creativity and wit, he is a highly important figure in the history of Tudor drama. Named ?the father of English comedy? by the Renaissance scholar Alfred W. Pollard, John Heywood, dramatist, entertainer, and faithful Catholic, lived ov…
Born Carl Andrew Hiaasen, March 12, 1953, in Plantation, FL; son of Odel (an attorney) and Patricia (a teacher) Hiaasen; married Connie Lyford, 1970 (divorced, 1996); married Fenia Clizer, 1999; children: Scott (from first marriage), Quinn (son), Ryan (stepson). Education: Attended Emory University, 1970?72; graduated from the University of Florida (journalism), 1974. Addresses: Contact ?The Lavin…
Definition: A hierarchical Video-on-Demand system consists of the central server and several layers of proxy servers. Hierarchical network architecture is one of the solutions for building a cost effective VoD system. Figure 1 shows the architecture of a hierarchical VoD system . The central server has a large storage to store all available videos for the customers. The central server is connected…
(1929?) British cosmologist and particle physicist: devised the ?Higgs field? theory. Educated at Bristol, London and Edinburgh, Higgs taught and researched in Edinburgh from 1960 and became professor of theoretical physics there in 1980. The concept of mass is complex. In classical physics, the mass of a body is a measure of its inertia, its reluctance to undergo a change of velocity. In this sen…
Min Qin and Roger Zimmermann Computer Science Department University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA The high-definition (HD) video standard has been developed as the successor to the analog, standard definition (SD) video, which (in the United States) dates back to the first proposal by the National Television System Committee (NTSC) in 1941. The HD standard has been developed by the …
(CBS, 11/27/1979, 120 mins). Blue collar worker David Birney vows to avenge the murder of his wife and child in a mistaken no-knock drug raid led by ruthlessly ambitious narcotics officer Mike Connors. For his music score, composer Jerry Fielding won one of his last Emmys. Production Companies The Mirisch Corporation, Universal Television. Director Daniel Haller. Executive Producer Walter Mirisch.…
PETER W. W. FULLER Consultant in Instrumentation and Imaging Science High-speed cinematography involves motion picture recording at rates exceeding about 50 pictures, or frames per second (fps). It is used to photograph movement and events too fast to be perceived by the unaided eye or by lower framing rate methods. Such recording requires camera and lighting systems specially built for the task…
PETER W.W. FULLER Consultant in Instrumentation and Imaging Science High-speed photography embraces a variety of techniques that capture short duration events by means of one or more very short exposures. In general this topic covers photographs taken with exposure times shorter than 1/1000 of a second. Leaf or diaphragm mechanical shutters in still cameras generally have a minimum exposure limi…
(ABC, 9/26/1973, 90 mins). Two veteran truckers are hired to haul a top secret cargo from Los Angeles to Houston and are challenged by a series of hijacking attempts by a group who will stop at nothing to prevent delivery. Production Companies Spelling-Goldberg Productions, ABC Circle Films. Director Leonard J. Horn. Producers Aaron Spelling, Leonard Goldberg. Teleplay James David Buchanan, Michae…
(1862?1943) German mathematician: originated the concept of Hilbert space. Hilbert was educated at the universities of K?nigsberg and Heidelberg, spending short periods also in Paris and Leipzig. After 6 years as a Privatdozent (unsalaried lecturer) at K?nigsberg he became a professor there in 1892. In 1895 he was given the prestigious chair in mathematics at G?ttingen, which he retained until 193…
?Sibyl of the Rhine,? the mystic and *author, Hildegard entered the Benedictine community at Diessenberg at the age of eight and took her vows at age fifteen. Elected abbess of Diessenberg in 1136, she moved the community near Bingen in c.1150. Her extensive writings include poems, hymns, plays, *saints? lives, scriptural commentaries, numerous letters, and remarkably comprehensive and practical w…
(1952-) Tommy Hilfiger Corporation Tommy Hilfiger is the chief designer and cofounder of the Tommy Hilfiger Corporation, which designs and markets clothing and accessories for men, women, and children. Hilfiger?s designs, based on classic styles, helped him and his partners build a fashion company rivaling the success of designers Calvin Klein and Ralph Lauren. Tommy Hilfiger was born March 24, …
B. 1952 Birthplace: Elmira, New York Awards: Menswear Designer of the Year, CFDA, 1995 ???????? From Catwalk to Sidewalk, VH1 Fashion and Music Awards, 1995 ???????? FiFi, men?s fragrance award, 1996 ???????? Designer of the Year, Parsons School of Design, 1998 Normally when we talk about the big three, we are referring to Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler. There is, however, another big th…
Peter Hill was the first known African American clockmaker in America, and the only one of his race to have worked in this trade in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. While there were other black entrepreneurs of that period, they were barbers, restaurateurs, caterers, merchants, and tailors, but not clockmakers. Although he was not an inventor, Hill was certainly a pioneer. Quake…
HILTON-JACOBS, LAWRENCE (1953?). Actor. He was born in the Virgin Islands and went to high school in New York City. He studied acting at Al Fann?s Theatrical School and with the Negro Ensemble Company performing in such plays as Cora?s Second Cousin , and What the Wine Sellers Buy . He landed his first film role as Charles, the militant son in Claudine , 1974. His breakthrough role came as the ill…
(1927-) Hilton Hotels Corporation William Barron Hilton is chairman of the board of Hilton Hotels Corporation, a worldwide system of over 260 hotels and casinos that host more than 40 million guests annually. Among the company?s many notable properties are the Hilton Hawaiian Village in Honolulu, Hawaii, and the legendary Waldorf-Astoria in New York City. Hilton assumed control of the family fir…
Gertrude Himmelfarb was born August 8, 1922, in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Max and Bertha (Lerner) Himmelfarb. She graduated from Utrecht High School in Brooklyn and then Brooklyn College, where she earned a bachelor?s degree in 1942. She then attended the University of Chicago, earning a master?s degree in 1944 and a Ph.D. in 1950. Her dissertation, later published as Lord Acton: A Study…
Darlene Clark Hine, born February 7, 1947, in Morely, Missouri, of African-American ancestry, is the daughter of Levester Clark and Lottie May Thompson Clark. She attended an all-black two-room school from first through third grade, then public schools in Chicago. She graduated from Crane High School as class valedictorian. Among her early influences she counts her parents and her grandmother, Fan…
Gregory Hines, an actor and veteran performer, is considered the greatest tap dancer of his time. He began dancing at three years of age, and his style and presentation were perfected over the years. Hines took his craft as an accomplished dancer to the stage and screen and brought renewed attention to tap. His warm eyes, easy charm, and comedic style earned him many awards for his performances, a…
HINES, GREGORY (1946?2004). Dancer, actor, director. Hines was born in New York City and began dancing professionally at age five with his brother Maurice. He was performing on Broadway by age eight, and his extraordinary feet would light up stages for years to come. He was nominated three years in a row for a Tony Award for Eubie , 1979; Comin? Uptown , 1980; and Sophisticated Ladies , 1981; and …
(1897?1967) British physical chemist: applied kinetic studies to a variety of problems. Hinshelwood?s career, except for war service from 1916 working on explosives in an ordnance factory, was spent almost entirely in Oxford. His early research, developed from his war work, was on the explosion of solids, but he soon turned his interest to explosive gas reactions. In the 1920s he made a close stud…
[hi pah? kuhs] ( c .170? c .125 BC ) Greek astronomer and geographer: discovered the precession of the equinoxes, constructed the first star catalogue and invented trigonometry. Stimulated by the observation of a new star in 134 BC , Hipparchus constructed a catalogue of about 850 stars and was the first to assign a scale of ?magnitudes? to indicate their apparent luminosity, the brightest being f…
[hi po krateez] ( c .460?370 BC ) Greek physician: traditional founder of clinical medicine. Little is known of Hippocrates? life with any certainty, except that he taught at Cos, travelled widely and had exceptional fame in his lifetime. The many writings under his name must include work by others, since over 100 years separate the earliest and the latest items in the ?collection?. The best of th…
(1851-1937) Hires Root Beer Charles Elmer Hires, who developed a beverage he called ?root beer? in 1875, was the first soft drink entrepreneur. His company paved the way for giants such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi. A Philadelphia-based pharmacist by profession, Hires was only 24 when he created his world-famous concoction, which he originally sold as dry concentrate that needed to be mixed with water…
Born c. 1954 in New Hampshire; married Meg; children: three. Addresses: Office ?Stonyfield Farm Yogurt, 10 Burton Dr., Londonderry, NH 03053. Windmill builder; environmental education specialist for the U.S. government; led environmental tours to China; executive director, New Alchemy Institute, early 1980s; director, Rural Education Center, c. 1983; co-founder of Stonyfield Farm Yogurt, 1983, and…
There has often been a tendency in the modern world to dismiss the past, as Henry Ford did with his statement that ?History is bunk,? and pretend that it has no influence on the present. Most modern dramatists insist that the past cannot be so readily ignored. Major historical events, beliefs, and people reverberate through the ages, and it is dangerous to deny this. To understand the relation bet…
GARY SAMPSON, PH.D. The Cleveland Institute of Art The story of photography?s past is usually characterized now in terms of histories, and no serious student or scholar of the medium would assume that one single account could pass as an exhaustive reference for such a pervasive phenomenon in modern culture. Neither would one consider without suspicion the argument that a single line of thinking …
(1905?98) US pharmacologist: deviser of new drugs. After graduating in chemistry at Washington and Harvard, Hitchings worked in universities for 9 years before he joined the Wellcome company in 1942 and spent his main career there. He was notably successful in devising new drugs; in 1942 he began a programme of pharmacological study of the long-known group of purine compounds, which had first been…
For generations, the Hob? family has continued the tradition started in 1887 by founder Jacques Hob?, who believed that costume jewelry could be manufactured with the same care and attention to detail as fine jewelry. Making use of the newest manufacturing techniques, Hob? designed and produced magnificent costume jewels in France and passed along his pas- sion to his son, William, who eventually …
Thomas Hoby, traveler, translator, and finally ambassador, died at the advent of the courtly life he had always emulated. Born in 1530 to William Hoby and Katherine Fordan Hoby, in 1545 he entered St. John?s College of Cambridge, where both John Cheke and Roger Ascham were teaching. In pursuit of a diplomatic career, in 1547 he traveled to Europe to fortify his knowledge of languages and culture. …
n?e Crowfoot (1910?94) British X-ray crystallographer: applied X-ray crystal analysis to complex biochemical molecules. Dorothy Crowfoot was born in Cairo, where her father worked in the Education Service. Soon he moved to the Sudan, to become director of both Education and Antiquities; she visited her parents in Khartoum and always retained an interest in the region and in archaeology. From an ea…
(1914?98) British neurophysiologist: major contributor to understanding of nerve impulses. As a student of biology and chemistry in Cambridge, Hodgkin became interested in the basis of nervous conduction, and he found by accident that it was easy to obtain single nerve fibres from a shore crab and that these could be used in experiments despite their small size (diameter about 35 ?m). In the USA i…
(1852?1911) Dutch physical chemist: a founder of stereochemistry. At the age of 17 van ?t Hoff informed his mother and father, a physician, that he wished to become a chemist; their reaction was very unfavourable. Despite this, he entered Delft Polytechnic, and received his diploma in 2 years rather than the usual 3. He went on to study chemistry in Leiden, Bonn and Paris. He also became intensely…
(1818?92) German organic chemist: major discoverer of new organic compounds of nitrogen. Hofmann began his studies in Giessen as a law student, but attendance at some of chemistry lectures changed his interests and Liebig welcomed this, perhaps because Hofmann?s father, an architect, was overseeing the building of the new chemical laboratory. Young Hofmann?s first research was on coal tar aniline …
[hof stater] (1915?90) US physicist: used electron scattering by nuclei to give details of nuclear structure. Graduating from New York and Princeton, Hofstadter afterwards worked at the Norden Laboratory Corporation (1943?6), Princeton and Stanford (1950) with a full professorship at 39; he was director of the Stanford high-energy physics laboratory from 1967?74. In 1948 Hofstadter invented an imp…
The first chain of Holiday Inn hotels was founded in 1952. These hotels were opened in Memphis, Tennessee by Kemmons Wilson. Wilson wanted to provide less-costly accommodations for families and others right inside America. Wilson?s first Holiday Inn opened in the Berclair district of Memphis. This location was a perfect setting, with the main road to and from Nashville right beside the building. I…
Little is known of Holinshed?s life. Born in Cheshire, probably the son of Ralph Holinshed, possibly a landowner in the region, he was educated at Oxford and perhaps, too, at Cambridge. At some time, probably afterward, he was ordained as a minister. By the late 1550s he was working as an editorial assistant and translator for Reginald (or Reynier) Wolfe, a former Rhinelander and printer. Wolfe, u…
William H. Holland was born a slave in Marshall, Texas. There are conflicting dates for Holland?s birth. In Negro Legislatures of Texas , Brewer records his birth year as 1849 while other sources such as the Dictionary of American Biography records Holland?s birth year as 1841. Holland was reared as the son of Captain Byrd (Bird) Holland, former onetime secretary of the state of Texas. In the late…
(1860-1929) Engineer and Inventor Herman Hollerith made a major contribution to the development of the modern digital computer with his tabulating machine. An early model of his invention was first used in 1890 to tabulate medical statistics gathered by the United States Army. That same year, the United States Census Bureau adopted Hollerith?s tabulating system for its 1890 census. By the time t…
[hol erith] (1860?1929) US computer scientist: introduced the modern punched card for data processing. A graduate of the Columbia University School of Mines in New York City, Hollerith did some teaching at MIT and worked on air brakes and for the US Patent Office before joining one of his former teachers to assist with the processing of the US Census of 1880. By 1887 he had developed his machine-r…
(ABC, 6/24/1979, 120 mins). A black career girl who has made it in the fashion world is torn between her new life ?downtown? and her roots in Harlem with an old flame. This was the first TV play by Lee Hunkins and the winner of the 1979 ABC Theatre Award. Filmed in New York. Production Company Titus Productions. Director Marvin J. Chomsky. Executive Producer Herbert Brodkin. Producers Stephen A. R…
The awareness of the powerful role of motion pictures in relation to the wider society has created very different expectations and norms surrounding the film industry, both histori- cally and geographically. This entry focuses on Hollywood in the sense that the name Hollywood has been used from the 1920s to epitomize the world of American filmmaking, both studio-based and independent. The British …
(1890?1965) British geologist and geophysicist: devised modern geological time-scales. While a student in London, Holmes spent a vacation on field work in Mozambique. He contracted malaria which prevented him joining the army in 1914 with his friends, who largely died in the first year of the First World War. From 1924 he headed geology at Durham and from 1943 at Edinburgh. Holmes pioneered the us…
Dwight Oliver Wendell Holmes was born on November 18, 1877 in Lewisburg, West Virginia. He was the son of a minister in the Washington D.C. and New York conferences of the Methodist Church. Holmes spent his formative years in Annapolis, Maryland; New York; and Staunton, Virginia. His secondary schooling was obtained in the preparatory department of Howard University. After completing his secondary…
(NBC, 4/16/1978 to 4/19/1978, 3 Parts, 9 1/2 hours). Chosen as the Outstanding Limited Series (1977-78) at Emmy Award time, this landmark original drama about two German families that are affected by events between 1935 and 1945 rivaled ?Roots? in its impact on viewers in this country and sparked controversy throughout Europe as it premiered on television in one country after another. Gerald Green…
SEAN JOHNSTON University of Glasgow Crichton Campus Invented at a variety of laboratories during the mid 1960s and successfully commercialized over the following decade, holographic interferometry relies on the optical interference produced between two separate holographic images. By recording two holograms and superimposing the images that they reconstruct, any optical differences can be detect…
SEAN JOHNSTON University of Glasgow Crichton Campus The word hologram is derived from Greek roots meaning whole picture and is frequently used today in credit card emblems and as an imagined technology in Star Wars and Star Trek. It has a history extending back to the mid-twentieth century. Holography is a subject that grew around holograms and had a difficult birth. It created a new kind of tec…
According to Albon L. Holsey, slavery deprived blacks of the opportunity to learn the art of business. Through his efforts with the National Negro Business League, the Colored Merchant?s Association, and writings about black business topics, Holsey attempted to assist African Americans in competing and succeeding in the world of commerce. Holsey was the son of Albon Chase Holsey and Sallie Thomas …
In his early youth Lucius Henry Holsey felt compelled to enter the ministry. Fulfilling this desire, he converted to the Methodist religion and rose through the ranks as pastor, delegate, elder, and bishop. He served as the fourth bishop of the Colored (now Christian) Methodist Episcopal Church. With dedication to the services of the church Holsey served in that position for almost fifty years. He…
Although the term Holy Family may apply to the extended genealogy of Jesus? grandparents and other relations (e.g., the parents of the Virgin *Mary: Saint *Anne and *Joachim; Mary?s relative Saint *Elizabeth and her son: Saint *John the Baptist;, the Holy Family most often refers to the triad of Jesus, Mary, and Saint *Joseph. The three frequently appear together in narrative images such as the *N…
Continuing interest in the genealogy and *Ancestors of *Christ was further developed in the twelfth century in literary descriptions of Christ?s immediate family relations among figures mentioned in the Gospels and *Apocrypha. The pictorial theme of the Holy Kinship (also ?Holy Company,? ?Family of Saint Anne?) generally follows the explication in the * Golden Legend , which describes that Saint *…
The Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is the tomb of *Christ. Presumably a rock-cut cave, the location was reidentified by the empress Saint *Helena during her *pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 326 and became the site of successive architectural constructions through the medieval period. The original church (dedicated c.335) consisted of a large basilica, courtyard, and a domed, centrally planned rotunda …
As developed in Christian doctrine, the Holy Spirit is the third person of the *Trinity. In the Old Testament, a rather general spirit or breath of *God operates at the *Creation, and inspires humans with strength, success, virtue, *wisdom, prophetic ability, creativity, and intellectual powers. In the New Testament, the more personified Holy Spirit operates at the miraculous incarnation of Jesus,…
(CBS, 5/2/1978, 120 mins). A teenage girl sets off on an odyssey with her spirited but frail grandfather to thwart her uncle?s plan to place the old man in a home for the aged. Filmed in Canada, this adaptation of the 1976 book ?Grandpa and Frank? by Janet Majerus is set in Illinois farm country. Production Company Time-Life Television. Director Delbert Mann. Executive Producers David Susskind, Fr…
English-speaking societies historically have regarded heterosexuality as the norm and homosexuality as an aberration or deviation to be viewed with hostility and abhorrence, being prosecuted as a crime in the United Kingdom from 1861 until 1967. It was regarded as a perversion , a term that originally (in medieval times) meant ?a change to error in religious belief,? the opposite of conversion , b…
Introduced in 1995, the first generation Honda Odyssey was a compact minivan with four swinging doors instead of a system of sliding doors. The vehicle design was used in both the North American and Japanese markets. The first generation Honda Odyssey featured the very first folding third row seat. Because the first generation Honda Odyssey was built over the platform of the Honda Accord and used …
Abid Mohammed Medoun Hondo, known as Med Hondo is a filmmaker from Mauritania who has been making films for over forty-five years and today remains one of the leading West African filmmakers working on the continent, in Europe, and the United States. Name: Med Hondo (Abid Mohammed Medoun Hondo) Birth: 1936, Ain Ouled Beri Mathar, Mauritania Nationality: Mauritanian Education: Little formal educati…
Opprobrious terms for groups tend to reflect, in their vehemence and their number, the social status of the group. As a number of sociolinguists have pointed out, in the United States and in the English-speaking communities in general, opprobrious terms for blacks greatly outnumber those for whites. Of the terms for whites, honky , which is exclusive to the United States, has become in a comparati…
(CBS, 3/1/1973, 120 mins). The success of ?The Godfather? encouraged this adaptation of Gay Talese?s 1971 bestselling novel about life inside the Mafia, a fact based drama revolving around the collapse of the Joseph Bonanno family. The real-life Bonanno was kidnapped in 1964 and was not heard from for over 18 months. Production Companies Halcyon Productions, Metromedia Producers Corp. Director Pau…
As one of the major developers of independent black churches and an active promoter of black fraternal orders, James Walker Hood is an example of nineteenth-and early twentieth-century beliefs that Christian faithfulness and racial justice are inseparable in the mission of the black church. Hood was a successful advocate for the rights of emancipated slaves after the Civil War. During the operatio…
(1635?1703) English physicist: ingenious inventor of devices and of ideas then developed by others. Born in the Isle of Wight, Hooke was intended for the church and went to Oxford as a chorister. However, his poor health was thought to make him unsuited to the church and he turned to science, becoming assistant to in Oxford and making an improved air pump for him. From childhood on, Hooke was an i…
John Lee Hooker was an influential blues artist who played a role in the development of the genre from the late 1940s through the 1990s. Playing both electric and acoustic guitar, Hooker?s distinctive vocal and instrumental style also shaped the development of rock and folk music during the 1960s and 1970s. John Lee Hooker was born on August 22, 1917 (some sources say 1920), in Clarksdale, Mississ…
Richard Hooker, Christian humanist and apologist for the Church of England, was born in or near Exeter in early April 1554. Although his great-grandfather and grandfather had served as mayors of Exeter, his family was of modest means. Of his early childhood little is known. Most of the biographical information available is from Isaak Walton?s pious and biased biography first published in 1665, whi…
(1817?1911) British botanist: plant taxonomist, phytogeographer and explorer. As a young boy, Hooker?s mother described him as ?not very clever? and as ?croaky Joe? (he suffered from a persistent cough). Predictions based on her views would have been wrong on both counts: as an adult he was both clever and physically tough, surviving expeditions at extremes of both latitude and altitude. Educated …
HOOKS, ROBERT (1937?). A native of Washington, D. C., Hooks graduated from Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and moved to New York City. He made his Broadway debut in the 1962 production of Tiger Tiger Burning Bright , and became a co-founder of the Negro Ensemble Company. In film, Hooks was cast in the independently produced Sweet Love, Bitter , 1966, but his big break came from hi…
(1918?94) British optical physicist. Hopkins was educated at Leicester and London and was professor of applied optics at Reading from 1967?84. After N S Kapary?s early proposals in 1955, work by many groups greatly advanced fibre-optics, with contributions by A C S Van Heel and by Hopkins of high value. Optical fibres of plastic or glass (pure silicon dioxide is suitable) are used; they guide ligh…
(1861?1947) British biochemist: made first general scientific study of vitamins. Hopkins believed firmly that chemical reactions in living cells, although complex, are understandable in normal chemical and physical terms. This faith, and his amiable forcefulness, made him ?the father of British biochemistry?. His beginnings were not indicative of his future fame. His widowed mother chose a career …
(1906?92) US computer programming pioneer. Grace Hopper graduated from Vassar College in mathematics and physics, received a PhD from Yale and taught at Vassar before joining the US services in the Second World War. In 1943 she joined the Naval Reserve and remained a reservist for the rest of her career. Having worked for the wartime navy using large-scale pre-electronic calculators, she joined th…
Hordjedef was a son of King Khufu who reigned 2585?2560 B.C.E. His mastaba tomb was never finished, but was located near his father?s tomb, the Great Pyramid. Hordjedef had at least one son named Au-ib-re to whom he wrote a teaching. As an author, Hordjedef is credited as being a teacher and a great storyteller. He is the narrator of a story in the collection called Khufu and the Magicians . In hi…
HORNE, LENA (1917?). Singer, actress. At one time known as ?the most beautiful woman in the world,? Lena Horne, enjoyed a successful career in the entertainment industry. Born in Brooklyn, she was hired at age 16 as a chorus girl in 1933 at the world-famous Cotton Club. She toured with the Noble Sissle Orchestra. In 1939, she landed the lead role in the stage production of Blackbirds . She began h…
HORSFORD, ANNA MARIA (1948?). Actress. This New York City born actress has been active on stage, television, and film. She guest starred on television shows like L. A. Law, Moesha , and The Fresh Prince of Be Air . She was a regular on The Wayans Bros., Tall Hopes, Method & Red , and portrayed the role of Thelma Frye on the NBC series Amen . Her stage credits include Peep, For Colored Girls , and …
The term Hortus conclusus (?enclosed garden?) was taken from the Song of Solomon by medieval theologians who interpreted the reference as a prefigurative symbol of *Mary?s fruitfulness but perpetual virginity (like the ?shut gate,? Porta clausa , through which only *God may enter, from the vision of *Ezekie). The symbolism was developed by numerous authors and gave rise, especially in later mediev…
Born near the beginning of Elizabeth I?s* reign, witnessing the reign of James I,* dying eleven years before the beheading of Charles I, John Hoskyns? life and career can be measured against the spirit of each reign. He was admitted to the Middle Temple in 1593 and thus began his law career; he joined Parliament in 1604 and was elevated to sergeant-at-law in 1624. Having received a thorough rhetor…
The dynamics of colonialism commonly generate a predictable agenda of stereotypes, whereby the colonized or dominated peoples are presented as savages living in a barbaric state of nature without religion, their speech being caricatured as incomprehensible and subhuman gabbling. The term barbarian itself is rooted in this agenda. Hottentot , used to refer to one of the aboriginal native peoples of…
(1919? ) British physicist: developed first X-ray tomographic body scanner. Hounsfield received no formal university education but studied at the City and Guilds College and at the Faraday House College for Electrical Engineering in London. In 1951 he joined Electrical and Musical Industries (EMI), becoming head of the medical research division. Independently of , Hounsfield developed the techniq…
Hani Mahmoud Hourani is a Jordanian artist, photographer, scholar, journalist, and political activist. Hourani (Hani Mahmud Hawrani) was born in al-Zarqa, Jordan, on 1 June 1945 to a family of Jordanian Arab Muslims. As a young man, he took drawing and painting classes in Amman beginning in 1961, and was a founding member of the Society for Painting and Sculpture in 1963. His first solo exhibition…
(NBC, 1/7/1967, 120 mins). An offbeat thriller (well received in Great Britain where it was shown theatrically under the title ?Deadly Roulette?) tells of a ne?er do well played by Robert Wagner with an obsession that he is the victim of a conspiracy after compiling a dossier on the activities of a mysterious billionaire. Production Company Universal Television. Director William Hale. Producer Jac…
(NBC, 10/6/1976, 90 mins). A sight-gag-happy farce, loaded with cameos by familiar TV faces, about a divorcee?s campaign to make her ex husband jealous in order to win him back. Production Companies Charles Fries Productions, NBC Productions. Director Jerry Paris. Executive Producer Charles Fries. Producers Dee Caruso, Gerald Gardner. Teleplay Dee Caruso, Gerald Gardner. Photography Richard A. Kel…
(ABC, 11/3/1978, 120 mins). The amusing adventures of an unsophisticated small town lad who arrives in New York, moves in with this swinging buddy, and surprisingly becomes an authority on the ways and wiles of women as he enters the world of big-time girl-chasing. The star here is not Desi Arnaz Jr., but Fred McCarren, despite the billing. Based on Eric Weber?s 1970 book. Production Company King-…
(1954-) Imagine Entertainment Beginning his acting career before his second birthday, Ron Howard has represented an entire generation of baby boomers on film and television. American TV viewers watched Howard grow from the clean-cut, freckle-faced Opie Taylor on The Andy Griffith Show, into adulthood as the equally clean-cut Richie Cunningham on the popular Happy Days sitcom, after which the sta…
HOWARD, TERRENCE DASHON (1969?). Actor, producer. He was born in Chicago , Illinois , and began acting in the early 1990s. His made-for-television movie roles include The Jacksons: An American Dream , 1992; The O. J. Simpson Story , 1995; and Mama Flora?s Family , 1998, and he guest appeared on the sitcom Sparks . He gained the public?s attention as Quentin, the wise cracking, no-holds-barred voic…
(1915?2001) British cosmologist and astrophysicist: jointly proposed the steady-state theory of the universe. Even as a small boy in a Yorkshire village, Hoyle was ?at war with the system? and became a long-term truant. Later he had problems in entering Cambridge. In 1973 he resigned his chair after disputes with the university authorities. Together with , Hoyle proposed the steady-state theory fo…
Evelyn Hu-DeHart was born March 12, 1947, in Chungking, China, of Chinese ancestry. Her father was a banker, and her mother, one of the first generation of women to receive a university education in China, was a high school principal. Her family fled China for Hong Kong in 1949, then came to the United States in 1959 under a special Cold War refugee act. Evelyn attended a British Anglican missiona…
(1889?1953) US astronomer and cosmologist: discovered expansion of universe and measured its size and age. Hubble was trained in Chicago and Oxford in law; he was also a distinguished athlete and boxer. After a short career in law he turned to astronomy, working for most of his life at Mount Wilson Observatory. Using the 100 in telescope at Mount Wilson, Hubble was able in 1923 to resolve the nebu…
(1926? ) Canadian?US neurophysiologist: investigator of the basis of visual perception. Hubel qualified in medicine at McGill University, Montreal, and from 1959 worked at Harvard. With T N Wiesel (1924? ) he did much to aid understanding of the mechanism of visual perception at the cortical level, using microelectrodes and modern electronics to detect the activity of individual neurones, especial…
(ABC, 3/25/1975, 90 mins). The Mark Twain perennial with freckle faced Ron Howard and most of his family father Rance, mother Jean, brother Clint in this TV update of the classic. Previous Huck Finns on film were Lewis Sargent in 1919, Junior Durkin (1931) in the Jackie Cooper movie about Tom Sawyer, Mickey Rooney (1939), Eddie Hodges (1960) and Jeff East (to Johnny Whittaker?s Tom Sawyer) in both…
HUDLIN, REGINALD (1961?). Director, producer, screenwriter. This East St. Louis, Illinois, native was at the forefront of the black independent cinema movement of the 1980s and 1990s. A graduate of Harvard University, his award-winning thesis film House Party , 1983, was successfully expanded into a feature film in 1990, produced by brother Warrington Hudlin. Now on Hollywood?s A List, The Hudlin …
HUDSON, ERNIE (1945?). Actor. Born and raised in Benton Harbor, Michigan, Hudson is an actor with an impressive list of credits in both television and film. He wrote short stories as a child and envisioned them being performed on a stage. After spending time in the U. S. Marine Corps, he moved to Detroit and became the resident playwright at the vintage black theater Concepts East. He attended Way…
The most popular entropy-based encoding technique is the Huffman code. It provides the least amount of information units (bits) per source symbol. This short article describes how it works. The first step in the Huffman algorithm consists in creating a series of source reductions, by sorting the probabilities of each symbol and combining the (two) least probable symbols into a single symbol, which…
(1824?1910) British astronomer and astrophysicist: pioneered stellar spectroscopy and discovered stellar red shifts. Huggins was a wealthy amateur who used his private observatory in South London to study a full range of celestial objects. Like , he was attracted by spectrum analysis and its possible use in astronomy; aided by his wife Margaret (1848?1915), Huggins pioneered the study of the spect…
(1905-1976) Hughes Aircraft Company Howard Hughes was one of the world?s wealthiest men; he was also one of its most eccentric. After a flamboyant career as a Hollywood film director, Hughes indulged in his passion for flying by founding a company to manufacture innovative planes. He owned most of Trans World Airlines (TWA) until 1966. During the 1960s he invested in real estate, particularly in…
In 1923 Siegfried Boss and his son-in-law, Eugen Holly, opened a manufacturing facility in Germany specializing in uniforms. Boss and Holly discontinued their uniform line in 1948 and developed men?s and children?s lines. In 1972 Boss?s grandsons, Jochen and Owe Holly, purchased the family-owned shares of the company. Even though the brothers? experience in the clothing industry was minimal, their…
(1939-) Huizenga Holdings Harry Wayne Huizenga has a reputation in business like that of Midas, the king in Greek mythology who could turn objects into gold. In Huizenga?s case, he was able to literally turn trash into money, and has built a number of successful businesses, starting with Waste Management in the 1970s. He followed this up with a struggling video chain called Blockbuster, which he…
Hau San Wong and Horace H. S. Ip Centre for Innovative Applications of Internet and Multimedia Technologies ( AIM tech Centre) Image Computing Group, Department of Computer Science City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Recent advances in human-computer interaction techniques have resulted in significant enhancement of user experience in different domains. Rather than being restricted to …
(NBC, 10/16/1978, 90 mins). A pilot movie (complete with laugh track) dealings with the day to day workings of God herself, here threatening to destroy Las Vegas if six righteous people cannot be found there in seven days, and it?s up to an eager to please young angel, a frustrated clerk typist in the heavenly music department, to try to hold off the total devastation while disguised as a mortal. …
(Baron) von (1769?1859) German explorer: pioneer of geophysics and meteorology. Humboldt had wide scientific interests and a passion for travel, and was wealthy enough to indulge both his enthusiasms. His father, a Prussian soldier, wished him to enter politics, but the boy preferred to study engineering; while doing so he was attracted to botany and moved to G?ttingen to study science. He seems t…
The most hostile term that can be applied to a German. However, the original Huns were not a Germanic people, but a nomadic warlike Asian race that overran Europe in the fifth century under their barbaric warlord Attila, who arrogantly styled himself Flagellum Dei (the Scourge of God). Anglo-Saxon references to the Huns list them simply with other peoples like the Franks, but their name became a b…
(CBS, 1/9/1973, 90 mins). In this pilot for a projected spy series by the man who gave ?Mission: Impossible? to TV, a fatal racetrack crash in which a government agent is critically injured uncovers an enemy brainwashing scheme, and another agent assumes his colleague?s identity to expose the plot. Made in 1971 and originally scheduled for spring 1972 airing, ?Hunter? finally emerged after nearly …
(ABC, 9/10/1974, 90 mins). In this film, hurricane hunters Larry Hagman and Martin Milner are in a desperate race to avoid disaster as a violent storm threatens to devastate a Gulf Coast town. Adapted from William C. Anderson?s 1972 novel ?Hurricane Hunters.? Production Companies Montagne Productions, Metromedia Producers Corp. Director Jerry Jameson. Executive Producer Charles Fries. Producer Edw…
Israeli business leader Eli Hurvitz led Teva (Hebrew: ?nature?), the firm he managed for more than twenty-five years, from a tiny domestic firm to a leading Israel-based global pharmaceutical company that has maintained an enviable record of consistent and rapid growth.His leadership, charisma, strategic vision, impressive business results, real influences over the economy, and excellent human rel…
Hussein bin Talal al-Hashem was the king of Jordan from 1952 until his death in 1999. He indelibly marked the modern history of his country and its people. Hussein was born in Amman, Transjordan, on 14 November 1935, the eldest of four children of Talal bin Abdullah (1909?1972), eldest son of Transjordan?s leader, Emir Abdullah bin Hussein Ali (1882?1951), and Zayn al-Sharaf bint Jamil (1916?1994)…
President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003, Saddam Hussein (Abd) al-Majid al-Tikriti (known in the Arab world and elsewhere simply as Saddam Hussein, or just Saddam) ruled that country with an iron fist. He is said to have caused the death of more than a million Iraqis during his years in power, some by torture and execution, some by mass killing, and others in war. He ascended to power through the ranks…
(ABC, 2/22/1975, 120 mins). A drama about an investigative reporter (obviously based on Gail Sheehy) for a New York based news magazine who digs into the multimillion dollar prostitution business in Manhattan in search of the real profiteers. Emmy Award nominations went to Jill Clayburgh for her acting and Fay Kanin for her writing. Production Companies Lillian Gallo Entertainment, Filmways. Direc…
(1726?97) British geologist: proposed the uniformitarian principle in geology. Hutton had a disorganized start to his career. After leaving school he was apprenticed in a lawyer?s office, but left for the continent to train as a doctor, and qualified as an MD at Leiden. However, it was a profession that he failed to take up, turning instead to farming; after studying agriculture in England and abr…
(1924? ) British physiologist: developed sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. Huxley studied physics at Cambridge, worked on radar in the Second World War and afterwards was attracted to biophysics, working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and in London and in Cambridge from 1961. From the 1950s he was especially associated with the sliding filament model of muscle contractio…
(1825?95) British biologist: forceful supporter of theory of evolution. Despite having a schoolmaster father, young Huxley had only 2 years of regular schooling and was mainly self-taught. He was attracted to medicine, and attended a post-mortem at 14, but he may have contracted an infection there which recurred throughout his life. He became an apprentice to a medical brother-in-law, did well, st…
[hoy khenz] (1629?95) Dutch physicist and astronomer: proposed wave theory of light; discovered Saturn?s rings; introduced the pendulum clock; worked on the theory of dynamics and the compound pendulum. Well educated as a member of a wealthy family in The Hague, Huygens studied law before turning to science and mathematics. He was, after , the most influential physical scientist of the late 17th-c…
Paula E. Hyman was born in 1946 in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of Sydney Max and Ida Frances (Tatelman) Hyman. As a youth she was involved in New York Havurah, a group of young Jews celebrating and studying Judaism. She also helped found Ezrat Nashim, the first feminist organization actively pressing for the improvement of the status of women within the Jewish community. She attended Hebre…
[hiy pay sha] ( c. 370?415) The earliest known female scientist. Hypatia?s reputation as a mathematician and philosopher has survived through the accounts of her given by three sources: the 5th-c historian of Constantinople, Socrates Scholasticus, and excerpts from earlier Greek writers collected in a lexicon-encyclopedia of the 11th-c, together with the writings of the 9th-c theologian Photius. N…
Nobuyoshi Terashima Waseda University, Japan On the Internet, a cyberspace is created where people communicate together usually by using textual messages. Therefore, they cannot see together in the cyberspace. Whenever they communicate, it is desirable for them to see together as if they were gathered at the same place. To achieve this, various kinds of concepts have been proposed such as a colla…
DAVID MALIN Anglo-Australian Observatory, RMIT University This section covers methods of enhancing a silver halide material?s sensitivity before exposure, usually to offset the effects of low-intensity reciprocity failure (LIRF). LIRF reduces the effective speed of an emulsion when exposure times are longer than a few seconds. Hypersensitization is distinguished from latensification, which invol…
Beatrice Fry Hyslop was born on April 10, 1899, in New York to James Hervey Hyslop, professor of philosophy and ethics at Columbia College and founder of the American Society for Psychical Research, and Mary Fry (Hall) Hyslop, who died when Beatrice was eighteen months old. She attended Barnard School for Girls from 1912 to 1915 before matriculating at Mount Holyoke College, where she was a Phi Be…
(CBS, 4/28/1979, 120 mins). Maya Angelou?s eloquent reminiscences of her days as a gifted youngster growing up in the South during the Depression years where she and her older brother were raised by their grandmother after the divorce of their parents. Production Company Tomorrow Entertainment. Director Fielder Cook. Executive Producer Thomas W. Moore. Producer Jean Moore Edwards. Teleplay Leonora…
(NBC, 2/27/1973, 120 mins). Surfacing six years after being made and eagerly awaited by old-time radio buffs, this send-up of the fondly remembered mystery show had insurance detectives Jack Packard, Doc Long and Reggie York searching for a mysterious billionaire. Not to be confused with the 1945 film of the same name, also based on the radio show. Production Company Universal Television. Director…
(CBS, 2/12/1974, 90 mins). Frustrated by the role society has forced on her as a wife and mother, a suburbanite (played by Hope Lange) abandons her family in an effort to find a more challenging and fulfilling life. Production Company Tomorrow Entertainment. Director Sam O?Steen. Producers Rick Rosenberg, Robert W. Christiansen. Teleplay Diana Gould. Photography Andrew Jackson. Music Billy Goldenb…
(CBS, 11/19/1976, 120 mins). Drama about a 15 year old girl who becomes pregnant and decides to raise the baby herself. The film marked the TV acting debut of Mariel Hemingway, the granddaughter of Ernest Hemingway. Production Company CBS Productions. Director Jerry Thorpe. Executive Producer Jerry Thorpe. Producer Joanna Lee. Teleplay Joanna Lee. Photography Frank Stanley. Music George Aliceson T…
Principal social theme: capital punishment United Artists. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Susan Hayward, Simon Oakland, Virginia Vincent, Theodore Bikel, Wesley Lau, Philip Coolidge, Lou Krugmar, John Marley, Dabbs Greer, Gavin MacLeod, Raymond Bailey, Rusty Lane, Jack Weston. Written by Nelson Gidding and Don M. Mankiewicz based on a series of newspaper articles by Ed Montgomery and selected letters …
(ABC, 4/19/1975, 120 mins) Dramatization of a tragic part of U.S. history in which the leader of the Nez Perce Indians refused to take his tribe to a reservation in 1877, trying instead to lead them to safety in Canada, with the cavalry in pursuit trying to stop the escape. Emmy Award nominations went to writers Jeb Rosebrook and Theodore Strauss and to editor Robert K. Lambert. Production Company…
(1924-) Chrysler Corporation Lee Iacocca was one of the best-known personalities in corporate America during the 1980s. The onetime top executive with the Chrysler Corporation enjoyed a long list of auto-related achievements before his rise to celebrity, and his impact on the industry was widespread. Easy financing, the Ford Mustang, the minivan, the sportutility craze, and even the 1998 Chrysle…
Saad Eddin (also Sa?d al-Din) Ibrahim is an Egyptian academic and human rights activist. Born in Mansura, Egypt, on 3 December 1938, Ibrahim completed his B.A. at Cairo University (1960) and his Ph.D. in sociology at the University of Washington (1968). He is currently professor of political sociology at the American University in Cairo. Ibrahim taught at the American University of Beirut (AUB), D…
(1908-1997) Sony Corporation A pioneer in the electronics field, Masaru Ibuka, along with Akio Morita, founded the Sony Corporation as Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K. K. (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Company) in May of 1946. Ibuka paved the way for many of the inventions used in communications, overseeing the development of the transistor radio, transistor television, Sony Trinitron color televis…
ICE CUBE. (1969?). Rapper, actor, writer, producer. Born O?Shea Jackson in Los Angeles, California, this controversial hardcore rapper was one of the best-known hip hop artists in the recording industry before he moved into a film career. Along with rappers Eazy-E and Dr. Dre, they formed the rap group N.W.A. (Niggas with Attitude), to produce the groundbreaking album Straight Out of Compton . He …
ICE T (1969?). Rapper, actor. He was born Tracy Morrow in Newark, New Jersey, and raised in the troubled streets of South Central Los Angeles. He showed a talent for music at an early age and pursued his career with a vengeance. He has had his share of controversy and criticism with his hard-core, streetwise lyrics and used the exposure to further his career in music, television, and film. In musi…
The term icon comes from the Greek eikon , which means ?image.? More specifically, icons are images of holy figures, most often on painted panels, but they may also be created in mosaic, fresco, ivory, and other media. The tradition may ultimately derive from ancient/classical portraiture (especially of imperial or deceased persons). Icons were produced in the Byzantine world from at least the fif…
In the troubled political context of the early eighth century in Byzantium, the production and veneration of *icons came under attack from the emperors Leo III and Constantine V. Leo III published an edict ordering the destruction of icons in 726, which policies were carried out and renewed by his son with the banning of all figurative imagery in Page?126? churches at the Synod of Hiereia in . The…
An iconostasis is a screen of *icons separating the nave and sanctuary in Orthodox churches. Screens or low balustrades separating clergy from congregration were found in early Christian churches and are the basis for this form, which was increasingly elaborated in Byzantine architecture. The physical separation symbolizes the division of the earthly and heavenly realms; the iconostasis symbolical…
Identification photography involves making inexpensive and quick portrait pictures of people for a passports, security passes, licenses, permits, or similar applications. The school ID, a driver?s license, or company ID card are all uses of identification photography in this era of heightened worldwide security. Photography has become the preferred method of identification because a quick visual c…
The term idol derives from the Greek eidolon (?image?). The word was used in the Septuagint (Greek version of the Old Testament) to translate a number of different Hebrew words with various shades of meaning, and it appears in the Latin Vulgate Bible translated as either idolum or simulacrum . Idols may be defined as material things or images, created by humans, which serve as objects of worship o…
Principal social theme: abortion HBO. PG-13 rating. Featuring: (Part 1) Demi Moore, Shirley Knight, Catherine Keefer, Jason London, Kevin Cooney, Robin Gammell, Phyllis Lyons, Aaron Lustig, C. C. H. Pounder; (Part 2) Sissy Spacek, Xander Berkeley, Hedy Burress, Jana Michaels, Joanna Gleason, Jordana Spiro, Harris Yulin; (Part 3) Anne Heche, Cher, Diana Scharwid, Lindsay Crouse, Eileen Brennan, Lor…
(ABC, 5/3/1979 to 5/6/1979, 3 Parts, 120 mins each, 6 hours). Eisenhower the military man is the focus of this six hour miniseries, his relationship with the other wartime leaders, and, very discreetly, his personal relationship with his driver, Kay Summersby. ?Ike? came up with five Emmy Award nominations: Outstanding Cinematography (Part 2), Outstanding Film Editing (Part 3), and three others in…
(1929-) Little Caesars Enterprises Michael Ilitch, Chairman of Little Caesars Enterprises Inc., worked with his wife, Secretary-Treasurer Marian Ilitch to build their pizza business into a 4,700-unit chain. The company is a conglomerate that has a variety of entertainment holdings, which have included the Detroit Redwings, a professional hockey team, and the Detroit Tigers baseball team. Ilitch …
Society?s perception of what constitutes illness and disability, along with its treatments of such, have changed throughout the last century. While medical professionals have developed a better understanding of and treatments for both mental and physical illness, many areas of fear and ignorance remain. Many plays written on these themes are attempts to humanize the stories of those afflicted and …
According to dictionary definitions of illustration, the term can be applied to all pictures, including drawings, paintings, and photographs. The terms illustration photography and photographic illustration, however, suggest a more limited meaning?namely, that photographs in this category are more than faithful images of objects. In addition to representing objects, such photographs are expected t…
Born December 26, 1953, in Stockholm, Sweden; married Merry Bullock (a psychologist; divorced); married Evelin Int-Lambot, 2004; children: Luukas, Juulia (from first marriage), Kadri Keiu (from second marriage). Education: Columbia University, B.A., 1976; University of Pennsylvania, M.A., 1978. Addresses: Office ?c/o Embassy of Estonia, 2131 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008. Assistant d…
Kalpana Seshadrinathan and Alan C. Bovik The University of Texas at Austin, USA Definition: Image and video quality assessment deals with quantifying the quality of an image or video signal as seen by a human observer using an objective measure. In this article, we discuss methods to evaluate the quality of digital images and videos, where the final image is intended to be viewed by the human ey…
Oge Marques Department of Computer Science and Engineering Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA Definition: Image compression deals with reducing the amount of data required to represent a digital image by removing of redundant data. Images can be represented in digital format in many ways. Encoding the contents of a 2-D image in a raw bitmap (raster) format is usually not economic…
Oge Marques Department of Computer Science & Engineering Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA Definition: At the most basic level, there are two different ways of encoding the contents of a 2-D image in digital format: raster (also known as bitmap) and vector. Images are represented in digital format in a wide variety of ways. At the most basic level, there are two different ways o…
SABINE S?SSTRUNK, Ph.D. Ecole Polytechnique F?d?rale de Lausanne Image formation is fundamental to a sensor?s response to radiation. In most applications, we are concerned only with the part of the radiation spectrum (approximately 380 to 700 nanometers) that the human visual system is sensitive to. Equally, the sensors considered are sensitive only to such radiation. Light is the part of the el…
Definition: Image inpainting refers to the process of filling in missing data in a designated region of the visual input. Image inpainting refers to the process of filling-in missing data in a designated region of the visual input (Figure 1). The object of the process is to reconstruct missing parts or damaged image in such a way that the inpainted region cannot be detected by a causal observer. A…
DAVID MALIN Anglo-Australian Observatory, RMIT University In many branches of science, an image can be the primary source of data and the results of an experiment. The integrity of the imaging data may thus be central to a new result or discovery. However, it must also be recognized that no image is totally objective. The making of a picture for science requires an imaging opportunity, the selec…
William I. Grosky Department of Computer and Information Science University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA Definition : Image retrieval techniques integrate both low-level visual features, addressing the more detailed perceptual aspects, and high-level semantic features underlying the more general conceptual aspects of visual data. The emergence of multimedia technology and the rapid …
Mingjing Li and Wei-Ying Ma Microsoft Research Asia, China Definition: Image search engines are Web-based services that collect and index images available on the Internet. Some commercial image search engines have indexed over one billion images so far. Like general web search, image searching is mostly based on text information associated with images, which can be automatically extracted from c…
Rastislav Lukac and Konstantinos N. Plataniotis University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Ching-Nung Yang National Dong Hwa University, Shou-Feng, Taiwan, ROC Definition: Among numerous cryptographic solutions proposed in the past few years, secret sharing schemes have been found sufficiently secure to facilitate distributed trust and shared control in various communication applications Digital r…
Definition: Image watermarking deals with creating a metadata (a watermark) about the image content and hiding it within the image. Digital images are often printed and scanned again, for example when they are used in magazines and readers want to store digitally. When used as web site illustrations, they are often compressed by lossy compression algorithms like JPEG. Common processing operations …
Definition: A new class of digital watermarking techniques is based on visual cryptography . Recent works have introduced a new class of digital watermarking schemes which employ visual cryptography (VC) concepts to secure watermarked content. In addition, VC-based watermarking may be used to robustify recognition of an extracted watermark from images which have been subjected to attacks. For exam…
ROMANO PADESTE SINAR AG Scanner systems were the first systems introduced to professional digital photography that were able to achieve the high number of pixels required for high-end applications. Similar to desktop scanners, these camera systems consist of a linear array sensor and a motor drive. During the capturing of an image, a linear array sensor is moved step-by-step across the entire ima…
The Egyptian term netjer could be applied to a range of entities. In addition to gods, the word could be applied to the king, certain animals, and the dead. Egyptians venerated their deceased ancestors as in some sense divine. There are a few individuals in Egyptian history whose divinity grew to exceed the bounds of their own families, and who eventually came to have a place in the pantheon of Eg…
p>fl.Dynasty 3(2675?2625B.C.E.) High Priest of Heliopolis Architect Little is recorded of Imhotep?s personal life. Even the date of his birth and death remain unknown, though he lived during the Third-dynasty reign of King Djoser (2675?2654 B.C.E. ). He certainly reached the highest stratum of society, acting as both High Priest of Re at Heliopolis and the architect for King Djoser?s Step Pyrami…
The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception holds that the Virgin *Mary, although conceived in a normal way by her parents *Anne and *Joachim, was born without stain or effects of original sin. This idea was discussed by early Christian writers and became especially controversial during the Middle Ages, when it was opposed by theologians such as Saints *Bernard of Clairvaux and *Thomas Aquinas, but …
Definition: The goal of Immersive Virtual Reality is to completely immerse the user inside the computer generated world, giving the impression to the user that he/she has ?stepped inside? the synthetic world . Virtual Reality (VR) is the technology that provides almost real and/or believable experience in a synthetic or virtual way. The goal of Immersive VR is to completely immerse the user inside…
Discussions of swearing and foul language have traditionally assumed that certain offending words have in themselves a general or universal impact. Likewise, notions of obscenity and pornography have been predicated on the simple presence of certain offensive words. Thus The Times wrote in 1960: ?Having regard to the state of current writing, it seems that the prosecution against Lady Chatterley?s…
Dilvan de Abreu Moreira University of S?o Paulo, Brazil Elaine Quintino da Silva University of S?o Paulo, Brazil In the last few years, education has gone through an important change?the introduction of information technology in the educational process. Many efforts have been conducted to realize the benefits of technologies like the Internet in education. As a result of these efforts, there are…
Principal social theme: capital punishment Columbia. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Robert Blake, Scott Wilson, John Forsythe, Paul Stewart, Jeff Corey, Gerald S. O?Laughlin, John Gallaudet, James Flavin, Charles McGraw, John McLiam, Ruth Storey, Will Geer, Vaughn Taylor, Duke Hobbie, Sheldon Allman, Sammy Thurman, Raymond Hatton, Paul Hough. Written by Richard Brooks based on the book by Truman Capot…
Definition: Entertainment has exited from traditional places and is now an anywhere activity for people at homes, cars, and flights. Home entertainment can be considered as a part of a more complex demotic system. Domestics is the combination of technologies for improved living in the areas of safety, comfort and security management. New systems can provide consumers with personalized services tai…
(ABC, 11/25/1969, 90 mins). In this romantic comedy, a carbon copy of ?We?re Not Married? (1952), several couples discover they were joined in illegal wedlock by a pair of marriage consultants who set about to rectify the situation. Production Companies Screen Gems, Columbia Pictures Television. Director E.W. Swackhamer. Executive Producer Harry Ackerman. Producer E.W. Swackhamer. Teleplay Bernard…
(NBC, 5/8/1974, 90 mins). Gypsy truckers a tough veteran driver and his young college educated partner come to the aid of embattled citrus growers in this pilot for the 1974-75 series about these free spirited, civic-minded teamsters. Claude Akins and Frank Converse also starred in the series, making pit stops in various locations around the country, much the same way that Martin Milner and George…
(NBC, 2/27/1977, 120 mins). A murder melodrama in which a defense lawyer detective (Chad Everett) is urged by his ex girlfriend to defend her lesbian lover charged with a killing of which she claims she is innocent. Production Companies The Writers Company Inc., Columbia Pictures Television. Director Robert Butler. Executive Producer Stan Kallis. Producers Jay Daniel, Jerry Ludwig. Teleplay Jerry …
(NBC, 9/26/1977, 120 mins). Fact-based drama about the ordeal of a New Jersey couple over whether to keep their comatose teenage daughter alive on life supporting machines or let her die with dignity. (The girl lapsed into a coma in the spring of 1975, and more than 10 years later she was still alive.) Production Companies Warren V. Bush Productions, NBC Productions. Director Hal Jordan. Executive…
(CBS, 2/27/1975, 120 mins). A sophisticated London widow renounces a successful business career and the man who loves her?to become a cloistered Benedictine nun. Diana Rigg won an Emmy Award nomination for her performance in the lead role. Based on the 1969 novel by Rumer Godden. Production Company Tomorrow Entertainment. Director George Schaefer. Executive Producer Philip Barry. Producer George S…
We maintain sound has a place in the pictures of tomorrow. Producers have to learn what that place is. MAURICE KANN , Film Daily , 1 APRIL 1928 We have unlimited variety in a motion picture. Unity is the quality desired, the thing to strive for, as no motion picture can qualify as a meritorious work of art without it. JOHN F. SEITZ , Cinematographic Annual 1930 For decades the myth was that Hollyw…
(ABC, 2/28/1971, 120 mins). A young reporter crusades to clear a good Samaritan who is charged with murdering a mugger after the victim and witnesses fail to corroborate his story. This pilot was for a proposed series to have starred Christopher Connelly as the newshound, Tim O?Connor as the cynical city editor, and Dean Jagger as the tough editor-in-chief. Based on J.E. Brown?s book ?Incident at …
(NBC, 1/12/1973, 120 mins). A small-time hood is murdered as he is about to blow the whistle on the syndicate in this pilot for a prospective series about the day to day operations of the U.S. Attorney?s office in the Justice Department. Production Companies David Gerber Productions, Twentieth Century Fox Television. Director Buzz Kulik. Executive Producer David Gerber. Producer E. Jack Neuman. Te…
(NBC, 12/17/1977, 120 mins). A lighthearted Western involving a madcap grudge race from Missouri to California between a young Mark Twain (Christopher Connelly) and his longtime rival, Mike Fink (Forrest Tucker), with the aid of a slightly daft Indian. Production Companies Charles E. Sellier Productions, Schick Sunn Classics. Director James L Conway. Executive Producer Charles Sellier Jr. Producer…
oan Marius BILASCO, J?r?me GENSEL, Herv? MARTIN, and Marl?ne VILLANOVA-OLIVER Laboratoire LSR IMAG, Grenoble, France Definition: Semantic queries on indexed objects allow the reuse of the 3D scenes. Nowadays, the 3D is a highly expanding media. More particularly with the emergence of dedicated standards such as VRML and X3D, 3D animations are widely used on the Web. The continuous evolution of c…
The history of the aboriginal indigenous population of the Americas has been that of progressive dispossession, most notably of their land, their lives, even of their name. Those of North America called themselves simply ?the people? or the Anasazi , ?the Ancient Ones,? as the Navajo termed their ancestors. The first recorded use of Indian in relation to America is ?Indian tobacco? (1618), derivin…
(NBC, 1/6/1974, 120 mins). This courtroom drama finds prosecutor George Grizzard against his deputy DA pal William Shatner who is accused of murdering his wife and her lover although he was 150 miles away at the time of the killing. Based on the 1971 book by Bill Davidson. Production Company Universal Television. Director Boris Sagal. Executive Producer David Victor. Producer Winston Miller. Telep…
Principal social theme: child abuse HBO. PG-13 rating. Featuring: James Woods, Mercedes Ruehl, Sada Thompson, Henry Thomas, Shirley Knight, Mark Blum, Alison Elliott, Chelsea Field, Joe Urla, Scott Waara, Valerie Wildman, Roberta Bassin, Dennis Burkley, Richard Bradford, Miriam Flynn, James Cromwell, Gabrielle Boni, Lolita Davidovich. Written by Abby Mann and Myra Mann. Cinematography by Rodrigo G…
Industrial photography encompasses the broad range of photography in any organization dedicated to the commercial production and sale of goods and services. Although traditionally associated with manufacturing, industrial photography also applies to photographic work in non-manufacturing companies such as public utilities and mines. The industrial photographer usually works directly for a specific…
Late Dynasty 17(1630?1539B.C.E.)?Early Dynasty18(1539?1425 B.C.E.) High Government Official Superintendent of Royal Buildings Ineni held important offices in the administration of Egypt beginning with the reign of King Amenhotep I (1514?1493 B.C.E. ) and ending in the reign of Thutmose III (1479?1425 B.C.E. ). He held the titles Superintendent of the Granaries, Superintendent of Workmen in the K…
Mariana Hentea Southwestern Oklahoma State University, USA Information security management is the framework for ensuring the effectiveness of information security controls over information resources to ensure no repudiation, authenticity, confidentiality, integrity and availability of the information. Organizations need a systematic approach for information security management that addresses secu…
Carrison KS Tong Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital and Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong Eric TT Wong The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Like other information systems in banking and commercial companies, information security is also an important issue in the healthcare industry. It is a common problem to have security incidences in an information system. Such security incide…
Rana Tassabehji University of Bradford, UK Information security is an old concept where people, businesses, politicians, military leaders, and others have been trying to protect ?sensitive? information from unauthorised or accidental loss, destruction, disclosure, modification, misuse, or access. Since antiquity, information security has been a decisive factor in a large number of military and ot…
Paul B. Cragg University of Canterbury, New Zealand Nelly Todorova University of Canterbury, New Zealand The concept of ?alignment? or ?fit? expresses an idea that the object of design?for example, an organization?s structure or its information systems (IS)?must match its context to be effective (Iivari, 1992). More recently, Luftman (2004) has taken this argument one step further and argued tha…
Chelley Vician Michigan Technological University, USA Mari W. Buche Michigan Technological University, USA Information technologies have made virtual communities possible. A community is a gathering of individuals who share something?be it knowledge, shared interests, a common purpose, or similar geographic surroundings. Traditionally, most communities are bound by time and space such that inter…
Definition: Infrared face recognition systems use infrared sensors to measure the thermal radiation emitted in the infrared spectrum range. One of the major problems of traditional face recognition systems is constant performance under uncontrolled environments, and especially under extreme variations in illumination conditions, e.g. operating in total darkness or full daylight in an open area sur…
ANDY FINNEY Atchison Topeka and Santa Fe Limited Light that is detectable by the human visual system occupies a tiny part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which extends from the long wavelengths of low-energy radio radiation at one end to very short wavelength and high-energy gamma rays at the other. The visible spectrum has a range of wavelengths from 400 to 700nm. Infrared radiation lies betwe…
Wayne Robbins Defense R&D Canada (DRDC) Future Forces Synthetic Environments, DRDC Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Definition: Multimedia systems rely on a wide variety of infrastructural technologies to enable their communication, processing, and interface/display needs. In addition, particular classes of media (e.g., continuous media such as audio and video) often require special computation…
[eeng genhows] (1730?99) Dutch plant physiologist: early student of photosynthesis. Ingen-Housz studied physics, chemistry and medicine and researched in all three; his early career was guided by a British army surgeon who met the family when encamped near their home in Breda. He travelled widely in Europe, as a popular and expert user of the pre-Jenner inoculation method (a risky affair, using li…
INGRAM, REX (1895?1969). Actor. Rex Ingram was born aboard a Mississippi riverboat and went on to become a major personality on radio and film during the 1930s and 1940s. After attending military school, he developed an interest in acting and decided to pursue it as a career. In 1919, after working as a cook for the Union Pacific Railroad, Ingram went to Hollywood, where he appeared in the very fi…
The majority of inkjet printers made by companies like Lexmark, HP, and Canon use thermal inkjets. Inside of each compartment of the reservoir of ink is a heating apparatus accompanied by a small metal plate that acts as a resistor. Responding to a signal put out by the printer, a small current flows through the resistor, causing it to warm up. The ink closest to the heated plate is made into an a…
Swearing by its nature involves traditional forms of expression, reliant on established terms, modes, and idioms, many of them quite bizarre departures from ?normal? or ?natural? language. As the entry for impact makes clear, original insults such as son of a cow or tax dodger obviously lack the impact of the more traditional son of a bitch or crook . Historically only a few literary authors, such…
Definition: Inpainting techniques are used to enhance the quality of the digitized artwork during virtual restoration . Digital imaging techniques are widely used to restore, interpret and preserve collections of visual cultural heritage. However, although proper storage conditions and controlled access to the cultural heritage pieces are routinely applied, materials, such as mural, canvas, vellum…
Swearing demonstrates with most force the semantic fact that words do not have stable or fixed meanings, either historically or even within the same basic speech community. To some extent swearing is a special case, since the language is consistently emotive rather than referential, leading to the characteristics discussed in the entry for flexibility. Thus the term shit has a whole range of exple…
(NBC, 1/22/1979, 90 mins). A sophisticated computer named IFR (the film?s title is its nickname) supervises an organization dedicated to correcting wrongs against the defenseless and assigns human operatives to track down the evildoers and bring them to justice nonviolently. This fanciful pilot was for a series that never materialized. Production Companies Gold-Driskill Productions, Columbia Pictu…
Pascal Volino University of Geneva, Switzerland Thomas Di Giacomo University of Geneva, Switzerland Fabien Dellas University of Geneva, Switzerland Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann University of Geneva, Switzerland Fashionizer is an integrated framework that fits the needs of the garment industry of virtual garment design and prototyping, concentrating on simulation and visualization features. Virtual …
Definition: The Intel XScale micro-architecture is an implementation of the ARM V5TE architecture. The XScale core supports both dynamic frequency and voltage scaling with a maximum frequency today in handheld devices of 624MHz (and increasing going forward). The design is a scalar, in-order single issue architecture with concurrent execution in 3 pipes that support out-of-order return. To support…
Margherita Pagani Bocconi University, Italy Interactive television (iTV) can be defined as the result of the process of convergence between television and the new interactive digital technologies (Pagani, 2000, 2003). Interactive television is basically domestic television boosted by interactive functions that are usually supplied through a back channel. The distinctive feature of interactive tel…
Sheng-Uei Guan National University of Singapore, Singapore With the development of the Internet, a great deal of information is on-line. Popular search sites could be visited million times daily and the sites related to your interest will often be visited by you. Although bookmarks can be used to record frequented Web sites, browsers discard most history and trail information. The explosion of in…
Hakikur Rahman SDNP, Bangladesh With the extended application of information technologies (IT), the conventional education system has crossed physical boundaries to reach the un-reached through a virtual education system. In the distant mode of education, students get the opportunity for education through self-learning methods with the use of technology-mediated techniques. Accumulating a few oth…
Hakikur Rahman SDNP, Bangladesh Information is typically stored, manipulated, delivered and retrieved using a plethora of existing and emerging technologies. Businesses and organizations must adopt these emerging technologies to remain competitive. However, the evolution and progress of the technology (object orientation, high-speed networking, Internet, etc.) has been so rapid that organizations…
Definition: Interactive story telling shifts the narrative form from linear to dialectical, creating new stories on the basis of discussions and using dialogue as a method of interactions. Telling stories is one of the most ancient forms of human communication. Stories allow people to share life experiences through real or imaginary tales. Stories in a book have usually a fixed structure and a spe…
Definition: Interleaved audio transmission is a packet loss resilience technique based on sending alternate audio samples in different packets. Interleaved audio transmission is a technique that is sometimes used to alleviate network loss and act as a packet loss resilience mechanism. The idea is to send alternate audio samples in different packets, as opposed to sending consecutive samples in the…
As the last century progressed, it almost seemed as if the world were shrinking as globalization created a single international community bound together by increased telecommunications, the Internet, and a global economy. Yet, there remains a tendency to overlook important differences in culture that influence how people behave and react. Obviously, there is a great wide world beyond the United St…
Kirk St.Amant Texas Tech University, USA Communication technologies are continually expanding our ideas of the office into cyberspace environments. One result of this expansion is the international virtual office (IVO), a setting in which individuals located in different nations use online media to work together on the same project. Different cultural communication expectations, however, can affe…
Paul B. Cragg University of Canterbury, New Zealand Annette M. Mills University of Canterbury, New Zealand Research shows that small firms make significant contributions to their economic environment. With the significant advances being made in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), the Internet has become very important to many small firms, enabling them to overcome various inadequa…
Tziporah Stern Baruch College, CUNY, USA People have always been concerned about protecting personal information and their right to privacy. It is an age-old concern that is not unique to the Internet. People are concerned with protecting their privacy in various environments, including healthcare, the workplace and e-commerce. However, advances in technology, the Internet, and community networ…
Tanko Ishaya The University of Hull, UK The sharing and reuse of digital information has been an important computing concern since the early 1960s. With the advent of the World Wide Web (from now on referred to as the Web), these concerns have become even more central to the effective use of distributed information resources. From its initial roots as an information-sharing tool, the Web has seen…
Art represents the world. But in ancient Egypt, art reflected a very particular worldview. Egyptian art reflected an idealized world and ignored any part of the world that did not fit the ideal. Egyptian art also incorporated certain fictions in order to express a larger truth. For example, Egyptian temple art always showed the king presiding over rituals. Since in reality it was impossible for th…
(ABC, 11/11/1977, 120 mins). A contemporary drama of a couple who find that their deep love for each other cannot overcome the emotions threatening to destroy their marriage, and she becomes a battered wife. The original title for this: ?Battered!? Tyne Daly earned an Emmy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actress. Production Company Charles Fries Productions. Director John Llewellyn Moxey. Exec…
E nding the decade on an upbeat, Hollywood proclaimed 1939 ?The Greatest Year in Motion Pictures.? Only vestiges of the Depression remained, and people were flocking to the theaters. To satisfy its fans, Hollywood turned out more ?classics? that year than any other in the decade. A partial list of these films arranged in the order of their release includes JESSE JAMES (20th-Fox), GUNGAD IN (RKO), …
The American cinema in the 1940s was an industry at war, fighting monumental battles at home and overseas, both on-screen and off. Chief among those battles, of course, was World War II, the defining event of the decade for the movie industry and for the nation at large. Never before had the interests of the nation and the industry been so closely aligned, and never had its status as a national ci…
Jazz is one of the most exciting genres of music ever created. It is a music that emphasizes self-expression without overlooking teamwork, creativity and chance taking, and breaking the rules once the rules have been mastered. Unlike classical music which is written out, or pop music whose goal is often to recreate recordings at concerts, jazz is about spontaneity and improvisation; making up idea…
T his book, the first in a multivolume history of American film, looks at the initial twelve years of cinema, from 1895 to the fall of 1907. Here, cinema refers to projected motion pictures and their sound accompaniment, but two closely related developments must also be considered. First, there is the history of screen practice ?projected images and their audio complement?which dates back to the s…
This reference work offers a guide to 150 historically significant songs that helped chronicle the twentieth century. It explains the story behind each song?s creation and how it reflected political, economic, and social events of the time. Songs are arranged in roughly chronological order within each decade so the historic, political, and social themes embodied in these songs unfold in an underst…
Race and racism are two distinct concepts which have separate histories. The term race was borrowed by human biologists from general biology, and simply means a local kind or variety within a species , especially applied to those common plants and animals which were of interest to early naturalists and philosophers such as Herodotus (484?425 BCE), Aristotle (384?322 BCE), Lucretius (99?55 CE) and …
he purpose of Business Leader Profiles for Students is to provide readers with a comprehensive resource of business biographies, giving them easy access to information on past and present business leaders. The book focuses on prominent individuals who have made significant contributions to business and industry. Part of Gale?s successful line of business products for students, BLS is specifically …
The serious problem of injecting sound into the now silent drama is in the offing. What producers will do in this regard, of course, is an unknown factor. MAURICE KANN , Film Daily , 2 A PRIL 1928 Silent and Sound cinema. Few demarcations are so sharply drawn, so elegantly opposed, so pristinely binary. In the movies, sound is either off or on. Everyday conversation, reference books, shelving in v…
MARK OSTERMAN George Eastman House and International Museum of Photography This edition of the Focal Encyclopedia of Photography has been written at a time when the industrial production of silver halide materials is rapidly declining as a result of digital photographic technologies and practices. At this same time, the movement to preserve the technology of handmade processes from the 19th cent…
GRANT B. ROMER George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film The marvelous nature of the tools, technology, and imagery of photography drives us to wonder after the individuals responsible for their creation. Something in photography appeals to the individualist. Every photographer is, in a way, a pioneer. Whatever initial instruction they receive, some aspects of photography…
H. Gunes Kayacik Dalhousie University, Canada A. Nur Zincir-Heywood Dalhousie University, Canada Malcolm I. Heywood Dalhousie University, Canada Along with its numerous benefits, the Internet also created numerous ways to compromise the security and stability of the systems connected to it. In 2003, 137529 incidents were reported to CERT/CC? while in 1999, there were 9859 reported incidents (CE…
Assion Lawson-Body University of North Dakota, USA Firms rely on IT investments (Demirhan et al., 2002; Tuten, 2003), because a growing number of executives believe that investments in information technology (IT) (i.e., wireless technologies) help boost firm performance. The use of wireless communications and computing is growing quickly (Kim & Steinfield, 2004; Leung & Cheung, 2004; Yang et al.,…
Abdulmotaleb El Saddik School of Information Technology and Engineering University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Definition : Internet telephony is the process of making telephone calls over the Internet. Internet telephony, also referred to as IP telephony (IPT), is the process of making telephone calls over the Internet, regardless of whether traditional telephones (POTS, GSM, ISDN, etc.), sing…
[ee pat yef] (1867?1952) Russian?US chemist: pioneer of catalytic and isomerization reactions of hydrocarbons. Ipatieff trained for a military career in Tsarist Russia, as was usual for those, like him, from an aristocratic family. However, he became interested in chemistry through the influence of an uncle, and initially was self-taught, with the help of book The Fundamentals of Chemistry . He at…
Irer lived in a town attached to the pyramid of Senwosret II (r. 1844?1837 B.C.E. ) called Hotep-Senwosret. Irer was responsible for managing a household during the owner?s absence on business. She also had responsibilities as a priestess in the temple dedicated to the deceased Senwosret II. In a letter she wrote to the owner, she complains that she was unable to supervise the weaver?s workshop at…
Principal social themes: aging, end-of-life issues Miramax. R rating. Featuring: Judi Dench, Jim Broadbent, Kate Winslett, Hugh Bonneville, Penelope Wilton, Juliet Aubrey, Kris Marshall, Pauline McGlynn, Sam West, and Timothy West. Written by Richard Eyre and Charles Wood based on the books Iris: A Memoir and Elegy for Iris by John Bailey. Cinematography by Roger Pratt. Edited by Martin Walsh. Mus…
The Irish, being physically separated from the rest of the British Isles, remaining predominantly Catholic, and speaking Erse , their own variety of Celtic, have consequently been regarded as outsiders and even foreigners by many in the United Kingdom. This separation was accentuated in medieval times by a significant physical and political barrier called the English Pale, a palisade built by the …
(NBC, 3/28/1967, 120 mins). Raymond Burr found another powerful character as a wheelchair-bound San Francisco chief of detectives, crippled by a sniper?s bullet, in this pilot movie for the long-run follow-up series (1967-75) to his equally long-run ?Perry Mason.? Joining Burr in the series as regulars were Don Galloway, Donald Mitchell and Barbara Anderson (later replaced by Elizabeth Bauer). For…
One of the four major *prophets, Isaiah lived in the latter part of the eighth century B.C. in the southern Hebrew kingdom, as troubles with imperial Assyria escalated in the neighborhood. His lengthy book of sixty-six chapters (only the first thirty-nine often ascribed to him) is characterized by dramatic deeds, visions, and eloquent prophecies, many of which were interpreted by Christians as pre…
Kamala Ibrahim Ishaaq is a Sudanese artist who first emerged from within the Khartoum School in the 1960s. In 1978 Ishaaq, along with two of her students, established the crystalists, an artistic movement that embraces existentialism and rejects the nationalistic expressions of the Khartoum School. The crystalists embrace feminism and a more internationalist aesthetic that serves to critique probl…
(NBC, 12/20/1978, 120 mins). A touching dramatization of a short chapter of American history, tracing the life of the last Yahi Indian from his childhood to his death in 1917 and the story of his friendship with an anthropologist after his discovery in northern California in 1911. Veteran writer Dalton Trumbo died before finishing the teleplay that his son completed. Based on Theodora Kroeber?s 19…
(1906?88) British engineer: the most successful car designer of his time. Issigonis?s father had a marine engineering factory in Smyrna (then in Turkey) and engines were familiar to the boy from childhood; but in 1919 Smyrna was ceded to Greece, only to be invaded by the Turks in 1922. As a result the family fled, first to Malta and then to Britain. Later in the same year Alec was living in London…
Open displays or discussion of sexuality in modern drama swiftly escalated as the twentieth century progressed, beginning with a virtual silence about such matters to a point where talk about sex has become relatively commonplace and full frontal nudity hardly even shocking. In 1947, the ?rape? of Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire is only inferred, as it takes place offstage, but by 1975 …
(ABC, 11/19/1974, 90 mins). A comedy about a mild-mannered man (Paul Sorvino) who cries ?Rape!? and can?t convince anybody he was seduced and abandoned on a lonely highway by a gorgeous woman with a Cadillac and a gun. Production Company The Jozak Company. Director Cy Howard. Executive Producer Gerald I. Isenberg. Producer Arne Sultan. Teleplay Arne Sultan, Earl Barret. Photography Matthew F. Leon…
(ABC, 12/11/1977, 120 mins). A new version of Frank Capra?s 1946 classic ?It?s a Wonderful Life? with a gender switch Marlo Thomas for James Stewart, Wayne Rogers for Donna Reed, and Cloris Leachman as the guardian angel for Henry Travers. Emmy Award nominations went to Leachman as well as to art director John J. Lloyd and set decorator Hal Gausman. Production Companies Daisy Productions, Universa…
Paul B. Cragg University of Canterbury, New Zealand Theekshana Suraweera University of Canterbury, New Zealand Computer based information systems have grown in importance to small firms and are now being used increasingly to help them compete. For example, many small firms have turned to the World Wide Web to support their endeavours. Although the technology that is being used is relatively well…
(CBS, 2/22/1974, 120 mins). Biographical movie detailing the struggles of former Brooklyn Dodger catcher and Hall-of-Famer Roy Campanella to adapt to life in a wheelchair following his crippling automobile accident in 1958. Paul Winfield starred and Michael Landon directed. Cinematographer Ted Voigtlander was Emmy nominated. Production Companies Larry Harmon Pictures, Metromedia Producers Corp. Di…
English attitudes toward Italy and its peoples have historically been contradictory, a mixture of admiration and repulsion, governed by cultural affiliations and religious divisions. The positive stereotype derives from the status of Italy as the cultural repository of Roman civilization, much emphasized in medieval and Renaissance times, and persisting to this day. The list of major poets who hav…
Iti is the earliest known professional singer whose name is preserved from ancient Egypt. Her name appears along with her accompanist, Hekenu, a harpist, represented in a relief sculpture on the false door of the tomb of the judge and priest, Nikawre, and his wife, Ihat, at Saqqara. In the relief, Iti sits on the ground facing Hekenu. Her right hand makes a gesture toward the harpist. Her left han…
Alcina Prata Higher School of Management Sciences, Portugal In order to produce good iTV interfaces, namely, TV sites and interactive program applications, some specific guidelines need to be followed. However, iTV interface design is still in an embryonic phase (Bernardo, 2003) and, as it is a very recent phenomenon, no specific iTV guidelines have been defined and accepted worldwide. Since iTV …
Hasan Jabareen (also Hassan Jabarin) is the founder and general director of Adalah?The Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights in Israel. He conceptualized the legal framework of group rights of Palestinian citizens of Israel and implemented it in litigation brought by Adalah. Jabareen is mostly known for his special contribution to reshaping the judicial treatment of the Palestinian Arab community …
Daniel M. Jackson was undoubtedly the most powerful African American vice lord ever known to Chicago?s black community. He was educated, thoroughly criminal, generous to African Americans in need, political, and civic-minded. Jackson, a quiet, savvy man, ran several gambling houses out of his funeral parlors; at the same time he sacrificed his own profits to help blacks that lacked money for a pro…
Isaiah Jackson, a brilliant and renowned conductor, has been guest conductor for many of the world?s greatest orchestras. He was the first American and the first African American to serve as principal conductor and later music director for the Royal Ballet, Covent Garden, in London, England. Jackson is credited with helping the London orchestra achieve a higher level of performance. Jackson was bo…
Aversatile man, James A. Jackson worked through three highly visible arenas to promote black cultural and economic development. As editor of the Negro Department of Billboard magazine, he was a major influence in promoting black theatricals during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s. He was also well-connected with black and white professional, commercial, and industrial groups and, due to his wor…
Representative Jesse L. Jackson Jr. began service in the United States House of Representatives on December 12, 1995, as a member of the 104th Congress. He was the ninety-first African American ever elected to Congress. The elder son of well-known activist Jesse Jackson Sr., Jackson Jr. was rapidly making a name and a place for himself in U.S. politics. Jesse Jackson Jr. is the second of five chil…
JACKSON, MICHAEL (1958?). Singer, songwriter, actor. Jackson became a child star with his four brothers as the lead singer of The Jackson 5. After signing with Motown Records in 1969, the group put out 13 top-20 hits in just six years. As a solo artist, Jackson teamed with producer Quincy Jones to release his Off the Wall , album in 1979, followed by Thriller in 1981, which became the best selling…
Reggie Jackson became known as ?Mr. October? for his outstanding athletic performances in baseball, particularly during post-season playoff competition and the World Series. A member of five world championship teams with the Oakland Athletics and the New York Yankees, Jackson is best known for hitting three home runs in one game of the 1977 World Series. His efforts matched the record of Yankee le…
At a time in American politics when African Americans had a difficult time in getting elected and exerting any political influence, Robert Raymond Jackson was able to find a path into Chicago politics and gain recognition for African American voters. His experiences in the military during the Spanish American War and his efforts toward improved race relations supported his move into politics. Jack…
Samuel L. Jackson is the quintessential example of a steady rise to success, and his work ethic serves as a model of perseverance. After having a showy role in Spike Lee?s film Jungle Fever , Jackson continued to work as if each new role might be his last. From Pulp Fiction to Unbreakable to Coach Carter , he showed versatility and willingness to take chances. Samuel Leroy Jackson was born on Dece…
JACKSON, SAMUEL L. (1949?). Actor. Born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Jackson studied drama at Morehouse College in Atlanta. He moved to New York City after graduation and began to work on stage and in film. He was cast in three Spike Lee films, including School Daze , 1988; Mo? Better Blues , 1990; and Jungle Fever , 1994, for which he received the Cannes Film Festival?s Best Supporting Actor Award.…
The third of the Old Testament *patriarchs and father of the ancestors of the twelve tribes of Israel, Jacob was the son of *Isaac and *Rebecca and the grandson of *Abraham and *Sarah. His life is described in chapters 25-49 of Genesis. Events from Jacob?s life often shown in medieval art include the episode where, with the help of his mother, Jacob managed to trick his twin brother, *Esau, out of…
Margaret Jacob was born on June 9, 1943, and raised in New York City. Her mother, of Irish ancestry, was a domestic worker; her father, of German ancestry, was a mechanic. Among her early influences Jacob counts her Irish ancestry, the political interests of her parents, her participation in church, her school experience studying science, and her aunt, who was a teacher. Jacob was motivated to bec…
On an overnight stop en route from his family and birthplace to seek a new life with his relatives, *Jacob experienced a dream vision (Genesis 28:10-22) of a ladder reaching from earth to *heaven with *angels ascending and descending upon it. The subject was illustrated as early as the third century (e.g., frescoes in the synagogue of Dura Europas) and appears frequently in medieval manuscripts, s…
[yah koh bee] (1804?51) German mathematician: contributed to the theory of elliptic functions, analysis, number theory, geometry and mechanics. Jacobi was the son of a Jewish banker, and showed wide-ranging talent from childhood. He became a lecturer at K?nigsberg in 1826 and in 1832 he became a professor there. He encouraged students to do original work before they had read all the previous work …
B. April 9, 1963 Birthplace: New York City, New York Awards: Perry Ellis Golden Thimble Award, 1984 ???????? Chester Weinberg Gold Thimble Award, 1984 ???????? Best Student of the Year, Parsons, 1984 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America, Perry Ellis Award for New Fashion Talent, 1987 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America, Womenswear Designer of the Year, 1993 ?????…
(1752?1834) French technologist: devised an improved loom incorporating control by punched cards, a basic element of automation. Jacquard served apprenticeships in bookbinding, cutlery making and typefounding and then, inheriting from his parents a small weaving business, he attempted to make his living as a weaver. However, weaving patterns attractive enough to sell well was slow and difficult: h…
Bishop Thomas Dexter (T. D.) Jakes Sr. has become a world-renowned minister and broadcaster. He is the founder of the Potter?s House mega-church in Dallas, and established T. D. Jakes Ministries to help the homeless, people with AIDS, and prisoners. Born on June 9, 1957 in South Charleston, West Virginia, Jakes was the last of three children born to Ernest and Odith Jakes. His father ran a janitor…
(NBC, 3/13/1976, 120 mins). The saga of a pioneer family husband, wife and brother in law torn by jealousy, deception and rivalry in love and business as they seek their fortune on the Ohio frontier. The story, originally entitled ?The Americans? and covering a 35-year period starting in the 1820s, looks to be a trial run for Michener?s subsequent American epic, ?Centennial.? Production Companies …
(NBC, 9/5/1977, 120 mins). This was the pilot movie for the brief series that began in November 1977, later was retitled ?James at 16,? and subsequently disappeared. James is introduced here as a smitten teenager who is separated from his girl when his family moves to Boston from Oregon and, heartsick in his new urban surroundings, runs away, meets an attractive hitchhiking art student on the road…
Mary, Queen of Scots* gave birth to James on 19 June 1566; upon her escape to England slightly more than thirteen months later, he was crowned King James VI of Scotland. Thus, in July 1567, the infant James might have lost his mother, but he gained one kingdom and, through the Tudor antecedents of both parents, the possibility of another. Initially, as the pawn in Scotland?s turbulent religious an…
Born December 30, 1984, in Akron, OH; son of Gloria James. Addresses: Office ?c/o Cleveland Cavaliers/Gund Arena Company, One Center Court, Cleveland, Ohio 44115-4001. Signed with Cleveland Cavaliers, OH, 2003. Awards: Mr. Basketball (Ohio) Award, 2001; Cleveland Plain Dealer ?s Player of the Year, 2001, 2002; Gatorade National Player of the Year, 2002; USA Today National Player of the Year, 2002;…
JAMES, STEVE (1952?1993). A native of New York City, James studied art and film at C. W. Post College. After graduation, he did stage work and TV commercials, and entered the film industry as a stuntman on The Wiz , 1978; Wolfen , 1981; and Ragtime , 1981. With his buff build and a knack for the martial arts, he was soon being cast as the sidekick in action films, such as The Exterminator , 1980, …
The brother of *John the *apostle and son of Zebedee, the apostle James (d. c.44) was among the first disciples to be summoned by Jesus, who called him away from his life as a fisherman . He, along with *Peter and John, was present at the *Transfiguration of Jesus as well as (according to the Gospels of *Mark and *Luke) a witness at the *miracle of the *Raising of Jairus?s Daughter. The first apos…
nformation about the apostle James the Less is somewhat difficult to extract from the Gospels, as perhaps three different persons with the name James are mentioned among Jesus? disciples. Two apostles named James were present in Acts 1:13 at the election of Matthias (Judas?s replacement), one of these being *James the Greater; the other James is here called ?the son of Alpheus.? Elsewhere James is…
B. July 18, 1906 D. September 23, 1978 Birthplace: Sandhurst, England Awards: Coty American Fashion Critics Award, 1950, 1954 ???????? Neiman Marcus Award, Dallas, 1953 ???????? Woolens and Worsteds of America Industry Award, 1962 The Genius of Charles James , Brooklyn Museum and Art Institute of Chicago, 1982?1983 Charles James, Architect of Fashion , Fashion Institute of Technology, New Yo…
(NBC, 3/24/1971, 120 mins). A lavish, first color filming of Charlotte Bronte?s classic Gothic romance with Emmy-nominated performances by George C. Scott and Susannah York highlighting this ninth screen version of the tale. It also has been staged several times on live television a ?Studio One? adaptation in 1949, for one, starred Charlton Heston at the very beginning of his career. John Williams…
[yan skee] (1905?50) US radio engineer: discovered first astronomical radio source. Jansky studied physics at Wisconsin and joined the Bell Telephone Co in 1928. While working for them in 1931 Jansky was given the task of investigating sources of interference to shortwave radio communications. (Causes of static include thunderstorms and nearby electrical equipment.) Using a rotatable directional a…
Awards: Woolknit Award for Men?s Sweater Design (six times) Jantzen, Inc. evolved from the Portland Knitting Mills, located in Portland, Oregon, a company owned by John A. Zehntbauer, Roy C. Zehntbauer, and Carl C. Jantzen. The mill produced knit items such as sweaters, socks, and gloves which were retailed out of the factory. In 1913 Jantzen, the mills knitwear designer, experimented with a sweat…
Terms for the Japanese have reflected the catalysts of war and economic competition, both comparatively recent. Prior to the nineteenth century, geographical and cultural distance and the complete lack of contact between Japan and Britain limited lexical borrowings to titles like shogun, tycoon , and mikado . Japan and its peoples remained shrouded in an Oriental mystique. Very much the same appli…
(NBC, 3/17/1973, 90 mins). An unrealized series project for Glenn Ford as an erudite investigator specializing in fine arts cases, here tangling with an urbane villain, a bogus preacher, and his nubile, snake dancer niece while tracking down some missing rare biblical scrolls. Production Companies David Gerber Productions, Screen Gems, Columbia Pictures Television. Director Barry Shear. Executive …
Although John Jasper started life as a slave working at whatever odd jobs his owners, the Peachy family, desired, he became famous for his scripture-based, charismatic preaching. His sermons had the power to persuade even the most skeptical among the congregation and brought both blacks and whites together. Though a passionate preacher, Jasper was dogmatic in his views and that dogmatism produced …
(1950? ) British biochemist: originator of DNA fingerprinting. Jeffreys studied biochemistry and biochemical genetics at Oxford and in 1977 joined the department of genetics at the University of Leicester. In that year he discovered, with R Flavell (1945? ), the existence of introns in mammalian genes (introns are sequences of bases within DNA that do not code for a protein). Jeffreys later realiz…
JEFFRIES, HERB (1911?). Actor, singer. He is credited on the screen as Herbert Jeffrey, and became known as ?The Bronze Buckeroo,? the hard riding, fast shooting hero in a string of black musical Westerns from the late 1930s. The Michigan native began his singing career with a trio as a teenager in Detroit. While performing in a speakeasy, Lewis Armstrong recommended Jeffries to bandleader Erskine…
(1749?1823) British physician and naturalist: pioneer of vaccination. Jenner, a vicar?s son, was apprenticed to a surgeon at 13, and at 21 became a pupil of a leading surgeon and anatomist, J Hunter (1728?93) for 3 years. They had similar interests and became lifelong friends; Jenner did well, and could have continued in London, but chose to return to his native village (Berkeley, in Gloucestershi…
(NBC, 3/5/1979, 120 mins). The widow of a wealthy shipbuilder tries to hold onto his business and becomes involved with boardroom intrigue in her bitter struggle to maintain control of the company. The British TV series ?The Foundation? was the basis of this movie. Pilot to a prospective series. Production Companies Marble Arch Productions, ITC Entertainment Group. Director Guy Green. Executive Pr…
Joan M. Jensen was born on December 9, 1934, in St. Paul, Minnesota, the daughter of an Italian immigrant father and a German first-generation American mother. Her father, who served in the military, also worked as a landscape engineer and a salesman. Her mother worked full time as a homemaker. Joan was raised in California, without much influence from her father?s urban Italian Roman Catholic fam…
One of the four major *prophets, Jeremiah was born in the midseventh century B.C. and lived through the tumultuous period of the collapse of the monarchy and the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem, making insistent and dramatic predictions of the necessity of submission to defeat and exile. Initially, the youth Jeremiah was a reluctant prophet, but *God encouraged him by touching him on the mouth (a…
Jerome , one of the four Latin *Doctors of the Church, was born at Stridon in Dalmatia, brought up as a Christian, studied classical literature, traveled much throughout his life, and gained great fame for his scholarship. He lived as a hermit and in community with other ascetics at various periods in his life, was ordained a priest in Antioch, studied under Saint *Gregory Nazianzus, served as sec…
The name of Jesus falls under the basic taboo against ?taking the Lord?s name in vain? and has therefore generated a considerable number of euphemistic variants, although they are markedly less numerous than those for the name of God and evolve later. As the accompanying table shows, there are approximately a dozen such forms, starting from the early sixteenth century, while the field for the name…
(NBC, 4/3/1977 and 4/10/1977, 2 Parts, 200 mins). A reverent two-part retelling of the biblical tale with British actor Robert Powell heading an all star cast, winning Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Drama (1977-78) and for James Farentino as Best Supporting Actor in a Drama. Subsequently expanded to eight hours over four nights. Production Companies Lord Grade, ITC Entertainment Group, RAI…
John Jewel, bishop of Salisbury and apologist of the Church of England, was born on 24 May 1522 at Buden in Devonshire. In 1535, he entered Merton College, Oxford, where he came under the direction of John Parkhurst, humanist and later one of the early Elizabethan bishops, who introduced the young Jewel to humanist studies and biblical criticism. Jewel later transferred to Corpus Christi College, …
Archaeology has provided many examples of Egyptian jewelry for study. Upper-class Egyptian men and women wore jewelry and considered it essential for being fully dressed. Jewelry served to protect people, according to Egyptian thought. The areas most in need of protection were the head, neck, arms, wrists, fingers, waist, and ankles. Thus hairpins, necklaces, armlets, bracelets, finger-rings, deco…
The first half of the twentieth century was particularly marked by sporadic outbursts of American anti-Semitism, especially during periods of national stress, including both world wars, and the Great Depression. The pressure to assimilate versus the desire to maintain a familiar ethnicity, as with any immigrant group, has been constant, but perhaps more insidious with Jewish Americans whose appear…
During the Middle Ages, Jews lived in Islamic and Christian areas of Europe. The Jewish contributions to medieval life, culture, and urban growth were enormous. Jewish scholars, especially in Spain, were responsible for translating many classical and scientific texts, previously unknown in the west, into Hebrew and Latin from Arabic sources. For example, the study of *Aristotle by the great Jewish…
Jews have for centuries attracted animus, negative stereotypes, ethnic insults, and persecution from the host populations among whom they have lived. The grounds, so far as they can be rationally explained, have ostensibly derived from their religious difference and their commercial practices. However, the growth of other vicious stereotypes, based on legend, fabrication, and propaganda rather tha…
(1840?1912) British physician: pioneer for medical education for women in Britain. Sophia Jex-Blake was born in Hastings, the youngest daughter of Thomas Jex-Blake, a lawyer. Her brother Thomas William became headmaster of Rugby and dean of Wells. She studied at Queen?s College for Women in London and became tutor in mathematics there (1859?61). In 1865 she went to the USA to study medicine at Bos…
Definition: The JPEG File Exchange Format is a minimal file format that allows the exchange of JPEG bitstreams among different applications and platforms. It uses a number of markers to break a JPEG stream down into its component structures. Markers are two bytes in length and the first byte always contains the value 0?FF; the second byte contains a code that specifies the marker type. Table 1 sho…
(ABC, 3/26/1972, 120 mins). In this pilot for the 1972-73 series, a detective specializing in missing-persons cases finds himself accused of murder after being found unconscious in the apartment of a slain state official. James Wainwright proved to be a rather unlikely though likeable TV series hero. Retitled ?Man on the Move.? Production Company Universal Television. Director William A. Graham. P…
First mentioned in the second century apocryphal Protevangelium of James , Joachim was the father of the Virgin *Mary and the husband of Saint *Anne. The lives of Joachim and Anne were elaborated in the thirteenth-century …
Awards: American Fashion Critics Coty Award, 1978 ???????? Footwear New Designer of the Year Award, 1986 ???????? Cutty Sark Award, 1986 ???????? Fashion Footwear Association of New York Award, 1990 ???????? Michelangelo Award, 1993 ???????? Women?s Achievement Award Girl Scout Council of Greater New York, 1995 ???????? Financial Women?s Association Entrepreneurial Award, 1996 ??????…
The story of Job is told in the Old Testament book which bears his name. He was a very rich and extremely devout man but was forced to go through a gruesome series of tragedies and physical sufferings. The *Devil accused Job of remaining pious only so long as he remained prosperous and felt protected by *God. God gave the Devil permission to test Job, which resulted in Job losing his goods, sheep,…
(1955-) Apple Computer Maverick computer innovator Steve Jobs, along with his friend and partner, Steve Wozniak, formed the Apple Computer Company in the late 1970s. They pioneered the design and development of desktop computers for the general public. The creation of the Macintosh computer in the mid-1980s ushered in a new era of tremendously widespread user friendly machines. After being ouste…
Jockey International is one of the leading men?s underwear brands in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, the Phillippines, and South Africa. The company?s products are sold in more than 120 countries throughout the world. Jockey, which originated as S.T. Cooper and Sons, a hosiery company in Saint Joseph, Michigan, was founded in 1876 by Samuel T. Cooper who wanted to improv…
Awards: Woolmark Award, 1991 ???????? Marty Award, 1991 ???????? Absolute Golden Shears Award, 1992 ???????? MIRA Award, 1992????????Earnie Award for Children?s Design Excellence, 1994, 1995 In 1985 Nicholas Graham, a native of Canada, used $1,000 to start a novelty tie business. The business developed into Joe Boxer after Graham created a line of men?s boxer shorts featuring whimsical desig…
Dorothy O. Johansen was born on May 19, 1904, to John H. Johansen of Germany and Sophie (Binder) Johansen in Seaside, Oregon. She attended Reed College and received her B.A. in 1933, an M.A. from the University of Washington in 1935, and a Ph.D. in 1941. Before that, she taught school from 1922 to 1927 in Oregon and from 1927 to 1930 in Yakima, Washington. After receiving her M.A., Johansen was an…
(1943? ) US palaeoanthropologist: discovered Australopithecus afarensis, the oldest hominid yet found. After graduating in anthropology from the University of Chicago in 1966, Johanson conducted research in Chicago and Alaska before joining an archaeological expedition to the Omo River, southern Ethiopia, from 1970?2. He then turned his attention to Afar, in north-eastern Ethiopia, where he and Ma…
B. March 14, 1906 D. June 25, 1993 Birthplace: Munich, Germany Awards: Coty American Fashion Critics Award, 1943 ????????? Neiman Marcus Award, 1950 ????????? Millinery Institute of America Award, 1956 John P. John, born John (Hans) Piocelle Harberger, immigrated to the United States and worked initially as a dressmaker for Mme. Laurel in 1926, before forming a partnership with Frederic Hirst …
John the Baptist (d. c.30) plays an extremely significant role in the Gospels and in Christian art primarily in his foreshadowing and recognition of Jesus as the Messiah (the Lamb of God, * Agnus Dei ) when he baptized Jesus in the river Jordan John had been living as Page?137? an austere preacher in the wilderness, feeding on locusts and wild honey, dressing in camel skin robes, and calling for r…
John, the son of Zebedee and brother of Saint James the Greater, plays an important role in the Gospels and in art from the early Christian period onward. Traditionally identified as the ?disciple whom Jesus loved? (John 13:23), his significance in the Gospels, his reputed authorship of the Gospel of John and several Epistles, as well as his role as recipient of the *Apocalypse have earned him an …
(NBC, 1/27/1977, 120 mins). The dramatization of a chapter in the bestselling 1972 book by Kenneth O?Donnell, David F. Powers and Joe McCarthy, focusing on young John Kennedy?s first run for office as he sought a congressional seat in the 1946 election. Production Companies Talent Associates, Jamel Productions. Director Gilbert Cates. Executive Producer David Susskind. Producer Lionel Chetwynd. Te…
B. August 10, 1942 Birthplace: Wethersfield, Connecticut Awards: Mademoiselle Merit Award, 1970 ???????? Coty American Fashion Critics? ?Winnie,? 1971 ???????? American Printed Fabrics Council Tommy Award, 1971, 1990 As a girl, Betsey Johnson dreamed of becoming a dancer and began sewing dance costumes to pay for her lessons. She attended Syracuse University where she graduated magna cum laude…
1948 Born in Evanston, Illinois on April 23 1967 Works as political cartoonist for The Southern Illinoisian 1968 Interns for The Chicago Tribun 1969 Works as teaching assistant, Southern Illinois University 1970 Marries Joan New 1970?84 Broadcasts Charlie?s Pad , a 52-part series on PBS 1973 Receives M.A. in philosophy from Southern Illinois University 1977 Works as assistant professor at the Univ…
JOHNSON, CLARK (1954?). Actor, director. Johnson played football while attending film school in Canada. He started acting in bit roles on Canadian productions while also serving as camera assistant, special effects, and doing stunts. His Hollywood career began in 1987 with roles in Wild Thing , 1987; Adventures in Babysitting , 1987; and Nowhere to Hide , 1987. He also supplied a voice for the ABC…
Samuel Johnson (1709?1784) is still the most famous lexicographer of the English language, and his magisterial Dictionary of the English Language (1755) remains a major monument in the history of the English dictionary, to the point that many of its definitions were carried over into the authoritative Oxford English Dictionary and acknowledged by a simple bracketed capital ?J.? As Robert Burchfiel…
Writing primarily between 1913 and 1920, Fenton Johnson produced a group of memorable poems expressing despair about race relations. Other significant poems use language to convey the power of spirituals. Johnson was part of the new imagistic poetry of the early twentieth century, which had Midwestern and specifically Chicago roots. A self-published writer and founding editor of two short-lived pe…
Born September 17, 1975, in El Cajon, California; son of Gary (a heavy-machine operator) and Cathy (a school bus driver) Johnson; married Chandra Lynn Janway (a model), December 11, 2004. Addresses: Contact ?Hendrick Motorsports, 4400 Papa Joe Hendrick Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28262-5703. Home ?Charlotte, NC. Raced in off-road competitions; began racing trucks off-road and in stadiums; raced in the Am…
(1918-) Johnson Communications; Johnson Publishing Company Inc. From extremely poor beginnings, which included living on welfare as a child, John H. Johnson started a publishing business and turned a $500 loan into a $300 million success. Johnson, who publishes Ebony and Jet , is one of the 400 richest men in America. John Harold Johnson was born in 1918 into poverty. He spent the early part…
Long before the lottery became legal in Illinois, John V. ?Mushmouth? Johnson owned several gambling houses in Chicago, the first African American to do so. By delivering votes, Johnson influenced Chicago politics, thus providing protection for his enterprises. He gave generously to philanthropic endeavors to help his race, establishing a precedent that other gambling tycoons would follow. Persona…
JOHNSON, NOBLE (1881?1978). Actor, producer. Often noted as being the first black actor, Johnson is perhaps best remembered for his part in organizing the Lincoln Motion Picture Company in 1915, along with fellow actor Clarence Brooks. Johnson was born in Marshall, Missouri, and left school at 15 to work and travel with his father who was an expert horse trainer. Before turning to acting, Johnson …
(1893-1968) Johnson & Johnson Company Robert Wood Johnson was the head of the famous Johnson & Johnson Company, a supplier of health care and baby products founded by his father. He was known as a humane employer, a wartime administrator, an author, a philanthropist, and a liberal business leader. His name survives today not only in the company itself, but also in the philanthropic functions of …
JOHNSON vs. JEFFRIES FIGHT FILM . 1910. On 4 July, 1910, in 100 degree heat at an outdoor boxing ring near Reno, Nevada, film cameras recorded what was supposed to be the fight of the century. Former heavyweight champion Jim Jeffries was reluctantly brought out of retirement to fight Jack Johnson, a black man. The film begins with the master of ceremonies inviting a few former champs into the ring…
William Johnson, in his efforts to keep orderly records of his business transactions and the events in Natchez, Mississippi, wrote one of the most important historic documents of Antebellum America. His diaries constitute one of the few records that give extensive insight into this part of U.S. social and economic history. As a slave who had been freed, Johnson became a successful businessman and …
[zholyoh k?ree] (1897?1956) French nuclear physicist: co-discoverer of artificially-induced radioactivity. Ir?ne, daughter of , had a unique education; she was taught at home, in physics by her mother, in maths and in chemistry . In the First World War she served as a radiographer, then inadequately protected against radiation; later, she became a victim, like her mother, of leukaemia, fairly cert…
[zholyoh] (1900?58) French nuclear physicist: co-discoverer of artificially-induced radioactivity. Trained in science in Paris, Joliot became assistant to in 1925 and soon proved his skill as an experimenter. Mme Curie?s elder daughter Ir?ne was already her assistant in the Radium Institute, and she and Joliot married in 1926. (After his marriage, he took the name Joliot-Curie.) Their personalitie…
(1857?1933) Irish geologist and physicist. Joly studied a range of sciences and engineering at Trinity College, Dublin, became professor of geology there in 1897 and held this post until his death. Early in his career he devised the steam calorimeter always linked with his name; he used it to find the specific heat of minerals and, for the first time, the specific heat of gases at constant volume.…
Jonah was a Hebrew *prophet, associated with the eighth century B.C. , whose story is recounted in the short Old Testament book which bears his name. He disobeyed *God?s command to go to Nineveh and preach against the wickedness of its citizens; instead he boarded a ship bound for another city. God hurled a great storm at the sea, and the sailors cast lots to determine the cause of the storm. Jona…
Gospel music was not popular on television before the advent of Bobby Jones and his TV program Bobby Jones Gospel Hour . In 2004, he celebrated his twenty-fifth season as one of the most popular shows on Black Entertainment Television (BET). As host and executive producer of the number one syndicated gospel television program, seen by millions of viewers, Jones is synonymous with gospel television…
Edward P. Jones began by publishing short stories in magazines such as Essence, Callaloo , and the New Yorker . However, it was his two books that brought him acclaim. The works were written ten years apart but when published, each made an impact. The first, Lost in the City , is a collection of fourteen short stories set in Washington, D.C. The second work, The Known World , is a novel about slav…
Born in 1872, Edward Perry Jones made a stunning contribution to the society when African Americans had many barriers that often prevented them from excelling. Jones was born at the end of the Reconstruction period when the many freedoms that African Americans enjoyed in that period were being revoked by the black codes and ultimately, the Jim Crow laws. Jones was born in Hinds County, Mississippi…
JONES, JAMES EARL (1931?). Actor. The son of actor Robert Earl Jones, James Earl Jones was born in Tate County, Mississippi, and raised on his grandparent?s farm near Jackson, Michigan. He has had a distinguished career on stage, television, and film. Highly praised for his numerous Shakespearean roles, including Othello , he also embraced a number of contemporary and avant-garde stage productions…
1816 Born free in Greene County, North Carolina on November 3 1844 Marries Mary Jane Richardson; files for certificate of freedom 1845 Relocates to Chicago with wife and child; opens tailoring shop 1847 Appeals to Illinois State Constitutional Convention for repeal of Black Laws 1848 Elected delegate to Colored National Convention 1850 Attends black rally at Quinn Chapel; appointed to resolutions …
(1933-) Quincy Jones Entertainment Company After beginning his career as a teenage jazz trumpeter of note, Quincy Delight Jones, Jr., has gone on to become a virtual one-man musical entertainment powerhouse. He boasts a string of stellar credits not only as a musician but also as a composer, arranger, producer, and entrepreneur. And as one of the first African American executives of a major re…
JONES, QUINCY (1933?). Composer, arranger, producer. Jones began playing the trumpet while attending grade school in Seattle, Washington. By his early teens, he had met and worked with Count Basie and Ray Charles, and received a scholarship to attend Boston?s Berklee School of Music. Oscar Pettiford invited Jones to New York, where he met Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, and Thelonious Monk. Shortly a…
Active participation in the African American community was an important commitment that Robert Elijah Jones made to his church and his community. Early on he was ordained as a Methodist Episcopal minister and later became the first elected African American bishop of the Methodist Church. In his role as bishop Jones supported efforts to give African Americans a voice in the activities and decisions…
The notable playwright, collaborator, actor, and friend of William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson (1572?1637) was a cantankerous man who lived adventurously, killing a fellow actor in a duel, converting to Catholicism while in prison, leaving and reconsorting with his wife, and having an indeterminate number of children, not all of them legitimate. Consistently in trouble with the authorities for his dar…
Ben Jonson was born in London around 1572, one month after his father?s death. The following year, his mother married a bricklayer, a profession Jonson also followed intermittently, though apparently viewing it with contempt. With a patron?s help, he attended Westminster School and studied with William Camden, but he did not finish school or go on to university. He married Anne Lewis in 1594, a ma…
[zhord?] (1838?1922) French mathematician: a major contributor to group theory. Jordan trained as an engineer at the ?cole Polytechnique, and as an engineer pursued mathematics in his spare time. At 35 he joined the mathematical staff of the ?cole Polytechnique and taught at the Coll?ge de France. Jordan absorbed the ideas of the ill-fated and developed a rigorous theory of finite, and then infini…
(1963-) Michael Jordan is one of the greatest basketball players of all time. He has won an NCAA basketball championship, two Olympic gold medals, six NBA (National Basketball Association) championship titles, and is certainly the most well-known athlete of the late 1980s and 1990s. It has been claimed that he has single-handedly, fundamentally changed the sports business in the 1990s. ?What was o…
The dramatic life of Joseph, the favored son of *Jacob, is described in chapters 37-48 of Genesis. He was a very popular subject in early Christian and medieval art; narrative scenes from Joseph?s life include: his father favoring him with a gift of a multicolored or long-sleeved coat; his jealous brothers throwing him down a well and selling him into slavery; his adventures in Egypt, including fl…
As recounted in all four Gospels, Joseph of Arimathea was a rich man, a prominent and respected member of the Jewish community, who secretly became a disciple of Jesus. After the *Crucifixion, he obtained permission from *Pontius Pilate to bury Jesus? body, which he did, in an unused tomb he had previously purchased for himself. Joseph of Arimathea thus appears primarily in scenes of the *Depositi…
Joseph was the husband of the Virgin*Mary. He is described in the Gospels as a pious man, of kingly descent a craftsman (Matthew 13:55, translated as ?carpenter?). Matthew describes how he was visited by an *angel in a dream, before his marriage to Mary; the angel reassured him that his pregnant wife-to-be was divinely chosen to give birth to the savior Jesus. After their marriage, Joseph is descr…
(1940? ) British theoretical physicist: discovered tunnelling between superconductors. Josephson studied at Cambridge and remained to become a professor of physics (1974). He discovered the Josephson effect while still a research student (1962), by considering two superconducting regions separated by a thin region of insulator (perhaps 1?2 nm thick). He showed theoretically that a current can flow…
Hannah Josephson was born on June 6, 1900, in New York, New York, to Abraham David and Anna (Levinson) Geffen. She studied at Hunter College (now Hunter College of the City University of New York) from 1916 to 1918 and at Columbia Graduate School of Journalism from 1918 to 1919. She married Matthew Josephson, a writer, on May 6, 1920. She began working as a newspaper reporter and magazine editor. …
The Jewish priest, aristocrat, military leader, and historian Flavius Josephus played an important role in, and wrote about, the war waged between the Romans and the *Jews (66-70). The leader of Galilean forces in the revolt, Josephus was taken prisoner by the Romans in 67, after which he won the favor of the Roman emperor Vespasian and his successors, the emperors Titus and Domitian. His surrende…
Joshua, companion and helper of *Moses, became the leader of the Israelites after the *death of Moses and directed the conquests of the city of Jericho and other sites in the land of Canaan. Several scenes from his life are often illustrated in art, including the miraculous passage through the Jordan river, his meeting an *angel, the fall of the city of Jericho, the sun and the moon standing still…
[jowl] (1818?89) British physicist; established the mechanical theory of heat. Joule grew up in a wealthy Manchester brewing family, a shy and delicate child. He received home tuition from in elementary science and mathematics. He was attracted to physics and especially to the problems of heat and began experimental work in a laboratory near the brewery. Joule?s skill enabled him to measure heat a…
Joyce Meyer was born in 1943 in Missouri. After she was born, her father enlisted in the Army. Meyer has reported that her father began to molest her following his return. Meyer shares her experience in meetings. Following her graduation from high school, Meyer married a part-time car salesman. Her new husband cheated on her frequently and encouraged her to steal money from her employer. Their mar…
Tom Joyner has used his talents and opportunities to redefine the role of radio host beyond the traditional perception of disc jockey (DJ) throughout his media career. Joyner expanded his influence to the national level, used his media platform to inform as well as entertain his audiences, supported a variety of causes related to the African American community and others, and generated financial s…
Definition: JPEG is an image compression standard (ISO IS 10918-1) published by The Joint Photographic Experts Group in 1994. JPEG has become the most widely used format for storing digital photographs ever since. The original JPEG specification defines four compression modes]: In this discussion we will limit ourselves to the sequential (default) mode. The JPEG encoder (Figure 1) consists of the …
Hong Man Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA Alen Docef Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA Faouzi Kossentini UB Video, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Definition: JPEG 2000 is a wavelet-based image compression standard created by the Joint Photographic Experts Group committee with the intention of superseding their original DCT-based JPEG stan…
Definition: JPEG-LS is an image compression standard (ISO/IEC-14495-1 / ITU-T Rec. T.87) designed to provide effective lossless and near lossless compression of continuous-tone, gray scale and color still images. Near lossless , in this context, means a guaranteed maximum error between the original image data and the reconstructed image data. One of its main potential driving forces is the compres…
A Saudi Arabian spokesperson and diplomat, Adil al-Jubayr (also Adel al-Jubeir) became ambassador to the United States in 2007. Al-Jubayr was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in 1962 to a family involved in diplomacy and government. An uncle, Shaykh Muhammad bin Ibrahim bin Jubayr, served as minister of justice and became the first head of Saudi Arabia?s Shura Council (Majlis al-Shura), an appointed,…
One of the twelve *apostles, Judas was responsible for the *Betrayal of *Christ, which led to Christ?s *Arrest, *Trials, and eventual *Crucifixion. The Gospels recount that Judas struck a bargain with the Jewish high priests either before or after the *Last Supper and received thirty pieces of silver in payment for leading guards to Jesus in the garden of Gethsemane and identifying him . Judas is …
Leader of the Jewish revolt against the Seleucid rulers in the second century B.C. , Judas (called ?the Hammer?) was a very successful military commander and strategist. Especially acclaimed for his liberation of Jerusalem and rededication of the Temple, which had been profaned by pagan *idols and sacrifices, his rebuilding of the Temple altar is commemorated by the festival of Hanukkah. Although …
Jude (or Judas Thaddeus) was one of the twelve *apostles and traditionally the *author of the Epistle of Jude. He is mentioned by name in the Gospels (in lists of the apostles, e.g., *Luke 6:16) and is cited as having been present at the *Last Supper and *Pentecost . Apocryphal texts expand upon his role in the New Testament; the Passion (or Acts) of Simon and Jude (contained within the Apostolic …
(ABC, 12/29/1974, 120 mins). A handsomely produced detective movie set in seventh-century China, with a totally distinctive sleuth faced with an unusual case involving his three wives, a killer bear, three murders, a one-armed lady, a dead monk, a chamber of horrors, a vengeful swordsman, a lovesick juggler, a kidnapped nun and a nagging head cold. Every role major, supporting or extra?is portraye…
(NBC, 4/22/1976, 120 mins). A dramatization of the headline-making case in the 1930s of the controversial rape trial involving nine young black men and two white women, and of the embattled Southern judge (played by Arthur Hill) whose initial decision to free them made him a pariah in the community and ruined his career. The nine ultimately were convicted, but the case subsequently was overturned …
Principal social themes: racism/civil rights, hate groups Tomorrow Entertainment. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Arthur Hill, Vera Miles, Lewis J. Stadlen, Ken Kercheval, Ellen Barber, Suzanne Lederer, Tom Ligon, David Harris, Ronny Clanton, Gregory Wyatt, Wallace Thomas, Larry Butts, Bruce Watson. Written by John McGreevey based on the book Scottsboro: A Tragedy of the American South by Dan T. Carter…
One of the episodes from the life of the wise King *Solomon very often illustrated in early Christian, Byzantine, and western medieval art, the Judgment of Solomon is described in 1 Kings 3:16-28. The text recounts that two harlots, who shared a house and who had each recently given birth to a son, came to Solomon carrying only one infant. One of them accused the other of having stolen the living …
The story of Judith is told in the Old Testament apocryphal Book of Judith. She was a pious and attractive widow who became a great heroine by her murder of the Assyrian general Holofernes, thus ending the Assyrians? seige of the Jewish city of Bethulia. The inhabitants of the city were on the verge of surrendering, as advised by their chief priest, Ozias, whom Judith admonished. Pretending to hav…
Margaret Atwood Judson was born in Winsted, Connecticut, on November 5, 1899, to George W. and Minnie (Atwood) Judson. She obtained a B.A. from Mt. Holyoke College in 1922 and an M.A. and a Ph.D. from Radcliffe College (1923 and 1933, respectively). She was also awarded an LL.D. from Rutgers University in 1968 and a Litt.D. from Mt. Holyoke in 1972. Judson was an instructor of history at Douglass …
Born in 1968, in Portland, ME; daughter of an attorney and a teacher; married Manny Howard (a food writer), 1997 (divorced, 1999); married Ben Marcus (a writer and editor), 2002. Education: Earned degree from Dartmouth College, 1990; Columbia University, M.F.A., 1996. Addresses: Agent ?Henry Dunow Literary Agency, 22 W. 23rd St., 5th Flr., New York, NY 10010. Home ?Brooklyn, NY, and Brooklin, ME. …
B. February 8, 1948 Birthplace: Chapel Hill, North Carolina Awards: Coty American Fashion Critics Award, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1984 ???????? Cutty Sark Award 1980, 1985, 1988 ???????? Cutty Sark Achievement Award, 1988 ???????? Men?s Woolknit Design Award, 1981 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America Award, 1982 ???????? Major Collection, Pinnacle Design Achievement Award, 199…
Hubert Fauntleroy Julian was one of the first blacks in aviation. He was the first black parachutist and the first black to fly across the United States. Some called Julian a showman, a fraud, full of big talk. To others, Julian was a hero who did much to advance black aviation. Some labeled Julian a gun runner who dealt with less than scrupulous characters if the price was right. Other people kne…
Walid Jumblatt is a Lebanese politician who has played a major role in the politics of Lebanon since his father?s assassination in 1977, and became one of the most outspoken leaders in the anti-Syrian Cedar Revolution. He is also the most prominent Druze leader in all of Lebanon, and the leader of the Progressive Socialist Party of Lebanon. To underestimate the amount of stress and strife that he …
(NBC, 10/2/1977, 120 mins). A Vietnam veteran attempts to rehabilitate his buddy who has become bitter and withdrawn after losing an arm and a leg in war action a loss that he feels his friend could have prevented. This film marked actor James Stacy?s return to TV (he previously had acted in the theatrical movie ?Posse? with Kirk Douglas) following a crippling motorcycle accident and earned him an…