[k? nuh] (1837?1900) German physiologist: discovered reversible photosensitivity of animal eye pigment. Although K?hne was a medical man, taught by , and a professor of physiology (mainly at Heidelberg), his selection and approach to problems was rather that of a chemist. He worked on trypsin from pancreatic juice and coined the name enzyme (Greek, ?in yeast?) for the class of ?ferments? which act…
kah? man] (1881?1963) Hungarian?US physicist: discovered K?rm?n vortices. Von K?rm?n studied engineering at the Budapest Technical University and at the University of G?ttingen. He subsequently became director of the Aachen Institute and of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology; he was instrumental in setting up the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at CalTech an…
Abd al-Karim Abd al-Aziz Muhammad al-Kabli is a distinguished Sudanese musician, singer, poet, and researcher in folklore and culture. His creative contribution to Sudanese music is reflected in more than 150 songs and lyrics of diverse themes. His diligent efforts and research in Sudanese folklore have helped preserve important pieces of literary and musical heritage of Sudanese culture. As ambas…
Born June 19, 1949, in Warsaw, Poland; son of Rajmund (an engineer) and Jadwiga (a professor of literature) Kaczynski; married Maria Mackiewicz (an economic researcher), 1978; children: Marta. Education: Earned degree in law and administration from Warsaw University; Gdansk University, Ph.D., 1976. Addresses: Home ?Warsaw, Poland. Office ?c/o The Embassy of The Republic of Poland, 2640 16th St. NW…
B. June 27, 1945 Birthplace: New York City, New York Award: Coty American Fashion Critics Award, 1981, 1982, 1983 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America Award, 1982, 1985 ???????? Ernie Award, 1983 ???????? Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising Award, 1984 ???????? CFDA Award, Innovative Use of Video in Presentation and Promotion of Fashion, 1984 ???????? 6th Annual Int…
[ kam erlingk aw nes] (1853?1926) Dutch physicist: liquefied helium for the first time and discovered superconductivity. Kamerlingh-Onnes studied physics at Groningen and then spent 2 years in Heidelberg studying under . His special interest was then in finding new proofs of the Earth?s rotation, but after he became professor at Leiden in 1882 he concentrated on the properties of matter at low tem…
Born April 23, 1967, in Akron, OH; daughter of Harry (a candy factory owner and insurance agent) and Connie (a homemaker) Kanakaredes; married Peter Constantinides (a chef and restaurateur), September 6, 1992; children: Zoe, Karina Eleni. Education: Attended Ohio State University, c. 1985?87; earned B.F.A. (magna cum laude), from Point Park College, Pittsburgh, PA. Addresses: Office ?c/o CBS Telev…
B. 1969 Birthplace: Brooklyn, New York Awards: Entrepreneur of the Year, Inc. Magazine, 1995 ???????? Company of the Year, Black Enterprise , 1996 When Carl Williams (Karl Kani) started selling his designs to his friends in Brooklyn he could not have imagined the cross-cultural impact he would have on fashion. Kani?s street-inspired fashions transcend the African-American, urban, hip-hop niche. …
Although the early history of jazz is often depicted as a move from New Orleans to Chicago and New York, other significant cities were involved in its evolution, most notably Kansas City. Many jazz groups in the 1920s, 1930s, and into the 1940s were based in smaller cities, spending time on the road, usually in the Midwest and the Southwest. These territory bands, as they were called, had strong r…
[ka pit sa] (1894?1984) Russian physicist: experimenter on high magnetic fields and low temperatures. Son of one general (an engineer) and grandson of another, Kapitsa studied electrical engineering at the Petrograd Polytechnic (St Petersburg), graduated in 1918, and continued there as a lecturer for 3 years. In 1919 his first wife and two children died in the famine following the revolution, and …
Mehrangiz Kar is an Iranian lawyer, writer, and human rights activist. She fought for women?s and children?s rights in the 1990s, was arrested in 2000, and has lived in the United States since 2001. Kar was born in 1944 in Ahvaz, capital of the southwest Iranian province of Khuzistan. She moved to Tehran to study at the Faculty of Law and Political Science of the University of Tehran, graduating w…
Tugba Karademir is a Turkish figure skater, the first Turk and first Muslim woman to figure skate at the Olympic Games. Karademir was born in Ankara, Turkey, on 17 March 1985. She first began ice skating in 1990 at the age of five, when an ice rink?the first and only one in Turkey?opened in her hometown. Her kindergarten class went to weekly lessons at the rink. Karademir, however, soon took skati…
(1948-) Donna Karan International Inc. Donna Karan has earned a reputation as an innovative marketer and world-class fashion designer with her label Donna Karan New York. Formerly a co-designer of Anne Klein, her small start-up company expanded into a fashion empire during the 1980s. Donna Karan was born Donna Faske on October 2, 1948, in Forest Hills, New York. Her mother was a model and her fa…
B. October 2, 1948 Birthplace: Forest Hills, New York Awards: Coty American Fashion Critics ?Winnie,? 1977, 1981, 1984, 1985 ???????? CFDA, Best Designer, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1997 ???????? Fashion Footwear Association of New York Award, 1988 ???????? CFDA, Best Men?s Designer, 1991 ???????? Woolmark Award, 1992 Donna Karan grew up Donna Faske in Forest Hills, New York, and seemed desti…
[kar er] (1889?1971) Swiss organic chemist: best known for work on carotenoids and vitamins. Karrer was born in Moscow. His father was a Swiss dentist and he returned with his parents to the Swiss countryside when he was 3; in 1908 he began to study chemistry at Z?rich under . His DPhil work with him was in inorganic chemistry, and afterwards he worked with in Frankfurt on organo-arsenic compounds…
Hamid Karzai (sometimes known as ?the mayor of Kabul?) is the president of Afghanistan. He was installed under the aegis of the invading U.S. forces in 2001, and subsequently confirmed by parliamentary action in 2002 and an election in 2004. Born on 24 December 1957 in Afghanistan?s southern Kandahar province, Karzai was the fourth of seven sons and one daughter. Karzai was born into the ethnic Pa…
Samir Kassir (also Qasir), a Lebanese historian and journalist who defended in his articles, books, lectures, and political activism, the causes of democracy, independence, and ?renaissance? in Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and the Arab world, was assassinated in Beirut on 2 June 2005. Kassir was born in Beirut on 4 May 1960 to a Lebanese Palestinian father and a Lebanese Syrian mother. He came from …
(ABC, 5/26/1978, 120 mins). Comedy Western about a turn-of-the-century lady investigator who goes to the wide-open spaces to capture a gang of outlaws headed by a charming Robin Hood of the plains, leading a band of dispossessed ranchers against a stuffy English land baron who has cheated them out of their property. Production Company Aaron Spelling Productions. Director Burt Kennedy. Executive Pr…
(CBS, 4/11/1975, 90 mins). A flamboyant Denver lady lawyer, with the help of her father, a retired cop who does the leg work for her investigations, and her brother, a Jesuit priest and university law professor, unravels a murder case of a society woman who allegedly stabbed her husband. This was the plot for Anne Meara?s short-lived series (1975-76). Production Companies A.P.A. Productions, Param…
Principal social themes: disabilities, women?s rights Columbia. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Meredith Baxter Birney, Ed Asner, Ben Masters, Georgann Johnson, Tracy Nelson, Shari Belafonte, Leslie Bevis, Mackenzie Phillips, Sharon Spelman, Liz Torres, Mindy Seeger, Duke Moose-kian, Summer Phoenix, Liberty Phoenix. Written by Denise DeGarmo and Susan Seeger. Cinematography by Dennis Dalzell. Edited by…
(ABC, 10/5/1975, 120 mins). The socialite-to-revolutionary evolution of a pampered young heiress (Sissy Spacek) whose concern leads her first to the Peace Corps and ultimately to a group of political terrorists bent on changing the system. Art Carney, as her father in this film paralleling the Patty Hearst case, received an Emmy nomination as Best Supporting Actor. Originally shown as a two-hour m…
(NBC, 10/23/1978, 120 mins). Kim Bassinger plays a na?ve Texas beauty queen seeking Hollywood stardom who quickly learns the realities of the business after encountering an unethical modeling school. Production Companies Moonlight Productions, Warner Bros. Television. Director Robert Greenwald. Producers Frank von Zerneck, Robert Greenwald. Teleplay Nancy Audley. Photography Donald M Morgan. Music…
Nikki Keddie was born on August 30, 1930, in New York City, where she attended the City and Country School through grade eight and then Horace Mann-Lincoln High School. Her father, a business manager, and her mother, a translator, were both of Russian ancestry. As an undergraduate Keddie attended Radcliffe College, where she received a bachelor?s degree in history and literature in 1951. She earne…
[kay kuhlay] (1829?96) German organic chemist; founder of structural organic chemistry, and proposer of ring structure for benzenoid compounds. Kekul? began his student career in architecture at Giessen, but he heard give evidence in a murder trial and was attracted to his chemistry lectures. Later he studied in Paris and London. He claimed that the key idea of organic molecular structure came to …
Louise Phelps Kellogg, once described as ?the best-known woman historian in the West? by the American Historical Association, was born to Mary Isabella (Belle) Phelps and Amherst Willoughby Kellogg, an insurance executive, on May 12, 1862, in Milwaukee. She attended school in Evanston, Illinois, and Dearborn Seminary in Chicago. She graduated from Milwaukee College in 1882 and taught at a Milwauke…
(1860-1951) Kellogg Company Will Keith Kellogg invented corn flakes, one of the most popular types of breakfast cereal. He had a genius for business and developed advertising campaigns that were considered to be ahead of their time. He was one of the first advertisers to make use of test markets and product sampling, and to use modern, four-color magazine ads. Despite his reputation for being a …
Joan Kelly Gadol was born on March 29, 1928, in Brooklyn, New York, to George V. and Ruth (Jacobsen) Kelly. She attended St. John?s University College and received a B.A. (summa cum laude) in 1953. She received an M.A. in 1954 from Columbia University and a Ph.D. in 1963. She was a lecturer for City College of the City University of New York from 1956 to 1963. She was assistant professor from 1963…
Born c. 1972; daughter of a judge and a board of elections commissioner; married Mark Ludvigsen (a bond salesman; died, 2001); remarried, c. 2004; children: Sully (son, with second husband). Education: Earned undergraduate degree in English from State University of New York?Binghampton, 1992; Columbia University, master?s degree in psychology. Addresses: Home ?New York, NY. Website ?http://www.tar…
B. 1955 D. January 1, 1990 Birthplace: Vicksburg, Mississippi Whimsy and playfulness characterize Patrick Kelly?s designs. He was known for his sexy spandex dresses with bold, theatrical embellishments. By decorating his designs with mismatched buttons, black baby dolls, rhinestones, and exaggerated frills, he created lighthearted designs that captured the spirit of the 1980s. Kelly created a pers…
(1905-1998) Kelly Services, Inc. William Russell Kelly capitalized on businesses? needs for temporary clerical and office support, and turned the idea into the billion dollar Kelly Services, Inc. The company evolved as industry needs changed, and temporary services were expanded to include marketing, labor, and technical support. William Russell Kelly was born in British Columbia, Canada, in 190…
(1886?1972) US biochemist: pioneer of corticosteroid biochemistry. Kendall studied chemistry at Columbia University, New York and afterwards worked mainly at the Mayo Foundation in Rochester, MN. During the First World War he isolated from the thyroid gland a new amino acid, thyroxin. This contains iodine, and it is a component of the thyroid hormone (thyroglobulin) that partly controls the rate o…
B. 1982 Birthplace: New York City, New York Kenneth Cole was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, where he was exposed to shoemaking by his father whose El Greco ladies shoe manufacturing business produced Candies shoes. At twenty-two Cole realized he wanted to venture in the world of law rather than shoes and planned to attend New York University of Law but decided to delay his decision when an…
Actress, drama professor, writer, and director Yildiz Kenter is the best-known woman to have worked at the Turkish State Theater. Kenter has dedicated her life to the performing arts, having written, performed, and directed over one hundred plays and has been honored for her lifelong work with various national and international awards. She is currently a lecturer for theatrical arts at the Ankara …
(1571?1630) German astronomer and physicist: discovered laws of planetary motion. Kepler had smallpox at the age of 3, damaging his eyesight and the use of his hands, which makes his achievements, as the son of a mercenary, the more remarkable. Kepler read and approved the work of while studying theology at T?bingen, intending originally to go into the church. He became a teacher of mathematics in…
Born December 20, 1957, in Woodstock, MD; married Joe. Education: University of Maryland, B.S., 1979. Addresses: Office ?Public Broadcasting Service, 2100 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202. Program development officer, U.S. Committee for UNICEF, 1979?84; director of development, International House, 1984?89; director of principal gifts, Metropolitan Opera Association, 1989?93; WNET-TV, vice presi…
(1824?1907) British physicist: discovered the electro-optical and magneto-optical Kerr effects. Kerr was educated at the University of Glasgow, becoming a research student with Lord Kelvin , and working with him in the converted wine cellar known as ?the coal hole?. He later became a lecturer in mathematics at the Free Church Training College for Teachers in Glasgow, continuing his research in his…
Born in Leicester, England, on June 2, 1941, of Hungarian and Czech ancestry, Alice Kessler-Harris attended school in Cardiff, Wales, at the Birchgrove School and then Cardiff High School for Girls. She completed her secondary schooling in Trenton, New Jersey. Her father was a shoe designer; her mother died when she was only forty years old. Kessler-Harris counts as her earliest and most significa…
(1907?79) British lepidopterist and geneticist: experimented to confirm Darwin?s theory of natural selection. A medical graduate who practised in England and worked on locust control in South Africa, Kettlewell?s best-known work was done as an Oxford geneticist in the 1950s. He noted that many species of peppered moth that in the mid-19th-c were light in colour had became dark by the 1950s. He ded…
Definition: Key management refers to an encryption algorithm and deals with the secure generation, distribution, storage, and disposal of keys. The security of an encryption algorithm often depends on the strength of the encryption algorithm and the key two factors. In practice, most attacks on public-key systems are targeted at the key management level instead of the cryptographic algorithm itsel…
(NBC, 12/10/1973, 120 mins). An ex CIA operative, running a boat service in Florida with an old buddy, finds himself the target of an ailing tycoon with a score to settle and becomes involved in a chase for evidence incriminating a U.S. senator in this pilot for a prospective series. Production Company Warner Bros. Television. Director Philip Leacock. Producer Anthony S. Martin. Teleplay Anthony S…
Principal social theme: violence/gangs MGM. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Jeffrey Hunter, Dennis Hopper, Pat Crowley, Joby Baker, Susan Harrison, Johnny Nash, Corey Allen, Frank Silvera, Bruce Gordon, Terry Burnham, Dennis Holmes, Ted Knight, and John Zaremba. Written by Alfred Brenner and Sidney Michaels based on the novel by Frank Kane. Cinematography by Harold E. Wellman. Edited by Ferris Webster.…
Abd al-Halim Sa?id Khaddam is a Syrian politician and former mainstay of the Ba?thist regime of President HAFIZ AL-ASAD . Born in 1932 to a Sunni Muslim Arab family of modest means from the coastal town of Jabla, just north of Banyas, Syria, Khaddam became active in the pan-Arab Ba?th Party around 1949 while attending secondary school in Latakia. During his student days, he forged a fast friendshi…
Asma Khader (Khadr) is a Palestinian Jordanian lawyer and human rights activist who has sought to expand the rights of women and children, particularly within Arab and Islamic cultures. She has established a number of prominent organizations and worked with many commissions, international legal groups, and human rights organizations. Khader was born in 1952 to a Palestinian Christian family in the…
?Yasmina Khadra? is the pseudonym of the francophone Algerian writer Muhammad Moulessehoul, who adopted a woman?s name to better camouflage his identity and achieve greater freedom in writing about the horrific events of the 1990s. He is one of his country?s most important writers. Muhammad Moulessehoul was born in 1955 in Kenadsa, Algeria. His father placed him in a military school in 1964, where…
Khaemwase was the fourth son of Ramesses II and the second son of Queen Istnofret, a secondary wife. He thus held high rank among Ramesses? 115 children. Khaemwase was probably born while his grandfather, Sety I, was still king (1290?1279 B.C.E. ). As a boy of about five, he accompanied his father on military campaigns in Lower Nubia to the south of Egypt. He also followed his father to war as a t…
Amr Muhammad Khaled (Khalid) is a popular Islamic preacher from Egypt who is based in Great Britain, and whose satellite religious programs have become popular across the Arab world. Khaled has been called in the West a Muslim version of a televangelist who offers a New Age form of Islam, and in 2007 was listed among the world?s one hundred most influential people by Time magazine. Khaled was born…
A Palestinian-American academic and political commentator, Rashid Ismail Khalidi has made a significant contribution to the debate on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. He is the author of several scholarly books, papers, articles, and chapters in edited books. He was an adviser to the late Palestinian leader YASIR ARAFAT . His major area of research focus…
Walid Ahmad Samih Khalidi is one of the most prominent and influential Palestinian intellectuals of the modern era. Khalidi was born in 1925 in Jerusalem, then in mandatory Palestine. He was born into one of the leading Muslim Arab families of Jerusalem; the Khalidi family traces its presence in Jerusalem to Khalid ibn al-Walid, one of the main generals of the Arab-Islamic conquests of the seventh…
Ali Khamenehi (also Seyyed Ali Hosayni Khamenehi, Khamanei) has been the religious-political leader ( vali-ye faqih ) of Iran since 1989. He was elected to this office by a body of senior Shi?ite Islamic theologians following the death of the country?s first leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Under the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the leader, who is neither head of state nor hea…
Ammar Khammash is a well-known Jordanian architect, photographer, designer, and artist, He has completed several large-scale projects renovating ancient structures and churches throughout Jordan. Khammash was born on 8 October 1960 in Amman, Jordan. He obtained a B.A. in architecture from the University of Southwestern Louisiana in the United States in 1986, and he studied ethnoarchaeology at the …
Saudi journalist Jamal Ahmad Khashoggi (Khashuqji, Kashoggi) is a trained expert on political Islam as well as a leading reformist voice in the current clash with the kingdom?s traditionalists. A former editor of the broadsheet newspapers Arab News and Al-Watan , he was summarily dismissed from the latter on 27 May 2003, following a scathing editorial critical of Ibn Taymiyya, the fourteenth-centu…
Mohammad Khatami was president of Iran from 1997 to 2005. As a young man, he studied Islam under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1902?1989, who would become leader of the Islamic Revolution in Iran), and in the late 1970s joined the clerical party that supported Khomeini?s ideas about Islamic government. From the early 1980s, Khatami cooperated politically with fellow clerics and lay politicians who …
In addition to having served as a professor at Muhammad V University in Rabat, Morocco, Abdel Kebir Khatibi is a published poet, novelist, sociologist, playwright, and literary critic. He studied sociology at the Sorbonne where, in 1968, he defended his thesis ?Le roman magh-r?bin? (The Maghrebi novel), which was the first thesis on the subject. In this thesis, he studied the novel from 1945 to 19…
Sabiha Khemir is a Tunisian painter, illustrator, writer, and curator and historian of Islamic art. Khemir was born in Tunisia in 1959. She received a B.A. in English literature from the University of Tunis in 1983. Thereafter she moved to Great Britain for graduate studies, earning both an M.A. (1986) and a Ph.D. (1990) in the history of Islamic art and archaeology from the School of Oriental and…
fl.Sixth Dynasty (c.2350?2170B.C.E.) Overseer of Ka-priests Khnumhotep left only a statue with inscriptions to mark his life on earth. The statue depicts a man who was a dwarf. He reached a mid-level managerial position as an overseer of ka-priests, the priests who perform the daily ritual for the deceased. Dwarfs were never the object of prejudice in Egyptian society. In fact, Egyptians associate…
[ko rah nah] (1922? ) Indian?US molecular biologist: co-discoverer of genetic code and first synthesizer of a gene. Educated at universities in the Punjab, at Liverpool, Z?rich and Cambridge, Khorana moved to Vancouver in 1952 and extended his work in the area he had studied in Cambridge; the synthesis of nucleotide coenzymes. From 1960?70 he was at Wisconsin, and while there he carried out valuab…
Women?s rights activist Nushin Ahmadi Khorasani has played an important role in Iran since the 1990s. She is a committed member of the One Million Signatures Campaign, the founding member of the Women?s Cultural Centre, and she initiated the establishment of the first women?s library in Iran. She is the author of numerous articles and books on women?s rights issues, has translated a number of femi…
Rami George Khouri is a prominent Palestinian American journalist whose background, both in the Middle East and the United States, has made him a popular and widely sought-after media commentator in the Arab world, the United States, and Europe. Khouri was born on 22 October 1948, in New York City, to a family of Palestinian Arab Christians. He was born in the United States because his father, Geo…
Elias Khoury is a Lebanese novelist whose work is known worldwide. For more than three decades, he has been active in cultural, political, and academic circles in Lebanon and the Arab world, defending the Palestinian cause, secular and democratic values, and the idea of a new Arab renaissance. Born in Beirut on 12 July 1948, Khoury studied at the Good Shepherd School in Ashrafiyya. He then moved t…
Makram Jamil Khoury (Khuri, Khouri) is one of the most accomplished and best-known Israeli Palestinian actors, with numerous dramatic and film roles in Arabic, Hebrew, and English in Israel, the Palestinian territories, and internationally to his credit. Khoury was born in 1945 in the al-Shaykh Jarrah section of Jerusalem to a Palestinian Greek Orthodox family. His father, Jamil, was a judge, and …
Abbas Kiarostami is an Iranian film director who has achieved an international reputation for his movies. Although he has been making films since 1970, he first won international recognition with his film Where Is the Friend?s House? (Khaneh-e dust kojast?) , which won the Bronze Leopard award at the 1988 Locarno International Film Festival in Switzerland. His later films regularly were screened a…
Pearl Kibre was born in Philadelphia on September 2, 1900, to Kenneth and Jane (du Pione) Kibre. The family moved to California, and Pearl attended the Manual Arts High School in Los Angeles. She obtained a B.A. and an M.A. from Berkeley, studying under Louis J. Paetow. In 1937 she received a Ph.D. from Columbia University. She taught mainly at Hunter College in New York until her retirement in 19…
Clara Sue Kidwell, historian of science, of Native American cultural practices, and of Native American women, was born on July 8, 1941, in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, of Choctaw/Chippewa/French/English/Scotch-Irish ancestry. Her parents, Hardin Milton Kidwell and Martha Evelyn St. Clair, were both clerks with the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Clara Sue grew up in Muskogee, Oklahoma, raised by her grandmother…
B. November 6, 1948 Birthplace: New York City, New York Awards: Hollywood Radio and Television Society Award, 1965 ???????? Art Directors Club of New York Award, 1967 ???????? Illustrators Society of New York Award, 1969 ???????? Coty American Fashion Critics Award, Jewelry Design, 1979 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America, Excellence in Design, 1981 ???????? Coty American Fa…
(1923? ) US physicist: inventor of the monolithic integrated circuit (the microchip). Kilby grew up in Great Bend, KS, the son of a senior electrical engineer. Not accepted by MIT, he was drafted for military service and worked on radio; then, after a degree in electrical engineering at Illinois and a master?s degree from Wisconsin, he began his career in electronic circuitry. This career led to h…
(NBC, 9/25/1977, 120 mins). A fact based drama, written by prolific John Gay, about Caryl Chessman, California?s notorious ?red light bandit? who was captured in 1948 and spent 12 years on death row in San Quentin before his execution in May 1960. Alan Alda?s performance as Chessman earned him an Emmy Award nomination. Production Companies Columbia Pictures Television, NBC Productions. Director Bu…
(CBS, 1/7/1972, 120 mins). A doctor?s battle to stem a diphtheria outbreak puts him in conflict with a police captain who is using all his manpower to track down a cop killer. Many elements of this one revive memories of Elia Kazan?s stunning ?Panic in the Street? (1950). The original title until the eve of airing: ?The City by Night.? Production Company Cinema Center 100. Director Bernard McEveet…
(NBC, 10/10/1977, 120 mins). A cruise ship, with a traditional roster of familiar TV faces, is swept with fear and panic when hit by a mysterious, deadly virus, disrupting the fun and games. Production Company Lorimar Productions. Director Philip Leacock. Executive Producers Lee Rich, Peter Dunne. Producer Sandor Stern. Teleplay Sandor Stern. Photography William H. Cronjager. Music Earle Hagen. So…
(NBC, 5/2/1978, 120 mins). Returning from prison after serving 10 years on trumped up charges, a free-lance writer tries to uncover the truth behind a homicide involving the son of a U.S. Senator in this pilot (written, produced and directed by Michael Landon) for a prospective series. Production Companies Michael Landon Productions, Universal Television. Director Michael Landon. Producer Michael …
Baruch Kimmerling was a leading Israeli political sociologist and influential public intellectual. He was best known for his sociological study of the Israel-Palestinian conflict and especially the impact of the conflict on both Israeli and Palestinian societies. Beyond academic circles he was known to the wider public since 1968 for his op-ed commentaries in Ha?aretz , Israel?s leading newspaper.…
(NBC, 2/12/1978 to 2/14/1978, 3 Parts, 120 mins each, 6 hours). Three-part drama about the career of Martin Luther King Jr. from his days as a Baptist minister in the South of the 1950s until his assassination in 1968. Aside from Billy Goldenberg?s Emmy Award winning score, there were nominations for Paul Winfield and Cicely Tyson as Best Actor and Actress for their performances as Martin and Core…
Grace Elizabeth King is thought to have been born on November 29, 1853, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Her father, William Woodson King, was a lawyer and state legislator; her mother, Sarah Ann Miller, was his second wife. Grace was taught mostly at home and in Creole schools in Louisiana before attending the Institut St. Louis, graduating at age sixteen. She then attended a school established by Mada…
In 1956, the U.S. military draft required all males at the age of eighteen to register to be drafted in the event of war. At this time, Preston King was a student at Fisk University in Tennessee. King received a deferment because of his student status. He completed his studies at Fisk with high honors, and he was given a scholarship to the London School of Economics, England to pursue graduate stu…
The king acquired and maintained his divinity through a series of rituals. The first such ritual the king participated in was his coronation, called in Egyptian khai , which means ?to arise? and was also used to describe the sun?s rising. At this time, the five elements of the king?s formal titulary were announced: a Horus name, representing the king as the earthly embodiment of the sky-god Horus;…
(NBC, 9/15/1976, 120 mins). This was the pilot film for Raymond Burr?s brief (3/23/77-8/10/77) series about an investigative reporter given a free hand by the head of a chain of newspapers and TV stations, here uncovering a plot to use nuclear power plants to take over the world. Production Companies Groverton Productions, R.B. Productions, Universal Television. Director Robert Day. Executive Prod…
Juliette Augusta Magill Kinzie was born in Middletown, Connecticut, on September 11, 1806. She was descended from one of Connecticut?s oldest families, dating back to 1636 and the founding of Windsor. Her mother was Frances (Wolcott) Magill, daughter of Alexander Wolcott, a leader of the Republican party in Connecticut and grandson of Roger Wolcott, colonial governor, judge, and major general in t…
(1863?1949) British chemist: discoverer of silicones. A student at Manchester and Munich, Kipping became a co-worker and friend of W H Perkin Jr (1860?1929), and a professor at Nottingham from 1897?1936. Early in his research career he attempted to make compounds of silicon analogous to some of the familiar organic compounds based on carbon; specifically he tried to make ketone analogues. His actu…
[keerkh hohf] (1824?87) German physicist: pioneer of spectroscopy; devised theory of electrical networks. Basic components of a prism spectrometer. Light from the source passes through an adjustable slit, and the collimator lens forms a parallel beam. This is refracted and dispersed by a prism and the resulting spectrum is observed through a telescope fitted with cross-hairs and mounted to rotate…
DAVID MALIN Anglo-Australian Observatory, RMIT University A Kirilian photograph is a photographic recording of the faint corona discharge induced by the application of a high voltage but low current electrical field to an object which is in direct contact with a photographic material. If recorded on color film, the plasma of the corona may exhibit a remarkable range of hues, mostly from atmosphe…
(ABC, 5/8/1976, 90 mins). A pilot movie with Stella Stevens as a lady investigator for the district attorney?s office and her relentless search for the killer of a young teacher who appeared to have been a pillar of the community. Production Companies The Writers Company Inc., Columbia Pictures Television. Director Michael O?Herlihy. Executive Producer Stan Kallis. Teleplay Robert E. Thompson. Pho…
(NBC, 10/28/1978, 120 mins). The uniquely costumed rock group KISS made its acting debut, with the four thwarting a mad scientist attempting to destroy their careers by making robot KISS replicas and turning them loose to create havoc in an amusement park. Production Companies Hanna-Barbera Productions, KISS productions. Director Gordon Hessler. Executive Producer Joseph Barbera. Producer Terry Mo…
Principal social theme: homosexuality Fox Searchlight. R rating. Featuring: Jennifer Westfeldt, Heather Juergensen, Scott Cohen, Esther Wurmfeld, Hillel Friedman, Robert Ari, David Aaron Baker, Jennifer Carta, Ben Webber, Brian Stepanek, Nick Corley, Jackie Hoffman, John Cariani, Michael Mastro, Michael Showalter, Jon Hamm, Tovah Feldshuh; Written by Jennifer Westfeldt and Heather Juergensen. Cine…
(1852?1931) Japanese bacteriologist: co-discoverer of antitoxic immunity and of the plague bacillus. Kitasato grew up in an isolated mountain village, where his father was mayor. He studied medicine at Tokyo and in 1886 was sent by his government to study bacteriology with in Berlin. He proved an exceptionally good student and became a close friend, and in 1889 he grew the first pure culture of th…
Elizabeth Sarah Kite, a Quaker, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1864. Her parents are not mentioned in references, but it is known she attended a Quaker boarding school in Westchester, Chester County, Pennsylvania, before studying in England, France, Germany, and Switzerland for six years. While studying in England in 1906, Kite was baptized a Catholic. Upon her return, she taught in a …
KITT, EARTHA (1927?). Actress, singer. She was born in the cotton fields of South Carolina to become a true diva of stage, television, and film. Her mother was a black Cherokee Indian, her father a white sharecropper, but neither had much to do with her upbringing. She was sent to live with an aunt in Harlem, where she took piano lessons and sang in the choir at church. She attended the high schoo…
[klap roht] (1743?1817) German chemist: a founder of analytical chemistry and discoverer of new elements. Klaproth came into chemistry from an apprenticeship as an apothecary, as did a number of chemists of his time. By 1810 his fame was such that he had left his pharmacy and was appointed the first professor of chemistry in the new university of Berlin. Before then he had done much to develop ana…
(1942-) Calvin Klein Inc. No single individual has helped American fashion come into its own more than designer Calvin Klein. In the late 1960s Klein reinvigorated the fashion industry just when it appeared to have been abandoned by a generation of anti-fashion youth. In 1972 Klein began creating his flexible collections of interchangeable separates that were elegant as well as casual. Known as …
(1942-) Calvin Klein Inc. No single individual has helped American fashion come into its own more than designer Calvin Klein. In the late 1960s Klein reinvigorated the fashion industry just when it appeared to have been abandoned by a generation of anti-fashion youth. In 1972 Klein began creating his flexible collections of interchangeable separates that were elegant as well as casual. Known as …
B. November 19, 1942 Birthplace: Bronx, New York Awards: Coty American Fashion Critics Award, 1973, 1975, 1984 ???????? Bath Museum of Costume Dress of the Year, 1980 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America Award, 1993, 1999 Sex sells, and Calvin Klein knows it. Throughout his career he has created functional, mainstream clothing, but his true contribution to fashion has been his abil…
(1849?1925) German mathematician: the founder of modern geometry unifying Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry. Klein studied at Bonn, G?ttingen, Berlin and Paris, and began research in geometry, although he had at first wished to do physics. Work on transformation groups with followed in 1870, and he became professor of mathematics at Erlangen at 23, having just finished service as a medical orde…
B. 1923 D. March 19, 1974 Birthplace: New York City, New York Awards: Mademoiselle Merit Award, 1954 ???????? Coty American Fashion Critics Award, 1955, 1969 ???????? Neiman Marcus Award, 1959, 1969 ???????? Lord and Taylor Award, 1964 ???????? National Cotton Council Award, 1965 In 1948 Anne Klein and first husband, Ben Klein, formed Junior Sophisticates, which completely transformed the …
(1943? ) German physicist: discovered the quantum Hall effect. Von Klitzing was born in Schroda/Posen and studied at Braunschweig and W?rzburg. He became a professor in 1980 at Munich, and in 1985 director of the Max Planck Institute, Stuttgart. In 1977 he presented a paper on two-dimensional electronic behaviour in which the quantum Hall effect can be clearly seen. However, few realized the signi…
(1926? ) South African?British biophysicist: developed crystallographic electron microscopy and applied it to viruses and other nucleic acid-protein complexes. Klug was born in Lithuania but, aged two, he moved with his parents to South Africa. Planning to graduate in medicine he took the premedical course at Witwatersrand, but found the science components attracted him enough to drop medicine and…
[ klump kuh] (1861?1942) US astronomer: the first woman to make astronomical observations from a balloon. Dorothea Klumpke was born in San Francisco, where her father had made a fortune from real estate. Her mother believed that their two sons and five daughters should have the same educational opportunity and so, as they could find no suitable schools in post-gold-rush San Francisco, they moved t…
(1938-) Nike, Inc. In less than a decade, Philip Knight converted a sneaker sales and manufacturing business into an international conglomerate. Nike shoes, equipment, and sports apparel are sold throughout the world and are endorsed by top athletes in virtually every sport. Philip Hampson Knight was born February 24, 1938 in Portland, Oregon, the son of William W. and Lota (Hatfield) Knight. Wi…
(1894-1966) Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. A leading American publisher, Blanche Knopf played a key role in twentieth century publishing in America. By promoting the books of European, Hispanic, African-American, and feminist authors, Blanche Knopf fostered a new cultural and intellectual climate for American reading audiences. Born on July 30, 1894, in New York City, Blanche Wolf was the only child born…
Born Jesse Donald Knotts, July 21, 1924, in Morgan-town, WV; died of lung cancer, February 24, 2006, in Los Angeles, CA. Actor. During a half-century acting career, Don Knotts appeared on seven television series and in more than 25 films, earning screen immortality for his role as the blunderheaded smalltown deputy Barney Fife on the 1960s television hit The Andy Griffith Show . The role showcased…
Definition: Knowledge-assisted image and video analysis refers to the use of domain-specific prior knowledge about images or video. Segmentation of images and video is generally an ill-posed problem, i.e. for a given natural image or image sequence, there exists no unique solution to the segmentation problem. In order for the segmentation problem to be transformed to a well-posed one, restriction …
John Knox, the fiery Protestant Reformer of the Church of Scotland and self-styled prophet of God, was born between 1513 and 1515 in or near Haddington, East Lothian. Details concerning his family and early life are few. His father, whose exact profession is unknown, was William, and his mother was a Sinclair. He had an older brother named William, who became a businessman in England. His educatio…
Simmie Knox became the first African American commissioned to paint the official portrait of a president of the United States. The oil on linen portrait was unveiled in the White House on June 18, 2004, and earned Knox a place in American history. Initially an abstract painter, he changed his subject matter early on, became a portrait painter, and for more than twenty-five years has painted likene…
[kokh] (1843?1910) German bacteriologist: a founder of medical bacteriology. Koch was one of the 13 children of a mine official; he studied medicine at G?ttingen, served in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 and became a district medical officer in a small town in east Germany. He became interested in anthrax and worked on the disease in a room in his house, using a microscope given to him by his wif…
(1841?1917) Swiss surgeon. Born and educated in Bern, Kocher qualified in medicine at the city?s University in 1865, and spent his career there researching and teaching surgery. Antiseptic and aseptic methods were quickly coming into general use, and Kocher devised his own improvements. His teaching included a course for military doctors, and Kocher within a few years made an improved study of gun…
[kol mo gorof] (1903?87) Russian mathematician: advanced the foundations of probability theory. Kolmogorov graduated from Moscow in 1925 and in 1933 became director of the Institute of Mathematics. In 1933 his book Foundations of the Theory of Probability became the first rigorous treatment of the subject. The ?additivity assumption? basic to probability is set out (due originally to Jakob Bernoul…
B. August 1959 Birthplace: Long Island New York Awards: Dupont?s American Original Award, 1981 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America Womenswear Designer of the Year, 1999 Michael Kors designs great American sportswear. He began his professional career in 1978 as a salesperson/designer at Lothar?s, a once famous New York boutique. Recognizing the value of the hands-on training he was e…
KOTTO, YAPHET (1937?). Actor. Born in New York City, Kotto has a long and distinguished career in television and film. He made his film debut in 4 for Texas , 1963, and followed with a role in Nothing But a Man , 1964. He received worldwide attention as Secret Agent 007?s deadly foil in Live and Let Die , 1973. He was also featured in several blaxploitation films during the 1970s, including Across…
(1850?91) Russian mathematician. Although Sonya?s parents were well-educated members of the nobility, they were not sympathetic to the ?liberated? ideas of their young daughters. However, one of the children?s rooms was temporarily wallpapered with the student lecture notes on calculus of their father, a general of engineers. (Years later her tutor in mathematics was surprised at the speed with wh…
(1900?81) German?British biochemist: discovered energy-generating cycle in living cells. Krebs followed his father in studying medicine and, after the German practice of the time, did so at five universities; he then spent 4 years working in Berlin on biochemical problems . The latter had developed a method for studying metabolic reactions by using thin tissue slices and measuring their gas exchan…
(1902-1984) McDonald?s Corp. Founder of the immensely successful McDonald?s franchise operation, Ray Kroc was a pioneer of the modern fast-food restaurant industry. He introduced management innovations that are now standard in the business, such as implementing assembly line methods and employing a part-time, teenage labor force to produce a rigorously standardized menu at a low cost. Kroc?s for…
(1823?91) German mathematician: developed algebraic number theory and invented the Kronecker delta. Kronecker was born into a rich Jewish family and was taught at school by E E Kummer (1810?93), who became a lifelong friend. From this time sprang his interest in number theory and arithmetic, and he went on to take his degree at Berlin (1843), receiving his doctorate in 1845 for research on complex…
(1939?) British chemist: co-discoverer of a novel group of carbon molecules, the fullerenes. Kroto, the child of pre-Second World War escapees from Germany, grew up in Bolton, Lancashire, where his father set up a business making and decorating toy balloons. Young Kroto?s interests were in art and design and in the sciences, and his later work involved some fusion of all these interests. Graduati…
[kiy per] (1905?73) Dutch?US astronomer: discovered Miranda and Nereid. Educated in Leiden, Kuiper moved to the USA in 1933. He discovered two new satellites: Miranda, the fifth satellite of Uranus, and Nereid, the second satellite of Neptune, in 1948 and 1949. He also studied the planetary atmospheres, detecting carbon dioxide on Mars and methane on Titan, the largest Saturnian satellite. Kuiper …
Turkish author Ayse Kulin is a popular writer of bestseller biographies. Her success with biographical novels comes from the eager request of Turkish society for real life stories (Adi: Aylin, Bir Tatli Huzur, F?reya ). In addition to her biographical novels, she is an affluent storywriter. In 1996 her story titled ?Foto Sabah Resimleri? (Pictures of Photo Sabah) received the Haldun Taner Story Aw…
Karen Ordahl Kupperman was born on April 23, 1939, in Devils Lake, North Dakota, of Swedish and Norwegian ancestry. Her mother was principally a homemaker; her father was a colonel in the United States Army. Kupperman attended elementary school in Fort Benning, Georgia, and then in Fargo, North Dakota. She attended junior high school in Fargo and then in U.S. Army schools in Japan, and high school…
Thomas Kyd led an ironic existence. He lived only thirty-six years and produced a very small canon; yet it contained one of the most influential dramatic works of the Tudor period, The Spanish Tragedy (ST) . This work serves as the most significant extant model for the greatest revenge tragedies of Tudor and Jacobean drama and was perhaps the most famous play of its time. Kyd?s other known works i…
B. 1957 Birthplace: Bapaume, France L?ger?s ?bender dresses? are designed to perfect the female body, and that they do. Made of bands that stretch and mold, the creations of Herv? L?ger are often compared with those of Azzedine Ala?a, the well-known ?King of Cling.? L?ger?s sensual creations are body conscious, sophisticated, and carefully designed for each client from narrow fabric bands of Lycra…
[laynek] (1781?1826) French physician: invented the stethoscope. La?nnec studied at the Charit? hospital in Paris and qualified as a doctor in 1804. Despite ill-health he did much to advance clinical diagnosis and his writing on disease is modern in approach. It was well known that listening to chest sounds (auscultation) was useful in diagnosis, and tapping the chest (percussion) had been shown b…
Hollywood during the twenties successfully resisted the trend that was growing in large eastern cities toward unionization and the closed shop. There were a few labor groups. The carpenters and electricians had formed a bargaining unit; photographers and projectionists were represented by the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE, the ?IA?); the musicians were represented pri…
The cycle of human activities associated with the months and seasons of the year derives from classical art and appears in a variety of medieval artistic contexts. With some variation according to climate in different geographic areas, the monthly labors focus upon agricultural activities and frequently are paired with the twelve signs of the *zodiac. The labors of the months are found especially …
B. July 2, 1904 D. October 12, 1996 Birthplace: France Awards: Design Award, 1984 ???????? Innovation Award, 1988 ???????? Global Recognition Trophy by the American Cotton Institute, 1995 ???????? Meryl Award in Sportswear, 1997 After seeing what tennis players wear today, it is hard to believe they once wore button-down shirts and white flannel pants. One tennis player with a knack for inno…
B. May 16, 1951 Birthplace: Arles, France Awards: D? d?Or Award (Golden Thimble), 1986, 1988 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America Award, 1987 Christian Marie Marc Lacroix never intended to be a fashion designer. He studied art history at Paul Valery University, in Montpellier, and museum studies at the Sorbonne, in Paris, from 1973 to 1976 where he wrote his dissertation on seventeen…
(NBC, 5/17/1978, 90 mins). This lighthearted Western was an unsuccessful series pilot in which two sisters a gun-toting tomboy and a beauty with an engaging smile team up to track down a pair of train robbers, suspects in the shooting of their father. Production Companies Lawrence Gordon Productions, Paramount Network Television. Director Robert Butler. Executive Producer Lawrence Gordon. Producer…
Perhaps it was prophetic that Sam Harold Lacy was born in October 1903, the month and year of the first World Series. For over sixty years, he used his pen and his persistence as a sports journalist to become a crusader for the integration of major league baseball and other sports. Samuel Lacy was born in Mystic, Connecticut on October 23, 1903. His father, Samuel Erskine Lacy, and his mother, Ros…
(NBC, 11/14/1978, 120 mins). Dyan Cannon stars in this dramatization of the life of the flamboyant San Francisco madam of the 1930s and 1940s who retired in 1950 to open a restaurant in Sausalito, California, despite local opposition, and who became the town?s mayor from 1976 to 1978. Based on Sally Stanford?s 1966 autobiography. Production Company Metromedia Producers Corp. Directors Ralph Nelson…
B. 1939 Birthplace: Hamburg, Germany Awards: Second Prize, International Wool Secretariat Design, 1954 ???????? Neiman Marcus Award, 1980 ???????? Bath Costume Dress of the Year Award, 1981 ???????? Golden Thimble Award (D? d?Or), 1986 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America Award, 1991 ???????? Fashion Footwear of America Award, 1991 He has been referred to as Kaiser Karl, the …
(Count) [lagr?zh] (1736?1813) French mathematician: revolutionized mechanics. Born of a French father and Italian mother in Turin, Lagrange saw the family wealth frittered away when he was a teenager. He took to mathematics early and became a professor at the Royal Artillery School in Turin at 19. He moved in 1766 to succeed as Director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. In 1797 he was in Paris as…
Born in Rabat, Morocco; children: one daughter. Education: Universit? Mohammed V, B.A.; University College, London, England, M.A.; University of Southern California, Ph.D. Addresses: Agent ?Stephanie Abou, Joy Harris Agency, 156 Fifth Ave., Ste. 617, New York, NY 10010-7002. Home ?Portland, OR. Contributor of articles to the Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, Huffington Post, Nation, Boston Globe…
(1744?1829) French naturalist: proposed early ideas on variation and on evolution. Lamarck?s fame is peculiar. Part of his work, on classification and on variation, was widely approved in his own time and later; but some of his ideas on evolution were strongly attacked then and since, and partly so through misunderstanding of his emphasis and meaning. The 11th and youngest child of poor aristocrat…
(1913? ) British climatologist: pioneered study of palaeoclimates. After graduating in natural science and geography from Cambridge, Lamb spent most of his professional career at the Meteorological Office before establishing the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia in 1973. Lamb developed the view, controversial at the time, that there have been long-term variations in climate. U…
Martha Joanna Reade Nash Lamb was born in Plainfield, Massachusetts, on ugust 13, 1826 or 1829, to Arvin Nash and Lucinda Vinton. Her paternal ancestors were Mayflower settlers in 1620; her mother?s relatives were French Huguenots who settled in the 1640s. Martha attended school in Goshen, Massachusetts, before entering Williston Seminary in Easthampton in 1844 and attending Northampton High Schoo…
Closely related to the images of the *Deposition and *Entombment of *Christ, the Lamentation over the dead body of Christ develops as an independent image in Byzantine art of the eleventh century. Although not specifically described in the Gospel narratives, the event was detailed in apocryphal works such as the Acts of Pilate and later developed in works such as the * Meditationes vitae Christi a…
(1909-1991) Polaroid Corporation Edwin Land was the inventor of the Polaroid/Land camera, an invention that developed pictures a few minutes after they were taken. A major scientist and inventor of the twentieth century, he patented over 533 inventions, most of them related to Polaroid optics, such as glare-free sunglasses, and a form of three-dimensional photography used by the military. He was…
(1909?91) US inventor: invented Polaroid? and a fast photographic process. To obtain polarized light (ie light in which the electromagnetic vibrations are all in one plane) the early method was the use of a prism. Later it was realized that passing light through some organic crystals gave polarized light (ie the crystals are dichroic) but the crystals could not be grown to large size. While Land w…
[lan dow] (1908?68) Russian theoretical physicist: explained remarkable properties of liquid helium. Landau was the son of a petroleum engineer and a doctor, and attended the universities of Baku and Leningrad. In 1929 he met in Copenhagen, forming a long-lasting and productive working friendship. In 1932 he moved to Kharkov, becoming professor of physics in 1935. In 1937 , setting up the Institut…
Landscape photography creates photographic interpretations of the natural and man-made environment. Landscape photographs will be as varied as the land and photographers who make photographs of it. While landscape photography is generally recognized to require views of nature by itself, many landscape photographs will often include people, nudes, buildings, and other objects that lend interest to …
(1868?1943) Austrian?US immunologist: discoverer of human blood groups. Born and educated in Vienna, Landsteiner graduated there in medicine in 1891, and spent the next 5 years in university research in chemistry, partly with in W?rzburg. He held posts in pathology in Vienna until 1919, then moved to the Netherlands and finally, in 1922, to the Rockefeller Institute in New York. His work in medica…
B. 1932 Birthplace: Detroit, Michigan Awards: Tobe Award, 1966 ???????? Coty American Fashion Award, 1967 ???????? Harper?s Bazaar International Award, 1967 ???????? Neiman Marcus Award, 1968 ???????? Swarovski Award, 1969 ???????? Brides Magazine Award, 1990 Even before 1963, when he began the company that bears his name, Kenneth Jay Lane recognized that every woman likes a little spark…
Lunsford Lane, a nineteenth-century slave, went from slavery in North Carolina to a free man serving as a steward in Wellington Hospital in Worcester, Massachusetts. He wrote and self published the story of his life as a slave and his efforts to extricate himself and his family from slavery; the narrative has as part of the subtitle ?Embracing an Account of His Early Life, the Redemption of Himsel…
William Henry Lane is ?probably the first famous figure in tap dancing,? according to Smithsonian magazine. Also known as ?Master Juba,? he got his stage name from a word that signified a rhythmic dance that came over to America with Africans on slave ships. According to the Smithsonian , in the 1840s theater hand- bills proclaimed Lane as ?The Wonder of the World, Juba ? the King of All Dancers? …
[l?zhvi] (1872?1946) French physicist: established modern theory of magnetism and invented sonar. Langevin was a student of in Paris and later worked there with ; in between he spent nearly a year with in Cambridge. His interests in physics were wide-ranging and he became the leading French physicist of his time. Work on ionized gases led him to study the magnetic properties of gases; most are fee…
(1881?1957) US chemical physicist: inventor of ideas and devices, often related to surfaces. Langmuir was the third of four sons and was only 17 when his father died; but the latter worked in insurance and the family was financially secure. The young man attended the School of Mines at Columbia (New York) and then studied at G?ttingen . His work there, on the dissociation of gases by a hot platinu…
(NBC, 6/17/1976, 120 mins). A mystery-comedy about a rabbi and an Irish police chief who form an unlikely alliance to solve the homicide of a housekeeper whose body was found on the doorstep of the synagogue. This was the pilot film to the series during the 1976-77 season with Art Carney and Bruce Solomon (taking over for Stuart Margolin, who was otherwise occupied with ?The Rockford Files?series)…
B. 1867 D. 1946 Birthplace: Brittany, France Awards: Chevalier de la L?gion d?Honneur, 1926 ???????? Officier de la L?gion d?Honneur, 1938 ???????? D? d?Or Award (Golden Thimble), 1990, 1991 Jeanne Lanvin entered the fashion business in 1890 by opening a millinery house. However, it would not be her headwear designs that would launch her career. In addition to designing headwear, Lanvin was de…
Aemilia Lanyer?s biography has been long confounded with Shakespearean* mythology since A. L. Rowse confidently identified her as the Dark Lady of Shakespeare?s sonnets, a woman of dark complexion and bad reputation. Recently, Susanne Woods provides the most reliable account of her life. She was born in London in January 1569, the daughter of Baptist Bassano, a native of Venice and court musician …
[lahplas] (1749?1827) French mathematician, astronomer and mathematical physicist: developed celestial mechanics; suggested hypothesis for origin of the solar system. Although from a poor family, Laplace?s talent led him to become an assistant to in thermo-chemistry. Later he moved to astronomy, and became a minister and senator, skilfully contriving to hold a state office despite violent politica…
J. Feng City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong W.F. Poon and K.T. Lo The Hong Kong Polytechnic, Hong Kong Definition: Large-scale video-on-demand systems allow distributed users to interactively access video files from remote servers and consist of four components: video server, directory server, proxy server, and clients/set-top-box. With the advances in digital video technology and high spe…
Agnes Matilda Larson, who became known as an expert on the history of lumbering in Minnesota, was born to Hans Olaf Larson, a farmer/businessman, and Karen Marie Nordgaarden on March 15, 1892, in Preston, Minnesota. That same year the family moved back to Bloomfield until 1911, when they moved to Northfield. From 1912 to 1913 Agnes and her sisters, Henrietta and Nora, attended St. Olaf College. Ag…
Henrietta Melia Larson was born on September 24, 1894, in Ostrander, Minnesota, to Hans Olaf Larson, a businessman, and Karen Marie (Nordgaarden) Larson. She graduated with a B.A. in 1918, taught high school for one year at Wheaton, Minnesota, then became an instructor from 1921 to 1922 at Augustana College in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. From 1922 to 1924 she pursued graduate study at the Universit…
Born January 12, 1957, in Hollywood, CA; son of Paul Lasseter (a parts manager at a car dealership); married Nancy; children: Joey, Bennett, P. J., Sam, another son. Education: California Institute of the Arts, B.A., 1979. Addresses: Office ?Pixar, 1200 Park Ave., Emeryville, CA 94608. Animator, Disney, 1979?83; at Disney, designed and directed first attempt at combining computer and hand drawn an…
Themes of justice, rewards for the righteous and punishments for evildoers, are found throughout the Old and New Testaments. As eventually developed in Judaism, the concept that earthly suffering and righteous living will be rewarded in the afterlife and penalties will be afflicted on the wicked, was further evolved in Christian teachings about the second coming of Christ, when judgment will be ca…
(CBS, 3/7/1978, 120 mins). Comedy drama about a bunch of police rookies who conspire to convince their hard nosed sergeant that a seriously ill fellow officer, two weeks away from retirement, is on the job, and who, when he suddenly dies, try to hide the fact so that his family can collect his full benefits. Production Company Columbia Pictures Television. Director Theodore J. Flicker. Producer Ja…
The story of the last meal, on or near the Jewish feast of Passover, which Jesus shared with his disciples in an upper room of a house in Jerusalem, receives coverage in all four Gospels. The event precedes the Agony in the Garden and the *Betrayal of *Christ by *Judas. During the meal, Jesus bade farewell to the *apostles, announced his upcoming betrayal and *death, and shared bread and wine with…
The Late Period of Egyptian history from the end of the New Kingdom (1075 B.C.E. ) to the beginning of Greek domination (332 B.C.E. ) was heir to over 2,500 years of nearly continuous artistic production. This long native tradition also interacted with foreign influences during times of Egyptian political weakness. Kushites from the Sudan, Libyans, Persians, and Greeks all influenced artistic prod…
LATHAN, STAN (1945?). Director, producer. He is a notable director of television and film with an impressive list of credits who began his career working on Sesame Street in 1969. He quickly became a sought-after director working on such series as Say Brother, Sanford and Son , and Barney Miller . His early film productions include Save the Children , 1973, and Amazing Grace , 1974. He worked most…
Mary Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer was born on July 26, 1822, to Rear Admiral Ralph Randolph Wormeley of the British Navy and Caroline (Preble) Wormeley in London, England. Her father was descended from Ralphe Wormeley, who received a grant of land in Virginia in 1649, and from Ralphe Wormeley of Middlesex County, Virginia, one of the first trustees of the College of William and Mary. The Wormeley fa…
Spanish and, later, French influence on Latin American theater restricted its autonomous development well into the twentieth century, but by the 1940s we see emerging a largely experimental theater that can be labeled ?Latin American.? Prior to the universal recognition of writers like Luis Borges, Carlos Fuentes, and Julio Cort?zar in the 1960s, which seems to have popularized Latin American lite…
B. 1908 Birthplace: Queens, New York Awards: Neiman Marcus Award for Distinguished Service in the Field of Fashion, 1962, 1992 ???????? Outstanding Woman in Business, U.S. Business and Financial Editors, 1967 ???????? Spirit of Achievement Award, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1968 ???????? Cosmetic Executive Women?s President?s Award, 1989 ???????? Living Legend Award, American Soci…
(1908-) The Estee Lauder Companies, Inc. In 1946, Estee Lauder founded a cosmetics company that has since become one of the most successful and imitated ventures in this highly competitive field. Her line of fragrances, skin care products, makeup, and men?s toiletries is an international concern that in 1997 employed almost 15,000 people and grossed $3.4 billion. Many of the company?s top exec…
[low-uh] (1879?1960) German physicist: suggested a classic experiment to show diffraction of X-rays by atoms in crystals. Von Laue studied physics at four German universities and was also an art student for 2 years. He then taught physics at three universities before settling in Berlin in 1919. He remained professor of theoretical physics there until 1943, when his longstanding antagonism to the r…
(1950?) US physicist: co-discoverer of a new form of quantum fluid. As a reclusive boy growing up in out-going California, Laughlin?s interest in physics began when his parents gave him a colour TV in kit form. He constructed it, but to learn something of how it worked he experimented with discarded TV sets (and gave himself some severe electric shocks). Undeterred, he made sodium by electrolysis …
Laura Ingraham graduated from high school in 1982. She attended Glastonbury High School in Conneticut. Ingraham has a bachelor?s degree from Dartmouth College and a law degree from the University of Virginia Law School. While attending Dartmouth, Ingraham wrote for The Dartmouth Review which is considered a conservative newspaper. Laura Ingraham worked as a speechwriter for Ronald Reagan in the 19…
(1939-) Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation Over his 30-year career, Ralph Lauren has created one of the premier fashion designer labels. His operations encompass not only clothing but also furniture, linens, rugs, paints, and dinnerware in his traditional, classic style. Ralph Lauren was born Ralph Lifschitz on October 14, 1939, in New York City. Raised in a middle class area of the Bronx, he became …
B. October 14, 1939 Birthplace: Bronx, New York Awards: Coty Award, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1984 ???????? Neiman Marcus Distinguished Service Award, 1971 ???????? American Printed Fabrics Council Tommy Award, 1971 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America Award, 1981 ???????? Coty Hall of Fame Award, 1981 ???????? Gentlemen?s Quarterly Manstyle Award, 1982 ???????? N…
[lohr?] (1807/8?53) French organic chemist: classifier of organic compounds. Laurent was an organic chemist of much talent and energy, who studied . Thereafter his life was fraught with misfortune to an operatic extent; employers swindled him, posts he hoped for were unavailable or were found to lack facilities, a business venture failed and his contributions to theory brought him abuse until almo…
B. 1936 Birthplace: Oran, Algeria Awards: Third Prize, International Wool Secretariat, 1953 ???????? First Prize, International Wool Secretariat, 1954 ???????? International Fashion Award, Council of Fashion Designers of America, 1982 Yves Saint Laurent: 25 Years of Design , Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1983 ???????? Chevalier de la L?gion d?Honneur, 1985 Yves Saint Laurent began designing i…
Born James Hugh Calum Laurie, June 11, 1959, in Oxford, England; son of William (a physician); married Jo Green, June 16, 1989; children: Charlie, Bill, Rebecca. Education: Earned degree from Cambridge University, 1981. Addresses: Home ?Los Angeles, CA, and London, England. Office ?Fox Entertainment Group, 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. Actor on television, including: Alfresco , …
[lavwazyay] (1743?94) French chemist and social reformer; creator of the Chemical Revolution and victim of the French Revolution. Lavoisier?s father was a prosperous lawyer in Paris and the boy studied law after leaving school. However, he had been interested in science at school and later a family friend, , the geologist, took him on field trips. Lavoisier worked on the first geological map of Fr…
n?e Paulze [lavwazyay] (1758?1836) French illustrator, translator and assistant to Lavoisier. Marie Paulze?s mother was a niece of the Abb? Terray, France?s controller general of finance in 1771 and one of the most powerful men of the kingdom. Terray proposed a marriage between the 13-year-old Marie and the 50-year-old penniless brother of a valued acquaintance. To save her from this unwelcome all…
The vagaries of law have often been the subject of modern drama. Whether a play offers an analysis of a case from differing viewpoints, highlights ethical dilemmas created by clashes between moral and legal law, or explores the actual process of a case, legal dramas inevitably engage the audience?s judgment, alongside that of the judge and jury, and provide excitement, even if they do not always e…
(NBC, 5/6/1976, 180 mins). Three generations of New York City cops are the focal point of this three-hour saga revolving primarily around the Deputy Chief of Public Affairs caught up in the politics and intrigue of the department, the discovery that his father had been on the take, and the news that his youngest son is having second thoughts about carrying on the family tradition. The movie, based…
(NBC, 4/29/1976, 120 mins). Originally called ?The Deputies,? this pilot movie for a prospective series (referred to as ?The Rookies on Horseback?) follows a frontier lawman and his young deputies in their frantic search for a psychopath with a vendetta against prostitutes. Production Companies Quinn Martin Productions, NBC Productions. Director Virgil W Vogel. Executive Producer Quinn Martin. Pro…
(1814?1900) British agriculturalist: founder of Rothamsted Experimental Station. Lawes had an amateur interest in chemistry, but after inheriting a farm estate at Rothamsted in 1834 he became an enthusiast for agricultural chemistry. He found that ground bones (?mineral phosphates?) were effective in some fields but not in others, and soon discovered that acid treatment of bones made a universally…
(1901?58) US physicist: invented the cyclotron and produced new radioactive elements. Lawrence?s father was head of a teacher?s college and his mother had taught mathematics. The boy grew up in South Dakota; he was tall, energetic, fond of tennis and physics, and impatient of ?culture? and of inactivity throughout his life. He studied at South Dakota, Minnesota and Yale and in 1928 moved to a post…
LAWRENCE, MARTIN (1965?). Comedian, actor. Born in Frankfurt, Germany, and raised in Maryland, Lawrence had a knack for comedy and developed his early routines while attending Eleanor Roosevelt High School in Landover, Maryland. A performance on the television talent show Star Search led to a role in What?s Happening Now! After a supporting role in director Spike Lee ?s Do the Right Thing , 1989, …
One of the most popular and frequently represented *saints in art from the early Christian period onward, the Spanish-born Lawrence (d. c.258) was one of the seven deacons of Rome in the mid-third century and was martyred in persecutions under the emperor Valerian. *Constantine constructed a chapel over his catacomb tomb, which was enlarged in the sixth century (now the present basilica of San Lor…
The Reverend James Morris Lawson Jr. made significant contributions to the modern civil rights movement in Tennessee and in the South. A leading proponent of the philosophy of direct nonviolent protest, he was the movement?s leading theoretician and tactician in the black American struggle for freedom, justice, and equality. The product of a politically active family, he continued his family?s her…
(1947-) Media Executive Geraldine Laybourne is one of the most prominent women in cable television. She took the Nickelodeon television network from last place to first in the 1980s, and she did it through an unconventional leadership style. As a result of her success, she became vice chairman of Nickelodeon?s parent company, MTV Networks. Then in early 1996, this dynamic chief executive moved t…
Definition: The LCD display controller provides an interface between the multimedia processor and a flat-panel display module. The controller can be integrated as a part of system on chip or can be discrete. The image rendered by the application is displayed on the screen for the user by the LCD controller. The image of the screen on the memory is called the frame buffer. The configuration of the …
[luh shatlyay] (1850?1936) French physical chemist and metallurgist: devised a much-used but doubtful principle. As a young man, Le Chatelier was much influenced by his father Louis, an engineer who was Inspector General of Mines for France. Tuition from his father and family friends such as aided him and shaped his interests, and he became a professor in the ?cole des Mines in 1877. His early res…
Diana J. Wong-MingJi Eastern Michigan University, USA The demand for leadership competencies to leverage performance from global virtual teams (GVTs) is growing as organizations continue to search for talent, regardless of location. This means that the work of virtual leaders is embedded in the global shifting of work (Tyran, Tyran & Shepherd, 2003). The phenomenon began with the financial indust…
(1895?1972) British?Kenyan archaeologist and palaeoanthropologist: discovered several hominids. The son of a British missionary working in British East Africa (now Kenya), Leakey became interested in Stone Age man while he was young. He studied anthropology at Cambridge, reading French and Kikuyu (the language of the Kenyans among whom he had been brought up) and taking part in a British Museum ex…
n?e Nicol (1913?96) British palaeoanthropologist: discovered several hominids. Mary Nicol had a somewhat unconventional upbringing, travelling a good deal and lacking a regular formal education. Her father was a landscape painter. Interested in archaeology and early man, she attended lectures at University College, London, and between 1930 and 1933 worked on several archaeological digs in England.…
Principal social themes: education/literacy, racism/civil rights Warner Brothers. PG-13 rating. Featuring: Morgan Freeman, Beverly Todd, Robert Guillaume, Alan North, Lynne Thigpen, Robin Bartlett, Michael Beach, Ethan Phillips, Sandra Reaves-Phillips, Ivonne Coll, Karina Arroyave, Jermaine Hopkins, Karen Malina White, Sloane Shelton. Written by Michael Schiffer. Cinematography by Victor Hammer. E…
Albert A. Angehrn Center for Advanced Learnimg Technologies, INSEAD, France Michael Gibbert Bocconi University, Italy Herb Simon once said that ?all learning takes place inside individual human heads[;] an organization learns in only two ways: (a) by the learning of its members, or (b) by ingesting new members who have knowledge the organization didn?t previously have? (as cited in Grant, 1996, …
Luigi Proserpio Bocconi University, Italy Massimo Magni Bocconi University, Italy Managerial business games, defined as interactive computer-based simulations for managerial education, can be considered as a relatively new tool for adults? learning. If compared with paper-based case histories, they could be less consolidated in terms of design methodologies, usage suggestions, and results measur…
Lewis Sheridan ?Shad? Leary accompanied John Brown on the raid of the Harpers Ferry arsenal (October 1859), where he was killed during the gun fight with federal troops. Leary was said to be handsome and to wear his wide-brimmed hat at a rakish tilt, which was the first sign of his reckless, yet courageous nature. Leary was born of free parents in Fayetteville, North Carolina, in 1835. He had neve…
Joyce Chapman Lebra, born in Minneapolis, spent her childhood in Honolulu, where she attended the Punahou School. The multiethnic society and the tropical setting of Hawaii were early influences and stimulated her interest in other areas of the world. Lebra attended the University of Minnesota, where she received a bachelor?s and then a master?s degree. She completed her work for the doctorate at …
[lay derberg] (1925? ) US geneticist: pioneer of bacterial genetics. A New Yorker almost from birth, Lederberg graduated in biological science at Columbia University and then enrolled there in 1944 as a medical student during his service in the US Naval Reserve. At that time bacteria were not thought to have genes, or sex. During his course on medical bacteriology, Lederberg began experiments to t…
LEE, CANADA (1907?1951). Actor, civil rights activist. Born in Manhattan, New York, as Leonard Corneliou Caneagata, he studied violin as a boy but always longed to be a jockey. He became a prizefighter instead, winning 90 out of 100 fights, which included the national amateur lightweight title. He turned professional in 1926, winning 175 out of 200 fights, until a detached retina brought his succe…
1923 Born in Charlotte, North Carolina on November 1 1931 Moves to Hamlet, North Carolina 1944 Joins the U. S. Navy 1946 Receives B.S. from North Carolina A&T College 1949 Enrolls in law school at North Carolina College; joins in suit to desegregate law school at the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill 1950 Enrolls in UNC?s law school 1957 Files successful suit to integrate Gillespie…
LEE, SHELDON ?SPIKE? (1957?). Filmmaker, actor. Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Lee?s family moved to Chicago before relocating to New York. He returned to Atlanta to attend Morehouse College and went back to New York for graduate school at New York University?s Institute of Film and Television. Lee became a household name in the area of independent film production and ushered in a new wave of black the…
(1926? ) Chinese?US theoretical physicist: demonstrated that parity is not conserved in the weak nuclear interaction. Lee studied for his degree in China. His work was interrupted by the Japanese invasion during the Second World War; he fled to another province. In 1946 he won a grant to Chicago, studying astrophysics under ; work at Princeton (1951?3) and Columbia followed. He held a post at Colu…
[layvenhook] (1632?1723) Dutch microscopist: observed blood corpuscles, protozoa, bacteria and spermatozoa. Leeuwenhoek had no formal training in science and rather limited schooling. Apprenticed to a draper, he later had his own shop in Delft and a paid post in local government. He became an enthusiastic user of microscopes. The compound microscope was in use before 1650 but was optically poor, a…
LaSalle Leffall is one of the leading cancer surgeons in the world. The first black president of the American Cancer Society and the American College of Surgeons, Leffall, born and raised in the Jim Crow South, has broken many racial barriers with his research, work as a surgeon, and teaching. Leffall has won numerous awards and has earned the admiration of those in and out of the medical establis…
Definition : Current practices in collaborative computing within government and industry are still conservative consisting of four main elements: video teleconferencing, audio conferencing, electronic mail, and shared directories. Despite the wealth of research topics that comprise collaborative computing, current practices within government and industry can best be described as somewhat conservat…
Born John Stephens, December 28, 1978, in Springfield, OH. Education: University of Pennsylvania, B.A., 1999. Addresses: Record company ?Sony, 550 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10022. Website ?http://www.johnlegend.com. Played piano on ?Everything is Everything? by Lauryn Hill, 1998; performed as backup singer or pianist on songs by Kanye West, Jay-Z, Alicia Keys, Janet Jackson and others, early to m…
B. 1921 Birthplace: Budapest, Hungary Awards: Coty American Fashion Critics Award, 1973 ???????? Neiman Marcus Award, 1980 ???????? Handbag Designer of the Year Award, 1992 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America Award, 1993 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America Lifetime Achievement Award, 1994 Is it art or is it fashion? Those who admire the jeweled minaudi?res, or han…
[liyb nits] (1646?1716) German mathematician: one of the greatest polymaths in history. The son of a Lutheran professor of moral philosophy, Leibniz developed an interest in a wide range of subjects from his father?s library. He attended the universities of Leipzig, Jena and Altdorf, where he received his doctorate in law in 1666. Leibniz was to show talent in law, religion, statecraft, history, l…
[luhmaytruh] (1894?1966) Belgian astronomer and cosmologist: originator of the ?Big Bang? theory for the origin of the universe. Lema?tre studied at the University of Louvain, and afterwards trained and was ordained as a Catholic priest. He then spent some time at the Cambridge and Harvard observatories before becoming professor of astronomy at Louvain in 1927, where he remained for the rest of hi…
LEMMONS, KASI (1959?). Director, actress, writer. She studied acting before going on to write and direct her acclaimed independent feature film Eve?s Bayou , 1997. She received her education at The Lee Strasburg Institute, UCLA, and NYU, and appeared off-Broadway in the 1984 production of Balm in Gilead . Her first film role was playing a hostage in the TV movie 11th Victim , 1979, and she guest s…
[lay nah?t] (1862?1947) German physicist: investigated the photoelectric effect and cathode rays. Lenard, the son of a wine-merchant, was educated at Budapest and in Germany, where he became professor at Kiel in 1898. Before 1914 Lenard made a series of fundamental contributions to physics. He took the known fact that ultraviolet light falling on some metals causes electron emission (the photoelec…
LENNIX, HARRY J. (1965?). Actor. Before becoming an actor, Len-nix taught in the public school system of his hometown, Chicago, Illinois. After landing roles on several TV movies, he was cast in Robert Townsend ?s The Five Heartbeats , 1991. More film roles followed, such as Mo? Money , 1992; Get on the Bus , 1996; and Love and Basketball , 2000. He has guest starred on many TV series, including T…
Principal social themes: censorship, addiction (drugs) United Artists. R rating. Featuring: Dustin Hoffman, Valerie Perrine, Jan Miner, Stanley Beck, Gary Morton, Lee Sandman, Frankie Man, Rashel Novikoff, Guy Rennie, Susan Malnick, Phil Philbin, Clarence Thomas, Mark Harris; Written by Julian Barry based on his play Lenny . Cinematography by Bruce Sertees. Edited by Alan Heim. Music by Ralph Burn…
[lents] (1804?65) Russian physicist: discovered Lenz?s Law. Lenz studied chemistry and physics at the University of Dorpat (later Tartu), served as geophysicist on a voyage around the world when he was 19 and, on his return, was appointed to the staff of St Petersburg Academy of Science, eventually becoming dean of mathematics and physics. On his voyage around the world Lenz made some important in…
LEON (1962?). Actor. This Bronx, New York-born actor has portrayed three legendary singers: Little Richard, Jackie Wilson, and David Ruffin of the Temptations. He also portrayed a singer in Robert Townsend ?s The Five Heartbeats , inspired by the soul group The Dells. His television guest starring appearances include Hunter, L. A. Law, Central Park West, Oz , and Crossing Jordan , and he portrayed…
Born Luna Bergere Leopold, October 8, 1915, in Albuquerque, NM; died of emphysema and congestive heart disease, February 23, 2006, in Berkeley, California. Scientist. Luna Leopold transformed the study of rivers into a science. After editing a groundbreaking book written by his father, one of the United States? leading conservationists, Leopold followed in his footsteps by measuring and describing…
n?e Etable de Labri?re [luhpoht] (1723?88) French astronomical computer. Married to Jean-Andr? Lepaute (1720?1789), the royal clockmaker, Nicole-Reine Lepaute investigated oscillations of pendulums of different lengths; the result of this work was included in her husband?s Trait? d?horlogerie (1755). She was employed by J J Lalande (1732?1807), director of the Paris Observatory, to assist A-C Clai…
One of the founders of the field of women?s history, Gerda Lerner was born in Vienna, Austria, on April 30, 1920. As a child she attended the Red Gymnasium. Her father, Robert Kronstein, was a pharmacist, and her mother, Ilona Neumann Kronstein, was an artist. Six weeks before her college entrance exams, Lerner was put in jail. Her father, fearing the Nazi executioners, had fled the country, and G…
(CBS, 12/27/1978, 180 mins). Lavish three hour remake of the Victor Hugo classic about the escaped convict, a woodcutter who had been imprisoned for stealing a loaf of bread to feed his starving family, and the dogged police inspector who dedicates himself to hounding the man until he again can be put behind bars. An Emmy Award nomination went to director Glenn Jordan. Production Companies Rosemon…
(CBS, 11/22/1979, 120 mins). Art Carney is a newspaper executive who is frustrated at being put out to pasture after 35 years in favor of a computer, but his wife?s unbridled enthusiasm about their new house, the death of his older brother, and the problems of his divorced son, recently remarried, bring home to him an important message about a man?s responsibilities. An up and coming young Canadia…
(ABC, 10/3/1973, 90 mins). This successor to ?The Letters? (1973) and the second pilot for a proposed series once more offers three interconnected stories in which three letters, delayed a year, change the lives of a young couple separated by a jail sentence, a suburban housewife involved in a love affair, and two vacationers pretending to be wealthy. Production Company Spelling-Goldberg Productio…
[luh veen ] (1869?1940) Russian?US biochemist, who showed that ?nucleic acid? is of two kinds (RNA and DNA) and defined the difference between them. Levene?s father was a prosperous Jewish shirt-maker in St Petersburg, and the boy was able to become a student in the Imperial Medical Academy there taught physiology, and chemistry, in the Academy; the latter apparently influenced Levene the most, be…
[luhveryay] (1811?77) French astronomer: predicted position of Neptune and discovered advance of perihelion of Mercury. Leverrier was a student and then a teacher at the ?cole Polytechnique, initially in chemistry and later in astronomy. Realizing that the irregularity of the orbit of Uranus was due to the influence of an undiscovered planet further out, Leverrier succeeded in computing the mass a…
[ lay ee montal chee nee] (1909? ) Italian neurophysiologist: discovered nerve growth factor. Montalcini?s training was difficult; her Italian-Jewish family long opposed her entry to medical school, and when she graduated the Second World War began and as a non-Aryan she had to go into hiding. Her early research, with her medical school instructor G Levi on the neuroembryology of the chick, was do…
The name Leviathan occurs in several Old Testament passages, notably *, which contains a lengthy description, spoken by *God to Job, of the fearsome and powerful beast whom God tames. The creature appears again in Psalm , translated as draco (dragon or serpent) in the Vulgate, described as living in the great, wide sea. Other references to Leviathan are found in *Isaiah 27:1, where it is described…
(1875?1946) US physical chemist: major contributor to theory of chemical bonding. A Harvard graduate, Lewis studied in Germany for 2 years and then went to the Philippines as a government chemist. From 1905?12 he was at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then spent the rest of his career at the University of California at Berkeley. Lewis developed ideas on chemical thermodynamics and ma…
LEWIS, JENIFER (1957?). Actress. She was born in Kinloch, Missouri, and began her showbiz career in a 1979 production of the Broadway musical Eubie . She once sang background as one of Bette Midler?s Harlettes, and she co-wrote and starred in the one-woman show The Diva is Dismissed , which earned her two NAACP Image Awards. She has worked extensively in both film and television, often portraying …
Samella Sanders Lewis was born on February 27, 1924, in New Orleans, Louisiana, of African-American ancestry. Her father was a farmer, her mother a seamstress. She attended Thomy Lafon Elementary School, J. W. Hoffman Junior High School, and McDonogh #35 Senior High School, all in New Orleans. Among her early influences Lewis counts historian Benjamin Quarles and her art professor, Elizabeth Catle…
Theophilus Lewis was a drama critic of the Harlem Renaissance era. Lewis was passionate about theater and thought that it should reflect the values of the black culture. In an article on Lewis, Theodore Kornweibel stated that Lewis wanted to provide ?an ideology for the development of a national black theater which would be both a source of a racial ethos and repository of the race?s genius.? He w…
Born Diane Monique Lhuillier, c. 1971, in Cebu City, Cebu, Philippines; daughter of Michel (a jeweler and real estate investor) and Amparito (a real estate investor) Lhuillier; married Tom Bugbee (a retail executive), 1996; children: Jack Nicholas. Education: Graduated from the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising, 1995. Addresses: Home ?Beverly Hills, CA. Office ?Monique Lhuillier & Co., 1…
(1908?80) US chemist: developed radiocarbon dating technique. Libby taught at the University of California at Berkeley (where he had graduated) until 1941, when he joined the Manhattan Project developing the atom bomb. After the war he moved to the Institute of Nuclear Studies at the University of Chicago, returning to California in 1959. In 1939 Serge Korff (1906?) discovered carbon-14, a radioac…
In the children?s room of a city library, a woman gathers toddlers and their parents together for story time. At a law school, a man teaches students how to find information they need for their classes. In an office downtown, a man working for a large corporation searches the Internet for news about a rival company. In a special museum vault, a woman carefully mends a rare book printed three hundr…
[lee] (1842?99) Norwegian mathematician: discovered the theory of continuous transformation groups. Lie was inspired to study mathematics by reading and J Pl?cker (1801?68) on geometry, and spent his life fruitfully developing the latter?s idea of creating geometries from shapes as elements of space rather than points. Research in Berlin and in Paris was somewhat marred by being arrested as a Germ…
(Baron) von [ lee bikh] (1803?73) German organic chemist; the greatest chemical educator of his time. As a druggist?s son, Liebig was attracted early to chemistry. In 1822 he went to study in Paris (then the centre for chemistry) and became assistant . By 1825 he became professor in the very small university at Giessen, near Frankfurt. He stayed there for nearly 30 years, and set up his famous la…
Born Gyorgy Sandor Ligeti, May 28, 1923, in Tir-naveni, Hungary; died after a long illness, June 12, 2006, in Vienna, Austria. Composer. Hungarian composer Gyorgy Ligeti (pronounced Jurge LIG-ih-tee) created some of the most daring soundscapes to emerge from modern classical music in the latter half of the twentieth century. A Jew who lost his brother and father to the Holocaust, Ligeti was a slav…
(CBS, 10/22/1978, 120 mins). The problems of a college professor and her teenage daughter facing a new life after being deserted by the husband/father are explored in this drama, adapted from the novel by ?Like Mother, Like Me,? by Sheila Schwartz. Nancy Malone, an actress in the 1940s who found a new career as a TV executive, produced this film and plays a small role. Production Company CBS Enter…
(ABC, 4/13/1979, 120 mins). This fact based drama about a pair of mentally retarded young adults who face angry resistance when they decide to marry is virtually identical to the TV movie ?No Other Love,? which premiered three weeks earlier. Rock singer and teen idol Shaun Cassidy made his dramatic acting debut in this film. Robert Meyers? 1979 book was based upon his mildly retarded brother Roger…
Born July 24, 1965, in New York, NY; son of Arthur L. (an attorney) and Ellen (an artist) Liman. Education: Earned degree in history from Brown University, 1988; attended University of Southern California. Addresses: Office ?Hypnotic, Inc., 419 Park Ave. South, Ste. 20, New York, NY 10016. Director of films, including: Getting In (never released), 1994; Swingers , 1996; Go , 1999; The Bourne Ident…
LINCOLN MOTION PICTURE COMPANY, THE (1915?1923). This Los Angeles-based production company was established in 1915 to produce and distribute motion pictures made exclusively for the black community. In the wake of the release of D. W. Griffith?s controversial and racist film The Birth of a Nation , 1915, popular sentiment in the African American community was that another film was needed to counte…
(1716?94) British physician: rediscovered cure for scurvy. A surgeon?s apprentice at 15, Lind became a naval surgeon. Scurvy (?the plague of the sea?) was first seen in sailors at the end of the Middle Ages when sea voyages began to take months. The surgeon John Woodall (1556??1643) described in his book The Surgeon?s Mate the prevention and cure of scurvy by eating citrus fruit (such as limes, or…
(1895?1965) Swedish astronomer: proposed rotation of our Galaxy. Lindblad graduated at Uppsala and spent 2 years in research in astronomy in the USA before becoming director of the new Stockholm Observatory in 1927 and spending his career there. Jacobus Kapteyn (1851?1922) had discovered from a survey of stellar motion in 1904 that most stars fell into two groups, or streams, moving in opposite di…
(1886?1957) British physicist: personal scientific adviser to Churchill in the Second World War. Lindemann?s background, talents and position were all unusual. His father, a prosperous engineer, emigrated to the UK from Alsace rather than become a German citizen after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Lindemann studied physics in France and Germany, took a doctorate with in 1910 and in the First Wo…
LINDO, DELROY (1952?). Actor. This London, England-born actor exudes a powerful presence on stage and screen. He was born to Jamaican parents and moved to Toronto, Canada, with his mother as a teen, and later to the United States, where he graduated from the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. His first notable film role was in More American Graffiti , 1979, and he spent the next 10 ye…
Sir David Lindsay of the Mount was closely connected to the Scottish royal court for most of his life. Evidence suggests that he may have been employed there as early as 1508, but his intimacy with the royal family was established by 1512, when he was made usher to the prince. At fifteen months, in September 1513, James V acceded to the throne, and Lindsay later addressed many of his poems to this…
Born Richard Stuart Linklater, July 30, 1960, in Houston, TX; children: three daughters. Education: Attended Sam Houston State University, c. 1980. Addresses: Contact ?Austin Film Society, 1901 E. 51st St., Austin, TX 78723. Home ?Austin, TX. Office ?Detour Film Production, 3109 N. I-35, Austin, TX 78702. Writer and director of films, including: It?s Impossible to Learn to Plow by Reading Books , …
[li nay uhs], from 1762 Carl von Linn? (1707?78) Swedish botanist: the great classifier of plants; popularized binomial nomenclature. Linnaeus began his training in medicine at the University of Lund in 1727 but his father, a pastor and enthusiastic gardener, was unable to maintain his education. Linnaeus became interested in plants, and moved to the university at Uppsala with the help of a benefa…
Linsey Dawn McKenzie was born into the middle-class neighborhood of Wallington where she lived with her parents and older brother Scott and sister Alyson. In 1987, her father Tony, the manager of a scaffolding company and mother Lesley, a teacher, divorced. When McKenzie was nine years old, her mother remarried Chris Atkins. By the time she was 15, McKenzie was a size 34DD, reaching 34GG at just 1…
1945 Formation of the League of Arab States (Arab League) 1946 Jordan becomes independent from Britain; rise and fall of Kurdish Republic of Mahabad in Iran 1947 United States issues ?Truman Doctrine?; Britain announces intention to abandon the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine and turn over future of the country to the United Nations (UN); U.N. General Assembly adopts Resolution 181 (II) to…
(1827?1912) British surgeon: introduced antiseptic surgery. Lister was the son of a Quaker wine merchant who was also a skilful microscopist; his achromatic microscope design (1830) marks the beginning of modern microscopy. As an Arts student in London, young Lister attended as a spectator the first surgical operation under a general anaesthetic, in 1846. He then turned to medicine, qualified …
(ABC, 1/16/1977, 120 mins). A onetime pimp turned big-city cop (David Soul) takes an interest in a teenage runaway (Linda Purl) who has been drawn into the hard world of prostitution after being shunned by her parents. Originally this was to have premiered in September 1976. Production Company Spelling-Goldberg Productions. Director Marvin J. Chomsky. Executive Producers Aaron Spelling, Leonard Go…
(NBC, 9/5/1978, 120 mins). Biopic about tennis great Maureen Connolly who, as a teenager, was the first woman to win the Grand Slam of Tennis, became world renowned as ?Little Mo,? and died of cancer in 1969 at the age of 34. Anne Baxter replaced Lana Turner in the part of Maureen?s mother. Production Companies Mark VII Ltd., Worldvision Enterprises. Director Daniel Haller. Executive Producer Jack…
(NBC, 10/2/1978 and 10/3/1978, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). A lavish fourth filming of the classic Louisa May Alcott novel of family life during the Civil War (previously made in 1919, 1933 and 1949), and the sixth (at least) TV presentation, sparking a weekly series that began in January 1979. Dorothy McGuire, playing Marmee here and in the series, had been scheduled to portray Meg in David …
Born Penelope Low, March 17, 1933, in Cairo, Egypt; daughter of Roger Low (a bank manager) and Vera Greer; immigrated to England, 1945; married Jack Lively (a university teacher; died, 1998), June 27, 1957; children: Josephine, Adam. Education: St. Anne?s College, Oxford University, B.A. (with honors), 1956. Addresses: Agent ?David Higham Associates, 5-8 Lower John St., Golden Square, London W1F 9…
Born June 5, 1968, in Cedar Rapids, IA; son of Kurt (an aerospace engineer) and Linda (a Lutheran minister) Livingston. Education: Yale University, B.A., 1989. Addresses: Agent ?Kevin Polchak, Endeavor Agency, 9701 Wilshire Blvd., Tenth Flr., Beverly Hills, CA 90212-2020. Home ?Los Angeles, CA. Actor in films, including: Straight Talk , 1992; Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade , 1994; The Low Life ,…
[loba chef skee] (1793?1856) Russian mathematician: discovered one of the first non-Euclidean geometries. Lobachevski?s father died when he was about 6, and after his mother had moved the family to Kazan he attended the new university there in 1807. He joined its staff in 1814 and in 1827 became its rector. He was honoured by his government, but in 1846 fell into disfavour for reasons which are un…
Alessandro Arbore Bocconi University, Italy Local loop unbundling (LLU) is one of the most important and controversial policy instruments adopted in many countries since the second half of the 1990s. Its aim is to foster competition within local telecommunication markets. LLU requires any former monopolist (i.e., the incumbent) to lease, at cost, part of its local network facilities to any reques…
Ioannis P. Chochliouros Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece George K. Lalopoulos Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece Recent European policies have very early identified (European Commission, 1999) the great challenge for the European Union (EU) to pr…
LOCKHART, CALVIN (1934?). Actor. Born in Nassau, Bahamas, Lockhart was in construction and wanted to be a civil engineer. He studied with acting coach Uta Hagen and was discovered while driving a taxicab in New York City by playwright Ketti Frings, who cast him in the play The Cool World , in 1960. He later starred opposite Angela Lansbury in the race-based love story, A Taste of Honey . He moved …
(1836?1920) British astronomer: discovered helium in the Sun. As a young civil servant at the War Office, Lockyer developed an interest in astronomy and made it his career. He was particularly interested in the Sun and in the use of the recently-introduced methods of spectral analysis. Following the eclipse of 1868 Lockyer discovered, independently of the French astronomer P Janssen (1824?1907), t…
(ABC, 10/9/1974, 90 mins). Strikingly similar to the short story chiller ?Laningen and the Ants? (filmed by Paramount in 1953 as ?The Naked Jungle?), this tale has a menacing swarm of locusts advancing on the Midwest, forcing a young World War II pilot, discharged as unfit to fly, to attempt to conquer his personal terror and dispel his father?s shame. Production Companies Carson Productions, Para…
(1851?1940) British physicist: pioneer of radio telegraphy. Lodge was born in Penkhull in the Potteries, in Staffordshire, where his father was a supplier of pottery materials. The family was prolific; Oliver Lodge had 12 children, he was the eldest of 9, and his thrice-married grandfather had 25 children. After working for his father for 7 years, he studied physics at the Royal College of Science…
Thomas Lodge, best known for his euphuistic prose romance Rosalynd , was born in 1558 in London into a family of London mayors. His father, Sir Thomas Lodge, would serve as lord mayor of London for the 1562?63 term, and his mother, Lady Anne Lodge, was the stepdaughter of William Laxton, who had been lord mayor of London from 1544 to 1545. This eminent social status was admittedly weakened by Sir …
Deborah Norris Logan, called a ?collector of historical records,? was born October 19, 1761, to Charles Norris, a Quaker merchant, and Mary Parker, his second wife. They lived in Philadelphia, two doors away from the State House, and on July 8, 1776, when Deborah was fourteen, she stood on the garden fence to hear the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. She attended the Friend…
Jermain Wesley Loguen was born into slavery, and had no formal education skills when he and a friend decided to run away from Tennessee. Having to rely on the help of others to complete their journey northwards, the two runaways soon realized how poorly prepared they were to successfully navigate the journey they had undertaken. As soon as Lougen reached Detroit, he was determined to get an educat…
Louis E. Lomax is perhaps best known for his journalism and books. His commitment to the civil rights struggle of the 1960s is reflected in his work and should be considered a notable achievement for a journalist. Through his news editorials in such publications as the Baltimore Afro-American , the Chicago American , and Harper?s , his impact on the movement continues. Of equal importance are his …
1947 Born in Los Angeles, California on October 2 1968 Graduates magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, from Morehouse College; later earns M.A. from Columbia University 1969 Marries Pearl Cleage 1973 Becomes speech writer for Maynard Jackson?s first mayoral campaign 1975?78 Directs parks, libraries, and cultural and international affairs for city of Atlanta 1978?81 Serves as member at large of the Fult…
Definition: Pool of servers can be used to retrieve very long duration movies. A central issue in the design networked/distributed multimedia services or DMMS is in addressing how to retrieve and transmit compressed-format videos (e.g., movies) from the server sites to the clients using the underlying network without under-utilizing the resources (e.g., storage of disk and memory, bandwidth of dis…
Born in 1953 in Charlotte, North Carolina, Eddie L. Long is one of four sons born to Hattie and Reverend Floyd Long. He received his basic education in the Charlotte public school system. According to Long, when he was in the seventh grade, a guidance counselor told him that he was too dumb to go to college. However, in the last week of his high school senior year, another guidance counselor told …
(ABC, 12/15/1978, 120 mins). Drama depicting a teenage girl?s courageous fight following a crushing school bus accident that leaves her physically and emotionally handicapped. Production Company Lorimar Productions. Director Mel Damski. Executive Producers Lee Rich, Philip Capice. Producer Robert Lovenheim. Teleplay Audrey Davis Levin. Based on an Article by Judith Ramesy. Photography Stevan Larne…
The Gospel of John recounts that a Roman soldier pierced *Christ?s side with a spear during the *Crucifixion. Although unnamed in the canonical Gospels, he was identified as Longinus (probably from the Greek, longke , ?lance?) in the apocryphal Acts of Pilate , which source also gave the name Longinus to the centurion in charge of the Crucifixion who proclaimed Jesus as the ?Son of God? (Matthew 2…
(ABC, 2/23/1971, 90 mins). A New Orleans-based insurance investigator, blinded in an explosion, tracks down the man who killed his wife and took his sight. This was the pilot to the short lived series (1971-72) that starred James Franciscus, with Peter Mark Richman replacing Bradford Dillman as his boss and Marlyn Mason taking over the role of his Braille teacher/romantic interest from Martine Bes…
n?e Yardley (1903?71) British crystallographer: applied X-ray diffraction analysis to organic crystals. The 10th and last child of an Irish postmaster, Kathleen Yardley came to London when she was 5 and graduated there in physics when she was 19. For 20 years she worked at the Royal Institution, and for the next 20 at University College, London, developing methods pioneered by the for finding mole…
(ABC, 10/29/1976, 120 mins). This sequel to Roman Polanski?s 1968 classic chiller traces the growth to adulthood of the half human/half-demon child whose life is a macabre battleground between human and satanic forces. Ruth Gordon re creates her original film role, and Patty Duke Astin and George Maharis take over where Mia Farrow and John Cassavetes left off. Originally this one was to have been …
(NBC, 2/26/1978 to 2/28/1978, 3 Parts, 120 mins each, 6 hours). A six hour novel for television focusing on a 10 year period in the lives and loves of three best girlfriend an author, an artist and a political activist maturing during the turbulent 1960s. The miniseries, adapted from Sara Davidson?s 1977 novel, subsequently was cut to four hours and retitled ?Those Restless Years.? Production Comp…
[loh rents] (1853?1928) Dutch theoretical physicist: contributed greatly to the theory of the electron and of electromagnetism. Lorentz completed his studies early at Arnhem and Leiden; a thesis on light reflection and refraction won him the first chair of theoretical physics in Holland at Leiden when he was 24. In 1912 he became director of the Teyler Institute, Haarlem. He did a great deal to fo…
Electrocardiograph showing fibrillation in human heart ventricles. Long thought to be fully chaotic, in 1998 it was shown in dogs that there is some pattern and order in the electrical activity at the surface of the affected heart. In the traditional world of Newtonian physics, dynamical systems are described by equations which allow the future motion of an object to be predicted with great …
[loh rents] (1903?89) Austrian ethologist: a founder of modern ethology. A surgeon?s son, Lorenz studied medicine in New York and Vienna and graduated in 1928. Afterwards he taught anatomy in Vienna but by the mid-1930s his interest had moved to animal psychology; in fact he had collected animals and recorded their habits from childhood. In the late 1930s he made close studies of bird colonies, an…
Cool jazz was one of the most popular jazz styles of the 1950s. Not all of the cool jazz leaders were based in California, and not all of the jazz there during the era was cool jazz; but the music made its greatest impact and reached the height of its popularity in Los Angeles. Throughout jazz history, an extroverted musician?s innovations have often been followed by those of a quieter, ?cooler? s…
[loh shmit] (1821?95) German physical chemist: early worker on valence theory and on molecular size. Born into a peasant family in what is now the Czech Republic, Loschmidt studied in Prague and Vienna. In the 1840s he tried to establish himself in business but the times were difficult and in 1854 he became bankrupt. He taught science in Vienna, and became a friend of . His book Chemical Studies I…
The nephew of *Abraham, Lot appears in Genesis. Selected episodes from his life are found in early Christian and later medieval Bible manuscripts, mosaics, and stained glass. He traveled and lived with his uncle for a number of years, but the two parted company in Canaan, where Abraham gave? Lot first choice of land. Lot settled in the fertile region near the (not yet) Dead Sea in the city of *Sod…
(ABC, 1/25/1976, 120 mins). An incident in the life of jazz great Louis Armstrong when, in 1931, he was booked into a small Chicago night spot, turning down a lucrative offer to move over to a club run by gangsters. His manager is bribed to secretly frame him on a marijuana charge, and he is forced to leave town ironically (after the film ends) going to Europe where he was to skyrocket to internat…
Decades after his death, Louis Armstrong is still the most famous of all jazz musicians. A large part of his popularity during the later part of his career was due to his distinctive singing and joyful personality that were always impossible to resist. Armstrong?s musical innovations early in his life are so enormous that he permanently changed jazz and was arguably the most significant of all mus…
Louis IX became king of France in 1226 at the age of twelve, when his father died. His mother, Blanche of Castile, served as regent during his minority and during his later absence from France on crusade until her *death in 1252. Louis was largely a capable and powerful ruler; dedicated to justice, he successfully defeated rebellions and established peace under royal authority. An extremely pious …
(NBC, 5/15/1979 and 5/16/1979, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). A traditional sagebrush saga based on two novels (?Sackett? and ?The Daybreakers?) by Louis L?Amour, the foremost Western author on the contemporary scene, and the first dramatized for television of the 74 he has written (11 are about the Sackett family). This four-hour movie focuses on the three Sackett brothers in New Mexico territ…
Glen Cartman Loury is a distinguished economic theorist who has taught and lectured at numerous universities in the United States and abroad. He has written many books and scholarly articles on welfare, economics, game theory, natural resource economics, industrial organization, and the economics of income distribution. He is also a prominent social critic and public intellectual. Glen Cartman Lou…
(ABC, 3/6/1975, 120 mins). An outstanding, multi-award-winning romantic comedy, written especially for its two distinguished stars, acting together for the first time and each winning an Emmy Award. Katharine Hepburn plays an aging actress being sued for breach of promise and Laurence Olivier is a blunt barrister, her onetime lover, who must destroy her reputation to protect her fortune. George Cu…
(NBC, 6/12/1978, 120 mins). An amiable comedy-drama about a black family that moves to Los Angeles from Detroit in search of a better life. ?Harris and Company,? the series that spun off from this film, ran briefly in the spring of 1979. Production Company Universal Television. Director Ivan Dixon. Producer Stanley G Robertson. Teleplay Arthur A. Ross. Photography Lamar Boren. Music Coleridge-Tayl…
(NBC, 4/2/1978, 120 mins). A young advertising executive, blinded in a gun accident, falls in love with a nightclub entertainer he has befriended, and through her he attempts to rebuild his life and career. Blind actor/musician Tom Sullivan lends a degree of authenticity to this true story as a blind psychiatrist who helps the film?s hero. An opening advisory noted: ?This program was inspired by t…
(ABC, 5/20/1979, 120 mins). This unabashed carbon copy of ?Gone With the Wind? had a petulant, self-centered Southern belle fighting not only to keep herself the center of attraction among her countless beaux but also to hold on to the family homestead when the Union Army comes marching through, and then it veers off into a search for a cache of gold and a look at prison camp life under the blueco…
(1913? ) British physicist: pioneer radio astronomer. After studying physics at the University of Bristol, Lovell was appointed to the staff of the physics department at the University of Manchester in 1936, where he was to spend his career. He became professor of radio astronomy and later director of the Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories at Jodrell Bank, near Manchester. Lovell was an outstan…
(1919?) British environmental scientist: devised the Gaia hypothesis. After studying chemistry and medicine in England, Lovelock held medical research positions in the UK as well as posts in chemistry, medicine and space science in the USA. After 1964 he conducted an independent scientific career. Lovelock?s most significant contributions have been in the field of environmental science. In 1957 Lo…
1916 Born in Detroit, Michigan on February 4 1931 Enters Cass Technical High School in auto-aero department 1935 Receives Project of the Month Award from Mechanix Illustrated 1935 Begins taking flying lessons 1939 Takes first solo flight; organizes the St. Antoine YMCA Glider Club for boys fourteen and older 1944 Airplane crash crushes both legs and rehabilitation begins 1946 Forms Wayne School of…
(1631?91) English physiologist: made first successful direct blood transfusion. Lower qualified in medicine at Oxford, where he assisted his teacher with dissections, and then moved to London to practise; he was an early Fellow of the Royal Society and had belonged to the Oxford group that founded it. In Oxford in 1665 he demonstrated transfusion of blood from the artery of one dog to the vein of …
Samuel R. Lowery was born approximately thirty ?years before the outbreak of the Civil War, but, unlike many other blacks of his time, he was never a slave. Lowery, though a free man at birth, did not fully escape the prejudice, discrimination, and neglect that most of his fellow blacks endured. In the 1884 World Exposition in New Orleans, for example, Lowery entered his mulberry leaves (food for …
(1834?1913) British biologist: contributor to archaeology, entomology and politics. Lubbock?s father was a successful banker and amateur mathematician, and the boy joined the family bank at 15. He was successful enough, but his main interest was in biology, in which he was self-taught. Fortunately he could concentrate fully on different matters at short intervals, and in his adult life banking, bi…
(1944-) LucasFilm, Ltd. George Lucas revolutionized the film industry when his 1977 film Star Wars was released. Through the use of computer technology, he was able to create an entire universe, which took the movie-going world by storm. While his legacy might be the Star Wars trilogy, it is his revolutionary film making process which is likely to have an impact for years to come. Lucas was born…
(1898-1967) Time Inc. In 1923 Henry Robinson Luce and his partner Briton Hadden cofounded Time magazine, the most influential newsmagazine of the twentieth century. Time quickly became popular among college-educated Americans because of its open political bias, its broad coverage, and its distinctive writing style. After Briton Hadden died in 1929, Luce took Time and turned it into the center of…
Veneration of the Sicilian virgin martyr Lucy (d. c.304) dates to the early Christian period. Legends of her life, composed in the fifth and sixth centuries, describe her as a wealthy woman who gave away her money to the poor, who refused offers of marriage, and who was turned in to the Roman authorities who tortured her and eventually killed her by stabbing her in the throat with a sword. Accordi…
Born Christopher Bridges, September 11, 1977, in Illinois; son of Roberta Shields; children: Karma (daughter). Addresses: Record company ?Def Jam, 825 Eighth Ave., New York, NY 10019. Website ?http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=308 Worked as a DJ for an Atlanta radio station, late 1990s; appeared on the song ?Fat Rabbit? by Timbaland, 1998; released Incognegro , 2000; released ma…
[lud veekh] (1816?95) German physiologist: pioneer of modern physiology. Ludwig enrolled as a medical student in Marburg in 1834, but he had a stormy student career. He soon had a heavily scarred lip through duelling, and conflict with the university authorities sent him to study elsewhere; but he returned to Marburg in 1840 and was teaching there by 1846. Later he taught in Z?rich, Vienna and Lei…
One of the *Four Evangelists, Luke is credited with having authored the Gospel of Luke (c.70?90) as well as the book of Acts. A disciple of Saint *Paul, he accompanied Paul on several missionary journeys, tradition ally became a leader of the Christian church in Greece, and died peacefully at the age of 84 (probably not crucified as a martyr with Saint *Andrew although such is recounted in legends…
One of the *Four Evangelists, Luke is credited with having authored the Gospel of Luke (c.70?90) as well as the book of Acts. A disciple of Saint *Paul, he accompanied Paul on several missionary journeys, tradition- Page?157? ally became a leader of the Christian church in Greece, and died peacefully at the age of 84 (probably not crucified as a martyr with Saint *Andrew although such is recounted…
LUMBLY, CARL (1952?). Actor. This focused and versatile actor was born in Jamaica , West Indies , and attended McAlester College in St. Paul , Minnesota . He made his film debut as an inmate in Escape From Alcatraz , 1979, and his career has accelerated. He has starred and guest appeared on many television series, including Cagney & Lacey, L. A. Law, EZ Streets, Alias , and portrayed the title rol…
[liyl] (1797?1875) British geologist: established the principle of uniformitarianism in geology. Lyell at first embarked on a legal career, but his interest in geology led in 1823 to his appointment as secretary of the Geological Society of London. During the first part of the 19th-c geology had made great advances in the collection of information, but most geologists still believed in one or mor…
John Lyly was born in Kent around 1554. Grandfather William Lyly, who published a famous Latin grammar, was the first high master of St. Paul?s School and a friend of Thomas More* and John Colet.* His father, Peter, was a minor ecclesiastical official. Lyly took M.A. degrees at both Oxford and Cambridge. In the late 1570s, he went to London to seek a place at court, hoping that his academic and li…
[moe byus] (1790?1868) German mathematician and astronomer: inventor of barycentric calculus and of the M?bius strip. M?bius studied law at the University of Leipzig, before abandoning it in favour of mathematics and astronomy. In 1816 he was appointed professor of astronomy at Leipzig, and in 1848 became director of its observatory. Although in mathematics M?bius developed barycentric calculus, w…
[m? ler] (1890?1967) US geneticist: discoverer of use of X-rays to induce genetic mutation. M?ller became an enthusiast for genetics at 16; he had already founded the first science club at his Harlem school, and won a scholarship to Columbia University. By 1915 he began his experiments on spontaneous gene mutation, a key effect in the study of genetics, under the guidance of , the leading American…
[m? ler] (1801?58) German physiologist: made wide-ranging discoveries, contributing also to anatomy, zoology and neurology. The M?ller family were Moselle wine-growers, but Johannes?s father was a prosperous shoemaker in Coblenz. The boy entered the newly founded university at Bonn in 1819, and his combination of talent and great ambition soon attracted attention. In 1826 he became a professor the…
[moes bower] (1929?) German physicist: discovered the M?ssbauer effect, which he used to verify Einstein?s general relativity theory. M?ssbauer was taking his doctorate at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg (1955?7) when he discovered what is now called the M?ssbauer effect. When an atom absorbs a gamma ray it recoils and, by energy conservation, the wavelength of the re-e…
Born in November, 1964, in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China. Education: Earned degree from Hangzhou Teachers Institute, 1988. Addresses: Office ?Alibaba.com, 39899 Balentine Dr., Ste. 355, Newark, CA 94560. Informal tour guide in Hangzhou, China, in the late 1970s; taught at Hangzhou Teachers Institute after 1988, and founded a translation agency; founded China Pages, one of the first commercial…
ORDER. The Egyptian philosophical view of existence was based on the idea that all existence was either orderly or chaotic. Order was called maat while chaos was called isfet . Maat encompassed the physical world, political conditions, and ethical conduct. In the physical world maat meant that the sun rose and set in a regular pattern. Maat also meant that the Nile flooded Egypt on a regular sche…
Bernard Jeffrey McCullough, better known as Bernie Mac, garnered acclaim as a stand-up comic, actor, and the co-creator and star of a popular television series. Bernie Mac was born on October 5, 1957 in Chicago?s South Side. He was the son of Mary McCullough and Bernard Harrison. Mac grew up in a household with his mother, a personnel supervisor at Evangelical Hospital; his grandfather, a janitor …
MAC, BERNIE (1958?). Comedian, actor, producer. He was born Bernard Jeffrey McCollough in Chicago , Illinois . He started his comedy career in 1977 at age 19 and struggled for years while playing the local comedy circuit. He made his film debut in Mo? Money , 1992, which led to a string of small comic parts in films like Who?s the Man , 1993; House Party 3 , 1994; and Friday , 1995. His Home Box O…
(1930?72) Canadian?US ecologist: developed theories of population biology. Born in Canada, MacArthur moved to the USA when he was 17 and studied mathematics at university, moving to Yale for his doctorate. However, in the second year of his PhD work he changed to zoology. After 2 years military service he returned to Yale and then concentrated on ecology. From 1965 until his early death from cance…
Victor-Eugene Macarty was talented and ambitious. He was born into a society that afforded him privileges that were usually not accessible for men of color. Macarty used these opportunities to develop his musical talent. He was subjected to many injustices but sought ways to fight inequality and racism. Victor-Eugene Macarty was born in 1821 in New Orleans, Louisiana. His mother was a free woman o…
(1927?) US chemist: developer of electrically conducting organic polymers. Born in New Zealand, MacDiarmid studied chemistry there and at Wisconsin and Cambridge before making his career at the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia from 1955. In 1973 he was working with poly(sulphur nitride), a bronze solid consisting of chains of sulphur and nitrogen atoms,?(SN) n?which conducts like a meta…
[muh kyoo an] (1848?1924) British surgeon: pioneer of aseptic surgery, neurosurgery and orthopaedic surgery. Macewen was very much a Glaswegian, graduating there in 1869 and afterwards working there until his death. He was a student under at the time antiseptic methods were started in the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, but he soon modified these methods and became a pioneer of aseptic techniques, giving…
[mahkh] (1838?1916) Austrian theoretical physicist: fundamentally reappraised the philosophy of science; ?the father of logical positivism?. Mach was mainly educated at home until age 15, but later studied at Vienna. There he became interested in the psychology of perception as well as in physics. An appointment as professor of mathematics at Graz followed (1864), and he later moved to Prague (186…
Machiavelli, like any genius, is a man of many questions, many quite funny. He was born in Florence on 3 May 1469. That same year, Piero de? Medici, who had followed Cosimo as de facto ruler of republican Florence, died leaving two sons, Lorenzo and Giuliano. Having survived the 1478 Pazzi conspiracy and murder of Giuliano, Lorenzo ?Il Magnifico? effectively governed Florence during the formative …
(1853?1925) British cardiologist: developed instrumental methods for study of heart disease. Mackenzie was an Edinburgh medical graduate who did most of his work in Burnley, Lancashire. Following the unexpected death of a pregnant girl from a heart attack, he began to keep regular detailed records of heart action. For this he devised improved instruments to record ink-tracings on paper of the puls…
B: 1940 Birthplace: Monterey Park, California Awards: Emmy Award, 1967, 1969, 1976, 1978, 1985 ???????? Costume Designers Guild, Fashion Award, 1975 ???????? Oscar Award, 1968, 1972, 1981 Bob Mackie, inspired by visits to the local movie theater, started fantasizing about clothing at an early age. Mackie attended college until the age of twenty-two, when he quit to focus on his dream, designin…
Principal social theme: violence/gangs The Filmakers. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Frank Lovejoy, Keefe Braselle, Cathy O?Donnell, Karen Sharpe, Stanley Clements, Joe Turkel, Paul Dubov, Aaron Spelling, Paul Bryar, James Delgado, Joe Besser. Written by Harry Essex. Cinematography by William Snyder. Edited by Stanford Tischler. Music by Leith Stevens. Produced by Collier Young. Directed by Harry Esse…
(CBS, 12/21/1977, 120 mins). A love story between a hulking wrestler, whose life in the ring has little meaning, and an attractive woman who sees through his muscleman veneer to discover a sensitive human being. Production Companies Steckler Productions, Filmways. Director Len Steckler, Walter Doniger. Executive Producer Len Steckler. Producer Richard M. Rosenbloom. Teleplay Vernon Zimmerman. Phot…
(ABC, 1/15/1972, 120 mins). In her initial movie for television, Bette Davis is a ruthless, all powerful mystery woman who abducts an ex CIA agent and forces him to help her steal an ultra modern Polaris submarine. This pilot to a prospective series was a personal project of costar Robert Wagner, here acting as the film?s executive producer. Production Company ITC Entertainment Group. Director Dav…
Born in 1958 in Lawrence, NY; married Wendy Ballew (a footwear executive), 2005. Education: Attended the University of Miami, c. 1975?77. Addresses: Office ?Steven Madden Ltd., 52-16 Barnett Ave., Long Island City, NY 11104. Worked at a shoe store, Toulouse, c. 1974?76, and at Jildor, a women?s clothing boutique, c. 1978; began as sales representative for a footwear company, L. J. Simone, c. 1979,…
DAVID BRITTAIN Manchester Metropolitan University In a seminal essay called ?Mirrors and Windows,? John Szarkowski argues that there was a ?sudden decline? in the fortunes and prestige of mass market pictorials such as Life , in the late 1950s. In former times, magazines had supported great photographers from Beaton to Bourke-White. But in response to the pressures of competing for advertisers, …
[mazh?dee] (1783?1855) French physiologist: pioneer of experimental pharmacology. Magendie graduated in medicine in Paris in 1808, and afterwards practised and taught medicine there. In 1809 he described his experiments on plant poisons, using animals to find the precise physiological effect and then testing out the compounds on himself. In this way he introduced into medicine a range of the compo…
Modern drama has not been immune to people?s perennial fascination with magic and the supernatural, and a tale with a ghost or a supernatural twist has often performed well at the box office. Not bound by the mundane rules of ordinary life, ghosts and magical occurrences suggest the possibilities and dangers of freedom, and give playwrights an easy conceit by which to explore how people live and t…
(NBC, 11/6/1972, 120 mins). A language student living in Rome (Susan Saint James) hires on as a tour guide and falls for a mysterious stowaway who is sought by the police in this filmed-on-location stellar (by TV standards) romp. Producer/writer Ranald MacDougall?s wife and son (Nanette Fabray and Jamie MacDougall) also participated. Production Companies Westwood Productions, Universal Television.…
The English word ?magic? is the accepted translation of the Egyptian word ?heka.? The extent to which the two terms are synonymous, however, has been a subject of much discussion. The English term ?magic? tends to carry pejorative connotations that the Egyptian term does not. Frequently ?magic? has been opposed to ?religion,? the one seen as somehow a debased form of the other. At various times, s…
Born Naguib Mahfouz Abdelaziz, December 11, 1911, in Cairo, Egypt; died August 30, 2006, in Cairo, Egypt. Author. All his life, Naguib Mahfouz knew he wanted to be a writer. He began writing in earnest at age eleven, and published his first work at age 17. He released his first novel in 1939 at the age of 21. His Cairo Trilogy was completed in 1952, but he could not find a publisher until the end …
[miy man] (1927?) US physicist: constructed the first laser. Maiman was the son of an electrical engineer and, after military service in the US Navy, he studied engineering physics at Colorado University. Later he did his doctorate in electrical engineering at Stanford and joined the Hughes Research Laboratories in Miami in 1955. The maser (producing coherent microwave radiation) had been devised …
B. October 24, 1890 D. December 27, 1976 Birthplace: Chicago, Illinois Award: Navy?s Meritorious Public Service Citation, 1960 Mainbocher was born Main Rousseau Bocher on Chicago?s west side. He studied at the Lewis Institute and the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts until 1909. After moving to New York, he studied at the Art Students? League and worked as a part-time lithographer. He returned to Chica…
No matter what the location of the studio, the tremendous quantity of film generated each week required vast amounts of original (or at least semi-original) story material. The ad hoc practices of the earliest days of filmmaking had long been abandoned by most producers, although even as late as 1915 some directors could not resist a lucky opportunity. Henry Otto, directing for Flying A in Santa B…
Born Makoto Iwamatsu, December 10, 1933, in Kobe, Japan; died of esophageal cancer, July 21, 2006, in Somis, CA. Actor. The Japanese actor known simply as Mako enjoyed a long career in Hollywood that began at a time when he and other Asian performers were relegated to stock characters. One of just a handful of Japanese performers ever to be nominated for an Academy Award, he was instrumental in pu…
Born May 10, 1976, in Holland, Michigan; son of Bob and Nancy Malda; married Kathleen Fent, c. 2002. Education: Earned degree from Hope College, c. 1997. Addresses: Home ?Michigan. Office ?c/o Open Source Technology Group, 46939 Bayside Pkwy., Fremont, CA 94538. Website ?http://www.slashdot.org. Worked as a freelance computer programmer while in high school; with R. R. Donnelly Co. as computer-tec…
GENDER DISTINCTIONS. Men and women both worked as musicians during the Old Kingdom. While some instruments?such as the harp and certain forms of percussion?could be played by either men or women, other instruments were gender-designated. Only men played single and double flutes and oboes, while women played the shoulder harp, frame drums, clap sticks, and the sistrum. Singing, another musical exp…
Florencia Elizabeth Mallon was born on October 28, 1951, in Santiago, Chile, of South American ancestry. Her mother was an educator; her father was an economist. She was an international student as a child, attending elementary school in the United States, Pakistan, Chile, and Argentina, and high school in Argentina, Colombia, and the United States. Her early influences included her paternal grand…
(NBC, 2/8/1976, 120 mins). After many years, first as Perry Mason and then as Robert T. Ironside, Raymond Burr starred in this pilot about a prominent lawyer with a tarnished reputation who defends a young man charged with committing homicide in prison. Production Companies Crescendo Productions, R.B. Productions, Universal Television. Director Boris Sagal. Producer William Sackheim. Teleplay Joel…
Thomas Malory was the author, translator, editor, compiler, and genius behind Le Morte Darthur . His work, which has had a considerable impact on the cultural ? history of English-speaking countries since 1485, represents the best of the synthetic, creative tradition of late medieval England. The facts of his life in many ways remain a mystery. The text of his work solicits prayers on the author?s…
[mal pee gee] (1628?94) Italian biologist; discovered capillary blood vessels. Born in the year in which published his De motu cordis (1628, On the Motions of the Heart) describing the circulation of blood in mammals, Malpighi graduated at Bologna in philosophy, and then in medicine in 1653. From 1666 he was professor of medicine there, and the Royal Society of London began to publish his work, la…
(NBC, 3/4/1977, 120 mins). A scifi drama about a water breathing humanoid, the last survivor of an underwater habitat called Atlantis, and his encounter with earthlings. The subsequent series was short-lived (September-December 1977). Production Companies Solow Production Company, NBC Productions. Director Lee H. Katzin. Executive Producer Herbert F. Solow. Producer Robert H. Justman. Teleplay May…
Christ as the Man of Sorrows (Latin: imago pietatis , image of self-sacrificing love; Greek: akra tapeinosis , utmost humiliation) is a nonnarrative devotional representation which first appears in Byzantine art of the twelfth century, although the type may have developed earlier. The image originated in connection with the Byzantine liturgy: the readings for Good Friday and Easter concerning the …
(CBS, 2/18/1972, 90 mins). A government undercover agent, out to smash a crime ring, finds himself in the middle of a mob war in this pilot for a proposed new version of the old TV series ?Tightrope? (1959-60) that had made a star of Mike Connors. Production Companies Screen Gems, Columbia Pictures Television. Director Joseph Sargent. Producer Douglas S. Cramer. Teleplay Ben Maddow. Photography Ed…
(ABC, 6/29/1975, 120 mins). A retired police captain storms angrily out of retirement when his son is shot down before his eyes and his grandson is kidnapped by a syndicate killer in this pilot for Lorne Greene?s brief ?Griff? series, which went off the air 18 months before this film was aired. Series dates: 9/23/73-1/4/74. Production Company Universal Television. Director Boris Sagal. Executive P…
(1924?) Polish?French mathematician: initiated the novel geometry of fractional dimensions and fractals. Born into a Lithuanian-Jewish family, Mandelbrot was educated at the ?cole Polytechnique in Paris, before visiting the USA and obtaining a research position at IBM?s Thomas J Watson Research Center. Mandelbrot?s uncle, Szolem, had been a founder member of the innovative French group of mathemat…
Similar to the veil of Saint Veronica, the Mandylion was a cloth upon which the image of the face of *Christ was miraculously imprinted. Numerous variations upon the tale exist, derived from late fourthcentury Syriac sources which follow and expand upon Eusebius?s description of written correspondence between Jesus and King Abgar of Edessa. Abgar wrote a letter to Jesus requesting that he visit Ed…
(CBS, 5/3/1978, 120 mins). Terror stalks a small California community when a broke and depressed animal owner and trainer is forced to abandon his tigers and let them fend for themselves in the nearby wilderness. Based on the book ?Maneater? by Ted Willis. Production Company Finnegan Associates. Director Timothy Galfas. Executive Producer Robert D. Wood. Producer Bill Finnegan. Teleplay Robert W. …
MaNga was started in 2002. It was named for the Japanese word for comic books. At first, the band was an underground cover-band. They became more well-known after finishing in second place at the ?Sing Your Song? music competition. They caught the attention of Sony Music, who signed the band in 2004. They released a self-titled debut album a short while after, which would become a hit with fans. M…
(CBS, 2/26/1974, 90 mins). A World War I ex marine turns 1930s bounty hunter and goes after Bonnie and Clyde style bank robbers who murdered his former girlfriend. Ken Howard later starred in the TV series (1974-75) as the Depression Era crimefighter tracking down wanted criminals for the reward money. Production Companies Quinn Martin Productions, Warner Bros. Television. Director Walter Grauman.…
Born Peyton Williams Manning, March 24, 1976, in New Orleans, LA; son of Archie (a former professional football player) and Olivia Manning; married Ashley Thompson. Education: University of Tennessee, B.A., 1997, graduate studies, 1997?98. Addresses: Contact ?c/o Indianapolis Colts, 7001 West 56h St., Indianapolis, IN 46254. Played college football at the University of Tennessee, 1994?98; drafted …
(1844?1922) British physician: pioneer of tropical medicine. Manson qualified in medicine at Aberdeen in 1865 and then worked in China for 23 years. He virtually founded the specialty of tropical medicine, in part by his studies of tropical parasitic infection. He studied the life-cycle of the parasite causing filariasis and deduced that it is passed to man by a common brown ( Culex ) mosquito. Th…
(1790?1852) British geologist: discovered first fossil dinosaurs. Son of a shoemaker in Lewes, Mantell studied medicine in London. In 1811 he began work as a surgeon in Lewes, but his interest in geology increased and, after moving to Brighton in 1833, the interest became obsessive: his fossil-filled house became a public museum and his wife and children were displaced. He wrote much on the small …
(1904?88) British botanist: set up the first laboratory for the ultrastructural study of plants. Irene Manton was the younger sister of ; both became Fellows of the Royal Society, the first case of sisters gaining this distinction. She was an undergraduate and a postgraduate at Cambridge, and after a short time in Stockholm she gained a lectureship at the University of Manchester in the early 1930…
(1902?79) British zoologist; a classical zoologist of the first rank. Sidnie Manton was the elder of two daughters of a dental surgeon and his Scottish?French wife; both daughters became Fellows of the Royal Society, the first case in its history of two sisters achieving this distinction. At both her London schools there was an emphasis on biology and she was encouraged by her parents to collect, …
Manuscripts are books written by hand (from Latin: manu scriptus ). The book (or codex) form, with groups (gatherings) of folded sheets sewn along one edge, supplanted the ancient roll (or scroll) form in the early Christian period. Animal skin (parchment, vellum) was the material used for the pages (folios). During the Middle Ages, a variety of different types of manuscripts were required and dev…
Scholar and author Manning Marable is considered an expert on the black experience. Marable was born in Dayton, Ohio on May 13, 1950. His adolescent years were influenced by the civil rights movement. The segregation he witnessed as a child and the movement for integration had enormous impact on his development. As a senior in high school in Dayton, Ohio in 1968, Marable was a writer of a newspape…
Born September 19, 1964, in London, England; son of Brian and Angela Marber; married Debra Gillett (an actress), 2002; children: three sons. Education: Earned degree in English from Wadham College of Oxford University, c. 1987. Addresses: Agent ?The Endeavor Agency, 9601 Wilshire Blvd., 10th Fl., Beverly Hills, CA 90212. Home ?London, England. Performed as part of a slapstick duo; did stand-up com…
n?e Haldimand [mah? set] (1769?1858) British writer of introductory science books, widely read. Jane Haldimand was born in London to Swiss parents, and married the Swiss physician Alexander Marcet (1770?1822), whose interest was in chemistry. They made their friends among the London scientific circle; was a frequent visitor to their home. Jane Marcet inherited a large fortune from her father, whic…
Born c. 1962, in New Jersey; daughter of Violetta Acocella (a shoe designer); married Silvano Marchetto (a restaurateur), 2004. Education: Attended Pratt Institute; earned degree from the School of Visual Arts. Addresses: Agent ?Elizabeth Sheinkman, Curtis Brown Group Ltd., Haymarket House, 28-29 Haymarket, London SW1Y 4SP, England. Art director, J. Walter Thompson advertising agency, c. 1983?87; …
(ABC, 10/21/1979, 120 mins). A highly romanticized dramatization of the life of Rocky Marciano, the only heavyweight champion to have retired with a perfect record. Tony Lo Bianco was well cast as Rocky, but petite Belinda Montgomery was all wrong for his wife, Barbara (in the eyes of this TV-movie compiler, a fellow Brocktonian). The focus of the film was on the boxer?s private life, on which gre…
(Marquis) (1874? 1937) Italian physicist and engineer: pioneer of radio telegraphy. Of mixed Italian and Irish parentage, Marconi was privately educated and later studied at the Technical Institute of Livorno. At the age of 21, intrigued by ?electric waves?, Marconi developed improved radio equipment capable of transmitting for a range of over a mile (the length of the family estate). To achieve t…
(1905-) Neiman Marcus Stanley Marcus was president of the Neiman Marcus retail department store chain from 1950 to 1975. Involved in the company since 1926, he continued the family tradition of providing high-quality products at reasonable prices. Marcus turned a local Dallas store into an internationally respected retailer with 30 stores nationwide. Harold Stanley Marcus was born in Dallas, Tex…
(ABC, 3/26/1969, 120 mins). The pilot film for the long-run (1969-76) series introduced the kindly small-town general practitioner who, following a mild coronary, grudgingly brings in an independent, motorcycling young associate to help share his workload. Welby?s lady friend and his family, part of the plot of this movie, were written out of the subsequent series, with only his medical sidekick, …
Born Nicholas Brice Marden Jr., October 15, 1938, in Bronxville, New York; son of Nicholas Brice (a mortgage servicer) and Kathryn Fox Marden; married Pauline Baez, 1960 (divorced, 1964); married Helen Harrington, 1968; children: Nicholas (from first marriage), Mirabelle, Melia (from second marriage). Education: Attended Florida Southern College, Lakeland, 1957?58; Boston University School of Fine…
[maray] (1830?1904) French physiologist: ingenious inventor of physiological instruments. Marey?s work as a physiologist gave him scope for his passion for novel mechanical devices. The arterial system of the animal body is a complex arrangement of muscular and elastic tubes; in 1860 Marey devised a portable sphygmograph, which amplified the pulse movement and drew a trace of the pulse wave on smo…
Devotion to the third-or fourth-century virgin martyr Margaret of Antioch became especially popular in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Her life, first recorded in the early Christian period, was elaborated in the * Golden Legend . She was the daughter of a pagan priest who expelled her from his home when she converted to Christianity. She became a shepherdess and caught the attention but res…
Born c. 1948; two marriages ended in divorce; children: one son, one daughter. Addresses: Office ?Cherokee, Inc., 6835 Valjean Ave., Van Nuys, CA 91406. Partner in A. Smile Jeans, 1970s; partner in Cherokee apparel after 1981; became chief operating officer of the Cherokee Group after 1983, and president and chief executive officer in 1990; resigned as president, chief executive officer, and chair…
One of the *Four Evangelists, traditionally the author of the Gospel of Mark (composed c.60?70), Mark (or John Mark) is alluded to in the New Testament both in connection with Saint *Paul (as a companion on missionary journeys) and Saint *Peter. The tradition that Peter inspired Mark?s writing or even dictated the Gospel to Mark dates to the early second century, when Mark was referred to as ?the …
MARKHAM, DEWEY ?PIGMEAT? (1904?1981). Vaudeville performer, actor. He was born in Durham, North Carolina, and left home in his teens after joining a carnival that passed through town. Markham later performed on the vaudeville stage, often in blackface, and he received his nickname from a comedy sketch in which he proclaims himself ?Sweet Poppa Pigmeat.? He also performed as part of the comedy team…
Christopher Marlowe is news that stays news. Both the man and his writings continue to intrigue us because Marlowe was and is a brilliant mischief-maker, a trickster, a crosser of boundaries. His was a life and is a corpus that are pertinent by being impertinent. ?Christofer the sonne of John Marlow? was baptized in Canterbury on 26 February 1564. After attending the King?s School in Canterbury, h…
The legacy of John Marrant lies in his published writings. Marrant contributed to religion, literature, and the progress of African Americans in the midst of slavery. Born June 15, 1755 in the colony of New York, Marrant eventually traveled to the South with his mother, after his father?s death in 1759. The family settled in Charleston, South Carolina, after stays in St. Augustine, Florida and in …
During the development of modern drama, attitudes toward marriage have greatly changed. From a commonly held belief that couples are bound together for life, with the wife as a lesser partner, societal attitudes have shifted to a recognition that men and women are equal and that divorce is socially acceptable. Modern dramatists have tended to stir controversy by being in the vanguard of public opi…
the Gospel of *Johndescribes, as the first *miracle performed by Jesus, his transformation of water into wine at a wedding feast in the town of Cana. Jesus, his mother *Mary, and several disciples were among the guests. When there was no more wine to drink, at Mary?s intervention Jesus instructed the servants to fill six large jars with water; the chief steward then tasted it and praised the bride…
The marriage of the Virgin Mary to Saint *Joseph is not described in the canonical Gospels although the events surrounding their betrothal (the selection of the aged Joseph to wed the young virgin; receive detailed coverage in the apocryphal Protevangelium of James and later elaboration in the * Golden Legend . Although the texts offer minimal information about the actual marriage ceremony, the su…
Alice Lee Marriott was born on January 8, 1910, in Wilmette, Illinois, to Richard Goulding and Sydney (Cunningham) Marriott. She received a B.A. in English and French from Oklahoma City University in 1930 and a B.A. in anthropology from the University of Oklahoma in 1935. From 1938 to 1942 she was a field representative with the U.S. Department of Interior Indian Arts and Craft Board, and from 194…
(1900-1985) Marriott International, Inc. During the course of a career that spanned nearly 50 years, J. Willard Marriott parlayed a nine-stool root beer stand into a $3 billion food and lodging empire. J. Willard Marriott was born on September 17, 1900, in Marriott, Utah. The town was established in 1847 by Marriott?s Mormon great-grandfather, John Marriott. The second of eight children, J. Will…
Branford Marsalis is a famous saxophonist who comes from a famous musical jazz family. Marsalis has been more adventurous in his musical career with his various styles than his very famous and more traditional trumpeter brother Wynton. Marsalis has enjoyed mainstream success with his brief stint on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno but focuses more on musical artistry than commercial success. Branfor…
Helen Edith Marshall was born on October 25, 1898, in Braman, Oklahoma, to David Conwell Marshall, a blacksmith, and Laura (Souter) Marshall. She received an A.B. from the College of Emporia in 1923, an M.A. from the University of Chicago in 1929, and a Ph.D. from Duke University in 1934. During some of this time, from 1916 to 1931, she taught school in Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico. In 1930 Ma…
Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot was born on October 29, 1933, in Cairo, Egypt, of Egyptian parents. Her father worked as undersecretary of state for social affairs; her mother was a full-time homemaker. She grew up in Heliopolis, a suburb of Cairo. During her childhood, Afaf was schooled by an English governess at home; from the ages of six to fifteen she lived at an English mission school. At school,…
Martha and Mary were the sisters of Lazarus who summoned Jesus when their brother became ill and who were present at the miracle of the *Raising of Lazarus (John 11:1-45). Martha is credited with pointing out the potentially foul odor of the dead body , and her practicality (as well as her tendency to complain) are also described in *Luke 10:38-42. This passage recounts Jesus? visit to their house…
(1910?2002) British biochemist: co-discoverer of paper chromatography. Martin graduated in Cambridge in 1932 and took his PhD there in biochemistry in 1938, working on vitamins (this included looking after 30 pigs, unaided, in work on pellagra). Then he joined the staff of the Wool Industries Research Association at Leeds. There, working with R L M Synge (1914?94) on the problem of separating comp…
One of the most popular and frequently represented *saints in medieval art, Martinbecame bishop of Tours . His biography was written by his friend Sulpicius Severus, later elaborated in the sixth century by the historian Gregory of Tours, and again in the * Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine. Famed for his piety, charity, and zealous missionary work, Martin and episodes from his life appear in a…
(CBS, 10/5/1977, 120 mins). Child abuse is the subject of this film dealing with a deeply troubled young mother (Susan Dey) whose serious psychiatric problems lead her to take them out on her daughter. Editor Kenneth R. Koch received an Emmy Award nomination. Production Companies Christiana Productions, Paramount Network Television. Director Allen Reisner. Producer Joanna Lee. Teleplay Joanna Lee.…
The woman named Mary Magdalene (from the village of Magdala) is mentioned several times in the Gospels. She appears among the followers of Jesus in *Luke 8:2 (Jesus had healed her of seven *demons); she is mentioned as present at the *Crucifixion and *Entombment of Jesus as well as being the first witness to his *Resurrection . These brief references provide minimal information about her, but from…
Accounts of the penitent Mary of Egypt first appear in the sixth and seventh centuries, providing the basis for further elaboration upon her widely popular biography. Episodes from her life, illustrated in both western and Byzantine art (*icons, frescoes, mosaics, sculpture, and stained glass) include her voyage from Alexandria to Jerusalem, for which passage she paid the sailors by her services a…
Six days after her birth, Mary Stuart, the only surviving child of James V and Mary of Guise, became queen of the Scots. At the age of five, she was sent to be raised at the French court as the betrothed of the dauphin. Contemporary reports indicate that, in addition to her exalted royal status as both queen of Scotland and future queen of France, Mary?s considerable charm and polish made her most…
The Virgin Mary was the mother of Jesus and the wife of Saint Joseph. She features briefly though significantly in the Gospels and, from the early Christian period onward, has figured prominently in the development of Christianity. The importance of Mary?s role as * Theotokos (Mother or Bearer of God) was discussed frequently by early Christian theologians and was formally established at the Counc…
(ABC, 11/18/1977, 120 mins). A sensitive story of a young girl and her moving relationship with her famed father, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist William Allen White, and the profound change in his life following her tragic death at 16 in a horseback riding accident in 1921. Caryl Ledner received an Emmy Award for the adaptation of White?s book. Production Company Radnitz/Mattel Productions. Dir…
Principal social themes: disabilities, addiction, end-of-life issues Universal. PG-13 rating. Featuring: Eric Stoltz, Cher, Sam Elliott, Estelle Getty, Richard Dysart, Laura Dern, Dennis Burkley, Ben Piazza, Lawrence Monoson, Marsha Warfield, Barry Tubb, Kelly Mintner, Micole Mercurio, Harry Carey Jr. and Andrew Robinson. Written by Anna Hamilton Phelan. Cinematography by Laszlo Kovacs. Edited by …
The Massacre of the Innocents is the episode described in *Matthew 2:16 in which *Herod ordered all infants in Bethlehem and the surrounding region to be killed because he had learned of the birth of the potentially threatening ?King of the *Jews.? Before this, warned by an *angel, Saint *Joseph and the Virgin *Mary had escaped with the infant Jesus. Apocryphal sources describe how Mary?s kinswoma…
Mary Elizabeth Massey, the first woman to address the New Orleans Civil War Round Table, was born on December 25, 1915, in Morrilton, Arkansas, to Charles Leonidas and Mary (McClung) Massey. She received a B.A. from Hendrix College in 1937 and an M.A. in 1940; she received a Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in 1947. She taught on the high school level in Arkansas from 1937 …
The mastaba tomb?s name comes from the Arabic word meaning ?bench,? for its resemblance to a mud brick bench sitting on the desert sand. Such benches are often located in front of houses. One name that the ancient Egyptians gave to tombs was per djet , ?house of eternity.? The Egyptians thought of the tomb as one of the places in which their souls would live after they died. The soul divisions inc…
Matadin: Born September 29, 1961, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands; married Inez Van Lamsweerde, 1999. Van Lamsweerde: Born September 25, 1963, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands; married Vinoodh Matadin, 1999. Education: Matadin: Attended the Fashion Academy (the Netherlands), 1981?85. Van Lamsweerde: Attended the Rietveld Academy of the Arts, 1985?90, and the Vogue Academy of Fashion. Addresses: Contact…
Born Robert Bruce Mathias, November 11, 1930, in Tulare, CA; died of cancer, September 2, 2006, in Fresno, CA. Olympic athlete and politician. Bob Mathias overcame adolescent anemia to win two Olympic gold medals in the arduous decathlon event. He also represented California in Congress for four terms. Mathias, who also played in the Rose Bowl for Stanford University, was undefeated in eleven deca…
Johnny Mathis, best known as a romantic balladeer, is one of the most successful recording artists of all time, exceeded only by Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley. His vast discography consists of jazz, pop, soul/R&B, soft rock, Broadway, Brazilian, Spanish, and numerous Christmas albums. As an accomplished and trained musician in jazz and opera he has captured the attention of the world?s audiences…
Born June 12, 1974, in Neagar, Ishikawa, Japan; son of Masao Matsui (a reverend). Addresses: Contact ?New York Yankees, Yankee Stadium, 161st St., Bronx, NY, 10451. Played in National High School Baseball Championship teams throughout high school; Yomiuri Giants, 1992?2002; New York Yankees, 2003?. Awards: Most Valuable Player, Japanese Central League, 1996, 2000, 2002; won Japan Series (with Yomi…
(ABC, 5/7/1975, 90 mins). Intrepid secret agent-turned-private eye Matt Helm finds himself involved with an international black market operation in heavy munitions when he tries to protect a beautiful movie star whose life is endangered. The pilot, with Anthony Franciosa taking up where Dean Martin left off after four Helm movies, spawned the brief series (Sept. 1975 ? Jan. 1976) starring Francios…
One of the *Four Evangelists, the *apostle Matthew was working as a tax collector in Capernaum when he was summoned by Jesus ? and although he is mentioned by name (or as ?Levi?) several more times in the New Testament, little additional information about him is conveyed. Traditionally the *author of the Gospel of Matthew (c.60?90) as well as associated with the apocryphal Gospel of the Pseudo-Mat…
(1931?97) British geophysicist: his work with on magnetic anomalies across mid-ocean ridges aided acceptance of plate tectonic theory. Matthews served in the Royal Navy before studying science at Cambridge. Survey work in the South Atlantic Ocean preceded return to Cambridge and further work in marine geophysics, in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Together with his student , Matthews showed in 196…
(1851?1928) British astronomer: discovered long-term variations in solar activity. Maunder, who had no university training, was appointed photographic and spectrographic assistant at the Greenwich Observatory. In 1893, while checking historical records of sunspot activity, he realized that between 1645 and 1715 there had been little activity, and that in 32 years not a single sunspot had been seen…
John E. Maupin Jr. became the ninth president of Meharry Medical College in 1994. He was the first alumnus and the second dentist to lead the historically black academic health center, located in Nashville, Tennessee. Before arriving at Meharry, Dr. Maupin was executive vice president of the Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia from 1989 to 1994. In 2006, Maupin resigned as president a…
Born July 5, 1979, in St. Germain en Laye, France; daughter of Francis (an engineer) and Fran?oise Mauresmo. Addresses: Office ?c/o Women?s Tennis Association, One Progress Plaza, Ste. 1500, St. Petersburg, FL 33701. Began playing tennis at the age of four; trained under the auspices of the French Tennis Federation beginning at the age of eleven; debuted on the International Tennis Federation (ITF…
[maw ree] (1866?1952) US astronomer; made important contributions to sidereal astronomy. Antonia Maury was the niece of Henry Draper (1837?82) who first photographed stellar spectra, and a grand-daughter of , a pioneer in the application of photography to astronomy. Her great-grandfather had been British physician to Pedro I, emperor of Brazil; his wife was Portuguese. Maury graduated from Vassar …
[maw ree] (1806?73) US oceanographer: conducted first systematic survey of ocean winds and currents. Sometimes referred to as ?the father of physical oceanography?, Maury was a US naval officer who was forced to retire due to a leg injury. In 1842 he became director of the US Naval Observatory and Hydrographic Office, and organized the first systematic collection of information on winds and curren…
(1831?79) British physicist: produced the unified theory of electromagnetism and the kinetic theory of gases. Maxwell went to school at the Edinburgh Academy, a harsh institution where his country accent, home-designed clothes and sense of humour gained him the undeserved nickname of ?Dafty?, and possibly caused his shyness; he was happier at Edinburgh University, which he entered at 16. The previ…
(1936?) Australian theoretical physicist, zoologist and ecologist. May was educated at Sydney Boys? High School, where he was taught chemistry by a man whose products include six FRSs and a Nobel Laureate. He encouraged May to study chemical engineering at Sydney, but May?s interest moved towards physics and maths and his doctorate was in theoretical physics. He later held a chair in that field at…
(CBS, 11/12/1976, 120 mins). In this would-be disaster flick, an airliner has been disabled and the lives of its terrified passengers depend on the untried skills of its copilot after the pilot is seriously wounded by a killer who had boarded during a stopover. Based on the 1974 novel ?Jet Stream? by Austin Ferguson. Production Companies A.J. Fenady Associates, Warner Bros. Television. Director Ro…
Born October 16, 1977; son of Richard (a high school principal) and Margaret (a middle school teacher) Mayer. Education: Attended the Berklee College of Music. Addresses: Management ?Michael McDonald, Mick Management, 44 Wall St., 2nd Flr., New York, NY 10005. Publicist ?Ken Sunshine Consultants, 149 5th Ave., 7th Flr., New York, NY 10010. Website ?http://www.johnmayer.com. Released album Inside W…
(1859-1955) Oscar Mayer Foods Oscar Mayer Foods, now part of the Kraft General Foods empire, was founded in 1883 by a German immigrant named Oscar Ferdinand Mayer. His company grew rapidly because of the high quality of its meat products, and it was eventually able to expand far beyond its headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, thanks to innovative marketing strategies and packaging techniques. In t…
MAYFIELD, CURTIS (1942?1999). Singer, songwriter, film composer, producer. This rhythm and blues legend helped to define the Chicago sound in the 1960s that rivaled Detroit ?s Motown sound. He wrote hit songs for local artists, such as Jerry Butler, Major Lance, Gene Chandler, and Walter Jackson, and his unique style of music is still an influence in the hip-hop culture of today. He began singing …
(CBS, 11/21/1979, 120 mins). A recounting of the ordeals and conflicts faced by the Mayflower?s crew and passengers, with Anthony Hopkins and Richard Crenna representing the opposing outlooks. Originally titled ?The Voyage of the Mayflower,? it covers much of the same ground as the 1952 theatrical movie ?Plymouth Adventure,? which starred Spencer Tracy and Van Johnson. Production Company Syzygy Pr…
(1641?79) English physician: early experimenter on combustion. Mayow studied law and medicine at Oxford, practised medicine in Bath, and experimented in Oxford where he perhaps worked . In a book published in 1674 he gives a theory of combustion similar to Hooke?s but supported by new experiments. He burned candles in air in a closed space over water, and found that the reduced volume of gas which…
Anna Shannon McAllister was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1888. She was educated by the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur and graduated from the Columbus School for Girls. She obtained a B.A. from Ohio State University in 1909 and married Earl Sadler McAllister in 1911. In 1934 she wrote Ellen Ewing, Wife of General Sherman after reading Lloyd Lewis?s Sherman?Fighting Prophet . To research Ellen Ewing…
Henry C. McBay was born in 1914 in Mexia, Texas, to Roberta Ransom and William Cecil McBay. His parents only had seventh-grade educations, but they had high expectations with regard to education for their children. Henry was the second of five children and all of them eventually received college degrees. His father began as a barber, and through self-study and the help of a local undertaker he pas…
B. May 24, 1905 D. March 22, 1958 Birthplace: Frederick, Maryland Awards: Coty Award, 1943 ???????? Merit Award, Mademoiselle Magazine, 1944 ???????? D? d?Or Award (Golden Thimble), 1946 ???????? Neiman-Marcus, Distinguished Service in Fashion, 1946 ???????? Sports Illustrated, American Sportswear Designer, 1956 ???????? Coty Hall of Fame, 1958 Claire McCardell was born on May 24, 1905 i…
George Marion McClellan wrote poetry and short stories in standard English, taught school, and served as a Congregational minister between 1892 and 1934. His reputation rests on his sentimental and conservative poetry. While some of his poetry expresses racial pride and race consciousness, most of his poetry does not express protest or polemics. This fact suggests the tension experienced by Africa…
(1902?92) US plant geneticist and discoverer of ?jumping genes?. Barbara McClintock?s early success in science at school disappointed her mother, who thought that her daughter was not developing ?appropriate feminine behaviour?. She graduated from Cornell and had early success in her postgraduate work; she found she could identify individual maize chromosomes under the microscope, which led to the…
B. June 19, 1930 Birthplace: Frenchville, Maine Awards: Ernie Award, 1981 ???????? California Designers Award, 1985 ???????? Tommy Award, American Printed Fabric Council, 1986 ???????? Press Appreciation Award, 1986 ???????? Dallas Fashion Award, 1988 ???????? Merit Award in Design, 1989 ???????? DEBI Lifetime Achievement Award, 1999 Jessica Gagnon, whom is now known as Jessica McClint…
NBC, 2/17/1970, 120 mins). Recycled from Don Siegel?s Clint Eastwood film, ?Coogan?s Bluff? (1969), this pilot movie for the long run ?McCloud? series (1971-76) brings a modern day Western marshal to New York with a subpoenaed witness, only to have him kidnapped and then finding himself dragged into a murder case involving Puerto Rican militants, a lady novelist, a Wall Street lawyer and a dead be…
(1809-1884) International Harvester Company Despite having had little formal education, Cyrus McCormick was the inventor of the first successful reaper, which ultimately revolutionized farming not only in America but throughout the world. He started American Harvester, which became an international company, and in his later years, he was known as a philanthropist and a generous contributor to …
McDANIEL, HATTIE (1895?1952). Actress. Born in Wichita, Kansas, Hattie McDaniel started her showbiz career in Denver, Colorado, at age 13, performing in school plays and black minstrel shows. After winning a local talent award, she quit school to become a vaudeville performer, touring the West Coast circuit with the Henry McDaniel Minstrel Show, a troupe organized by her father. She toured with th…
Born March 26, 1970, in London, England; son of a construction worker and a housekeeper. Addresses: Home ?London, England. Office ?c/o Focus Features, 65 Bleecker St., Third Fl., New York, NY 10012. Worked in a London-area supermarket as a shelf stocker, late 1980s, and for the British Department of Trade and Industry as a part-time administrative assistant; first play to be produced, The Beauty Q…
(1902-1971) (1909-1998) McDonald?s Corporation Richard and Maurice McDonald, pioneers in the fast food industry, were the first to use assembly-line efficiency in a restaurant kitchen. Their self-serve menu, under the golden McDonald arches, has transformed the eating habits of people all over the world. In 1929, shortly after they graduated from high school, Maurice ?Mac? and Richard ?Dick? M…
The very first McDonald?s was merely a hot dog stand that did not offer seating. In 1967, the company decided to offer the sit-down eating experience with a new design that many restaraunts today still utilize. Eight years later, the first drive-thru window was installed after Wendy?s proved successful with the venture. Sometimes, it is not possible to attach a drive-thru window either due to aes…
Born November 12, 1934, in Dublin, Ireland; died of cancer, March 30, 2006, in Dublin, Ireland. Author. Novelist John McGahern?s lyrical portraits of his native Ireland and its denizens earned him a reputation as one of the country?s most eminent writers of his generation. Often termed the successor to James Joyce, McGahern wrote stories that ?moved deliberately through their agonies of love and m…
McGEE, VONETTA (1940?). Actress. While attending San Francisco State University, McGee joined the socially conscious theater troupe Aldridge Player?s West, and began her training on stage. After winning the Miss Bronze California beauty contest, she was offered small parts in several independent European films. She returned to the States during the blaxploitation film boom and landed a part in The…
Though he never won widespread critical acclaim as a major African American writer, James Ephraim McGirt left his mark in the literary field as a poet, fiction writer, and publisher during the first decade of the twentieth century. Then, for almost two decades, he prospered as a pioneering beauty products entrepreneur and realtor. Over time, however, failed business dealings, dissipation, and poor…
Robert G. McGruder was best known by his colleagues first as a passionate diversity advocate and second as a newspaper pioneer. In his sixty years McGruder attained the title of ?first? perhaps more than many of his notable coworkers. His achievements as diversity advocate and news executive afford him the honor of being included among some of the most notable African American men of his era. Robe…
Marjorie Keniston McIntosh was born on November 15, 1940, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, of mixed northern European ancestry. She was the daughter of two University of Michigan employees: her father was a professor and dean, her mother a librarian. Marjorie attended public schools in Ann Arbor. Her father and her high school and college teachers influenced her to become a historian. McIntosh attended Rad…
It was not until fifty years after his death that George McJunkin, a respected cowboy of Folsom, New Mexico, was acknowledged as having uncovered one of the most important archeological finds made in North America. His discovery offered proof that Indians had arrived in the New World more than 7,000 years before the previously determined date of 1,000 B.C. McJunkin, a former slave who became a vor…
McKEE, LONETTE (1954?). Actress. This Detroit, Michigan-born actress appeared for two years on the daytime soap opera As the World Turns , and has guest starred on television shows, such as The Equalizer, Amen , and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit . She had a recurring role on the series Third Watch . She was nominated for a Tony Award for her performance in the stage play Show Boat, and she app…
McKINNEY, NINA MAE (1912?1967). Actress, singer, dancer. A native of Lancaster, South Carolina, Nannie Mayme McKinney performed in school plays at the all-black Lancaster Industrial School while living with an aunt. She left school at age 13 and moved to New York City to live with her mother. She took on the stage name of Nina Mae McKinney and was soon performing in Harlem nightclubs, and landed a…
(1927? ) British geneticist. As a daughter of Lord Aberconway, horticulturalist and a creator of the famous garden at Bodnant in North Wales, Anne McLaren might have been expected to work in botany. In fact she studied zoology at Oxford and afterwards specialized in developmental biology and genetics at London and Edinburgh. From 1974?92 she directed the Medical Research Council?s Mammalian Develo…
(1907?91) US physicist: discoverer of neptunium. Educated at Caltech and Princeton, McMillan joined the University of California at Berkeley in 1935 and was there for the rest of his career. In the late 1930s he was mainly concerned with nuclear reactions and the design of cyclotrons. In 1940 with P Abelson (1913?) he showed that, when uranium is bombarded with neutrons, one nuclear reaction that …
(NBC, 3/4/1976, 120 mins). A series pilot about a lady deputy district attorney (Susan Clark), here assigned the task of trying to pin a murder rap on a ?saint,? a beloved religious crusader accused of killing her young lover. The series, in fact, never materialized. Production Companies Groverton Productions, Universal Television. Director Jerry London. Executive Producer David Victor. Producer D…
(1954-) Sun Microsystems, Inc. Scott McNealy is the energetic chief executive officer (CEO) of Sun Microsystems and a champion of alternative computer technology. He specializes in network computers (NCs) as opposed to personal computers (PCs) and hopes that his own Java software will succeed in breaking the near-monopoly of the Windows operating system. Scott McNealy was born on November 13, 19…
(1901?78) US social anthropologist. The eldest daughter in an academic family, Margaret Mead was educated mainly at home until she entered Barnard College, where was senior to her and became a close friend. In 1923 she married the first of her three anthropologist husbands, with all of whom she collaborated, as the senior partner, in ethnographic studies of Pacific island cultures. She wrote in al…
(Russ), Elie Metchnikof ( Fr ) [mech nikof] (1845?1916) Russian?French biologist: discoverer of phagocytosis. Educated in Russia and Germany, Mechnikov taught zoology in Odessa from 1872. Some 10 years later he inherited modest wealth and went to Messina in Italy on a research visit. There he studied the conveniently transparent larvae of starfish and noticed that some of their cells could engulf …
[me dawah?] (1915?87) British immunologist: pioneer in study of immunological tolerance. Born in Brazil, the son of a Lebanese?British business man, Medawar was educated in England at Marlborough (which he much disliked) and then at Oxford, studying zoology under J Z Young (1907? ) from 1932. In the 1940s he began to study skin grafts in connection with wartime burns victims, and when he moved in …
DONALD MCROBBIE Charing Cross Hospital Medical imaging and the discipline of diagnostic radiology began just over a century ago with Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen?s dramatic and accidental discovery of ?X-rays? in 1895. Visit a local hospital today and one will find a battery of diagnostic imaging modalities: X-ray, nuclear medicine, MRI, and ultrasound. These are often connected to each other and dis…
Definition: Medical image segmentation refers to the segmentation of known anatomic structures from medical images. Structures of interest include organs or parts thereof, such as cardiac ventricles or kidneys, abnormalities such as tumors and cysts, as well as other structures such as bones, vessels, brain structures etc. The overall objective of such methods is referred to as computer-aided diag…
STAFFAN LARSSON Karolinska Institute JONAS BRANE Scientific and Technical Photography Consultant The ability to make accurate, permanent, and objective images of medical conditions, outcomes, and observations has been vital to the progress of medical science for over 150 years. Medical photography is a highly specialized profession, demanding much more than technical skills from its practition…
(NBC, 9/4/1975, 120 mins). Paralleling the successful format of its sister show ?Police Story,? this pilot for the short-lived anthology series pits an idealistic intern against three established doctors over the question of whether a young actress should have a hysterectomy. Executive producer/writer Abby Mann was said to have based this story on the near-fatal experience of his wife, Harriet Kar…
[miyt ner] (1878?1968) Austrian?Swedish physicist and radiochemist: co-discoverer of nuclear fission. Meitner studied physics in Vienna under and in Berlin . Soon she was attracted into radiochemistry, and worked with in Berlin in this field for 30 years. Despite her talents she was a victim of more than one prejudice, being both female and a Jewish Protestant. In academic Vienna she was regarded …
(1855-1937) Gulf Oil Company Andrew William Mellon built an enormous fortune as an industrial financier in the late 1800s and early 1900s. He was instrumental in backing many companies that went on to become giants, including the Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA) and the Gulf Oil Corporation. When President Warren G. Harding named Mellon his Secretary of the Treasury in 1921, it seemed the cul…
(ABC, 4/9/1974, 90 mins). A breezy, fictional account of the dogged pursuit by cigar-chomping lawman Purvis of notorious public enemy Machine Gun Kelly throughout the Midwest in 1933. Writers John Milius and William F. Nolan draw Purvis as pure bravado swathed in a flamboyant fur-collared overcoat, and Kelly?s gang as a collection of inept buffoons. Syndication title: ?The Legend of Machine Gun Ke…
John Willis Menard was the first African American elected to the U.S. Congress. Though elected, he was not seated for this office. Menard went on to become a state legislator for Florida and to hold a number of civil service positions. Menard began various news publications throughout the course of his life that advocated for African American rights. Menard was also a poet; he wrote and published …
(1822?84) Austrian botanist: discovered basic statistical laws of heredity. In the long term Mendel was certainly successful; he laid a foundation for the science of genetics. In another sense he was a failure; he did not succeed in examinations and his research was largely ignored until 16 years after his death. A peasant farmer?s son, he entered the Augustinian monastery in Brno (then in Moravia…
[mende lay ef] (1834?1907) Russian chemist: devised periodic table of chemical elements. Mendelayev grew up in Siberia, the last-born of a family of 14 children. His father, a teacher, became blind at this time, but his mother was a forceful woman and she reopened and ran a nearby glass factory to give an income. When Dmitri was 14 his father died and the factory was destroyed by fire; but the boy…
( Lat ), Gerhard Kremer ( Dutch ) [mer kay ter] (1512?94) Dutch cartographer and geographer: invented Mercator map projection. Educated at the University of Louvain under G Frisius (1508?55), Mercator set up a centre for the study of geography at Louvain in 1534, issuing a number of maps and also making surveying instruments and globes. Persecuted as a Protestant, he moved to Duisberg in 1552, fro…
John Henry Merrick is proof that slavery and the Jim Crow laws did not deter some African Americans from making a significant mark. Merrick was born a slave in Clinton, North Carolina, on September 7, 1859. Despite the limited education offered to African Americans at that time, he learned to read, write, and do arithmetic. His drive to excel was fueled by his quest for knowledge and his will to h…
(1885-1956) Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. As cofounder of Merrill, Lynch & Co. in 1914, Charles E. Merrill launched a Wall Street dynasty that would long outlive him. Building on the slogan ?Bring Wall Street to Main Street,? he designed his business around middle-class investors, not stock exchange insiders. By the time of his death in 1956, his firm had offices in 106 cities across North America, …
Merykare was king during the Tenth Dynasty, a period of which little is known. He is named in the tomb of Khety?a provincial governor?where it is clear that Merykare fought the Theban family that eventually united Egypt in the Middle Kingdom (2008?1630 B.C.E. ). Merykare must have been quite prominent in his own time. He might have had a pyramid at Saqqara, the site of many important Old Kingdom p…
(1930?) US molecular biologist: showed how the DNA double helix replicates. Born in Colorado, Meselson first studied liberal arts at Chicago and then physical chemistry at Caltech, where he remained to teach physical chemistry. In 1961 he moved to Harvard. When in 1953 proposed that genes were constructed of a double helix of DNA, they also suggested that, when this duplicated, each new double hel…
Definition: Mesh is a 3D object representation consisting of a collection of vertices and polygons. The 3D object representation can be a polygon mesh, which consists of a collection of vertices and polygons that define the shape of an object in 3D (Figure 1). To benefit from current 3D graphic cards hardware acceleration polygon meshes usually contain only triangles because the hardware is optimi…
Definition: Message Digest and Secure Cash are the standard algorithms to provide data security for multimedia authentication. The MD5 algorithm takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 128-bit ?fingerprint? or ?message digest? of the input message. MD5 is currently a standard, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments (RFC) 1321. In comparison, MD5 i…
Ruth Ellis Messenger, a famous hymnocologist, was born on February 29, 1884, in New York City to Joseph Ellis Messenger, a physician, and Anne Jane (Dud-man) Messenger. She received an A.B. from Normal college (later Hunter College) in New York City in 1905 and was Phi Beta Kappa. In 1907 she became an instructor in the Hunter College high school, teaching history and the classics. In 1911 she rec…
SIMON MARGULIES University of Basel Metadata is usually described as data about data. More accurately defined, metadata is data that contains information about other data?so-called primary data or a resource for future retrieval needs. Metadata relates to primary data by describing and referencing it. This description provides information that is not apparent from the primary data itself. It mak…
(1961-) Wired Ventures Limited As president of Wired Ventures, Jane Metcalfe has been a pioneer in both print and on-line publishing. Wired magazine and its on-line companion, Hot Wired, have offered readers a new technical viewpoint, that ponders the cultural impact of digital technology. Jane Metcalfe was born on November 15 1961. She attended the University of Colorado in Boulder where she gr…
[miy er] (1848?97) German chemist: wide-ranging chemical experimenter. Meyer?s father, a dye merchant, wished his sons to become chemists; Viktor wanted to be an actor. The family persuaded him to attend some lectures in Heidelberg, and lectures on chemistry duly converted him. He became an enthusiastic and successful chemistry student, and later a strikingly effective lecturer, perhaps because of…
(1884?1951) German?US biochemist: elucidated mechanism of lactic acid formation in muscle tissue. Meyerhof studied medicine at Heidelberg and began to specialize in psychiatry. However, he became attracted to biochemistry and in 1909 worked with and studied his methods; afterwards in Kiel, Berlin and Heidelberg, he used similar techniques to examine the chemical changes linked with muscular action…
Born Jonathan O?Keeffe, July 27, 1977, in Dublin, Ireland; son of John and Mary-Geraldine (Myers) O?Keeffe. Addresses: Agent ?The Lisa Richards Agency, 46 Upper Baggot St., Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland. Home ?County Cork, Ireland. Actor in films, including: A Man of No Importance , 1994; Michael Collins , 1996; The Disappearance of Finbar , 1996; La Lengua asesina , 1996; Telling Lies in America …
The name Michael means ?who is like *God?; he is the greatest among the archangels and is named in the books of *Daniel , *Jude , and Revelation Michael is popular and frequently represented in both western medieval and Byzantine art: ivories, mosaics, *icons, *manuscripts, sculpture, metalwork, and wall paintings. ? Traditionally, Michael?s primary roles are as chief opponent of the forces of evi…
Solomon Lightfoot Michaux was an evangelist and founder of the Church of God. In the 1930s, he realized the potential of using the media in spreading the gospel around the world. Much public opinion of Solomon Lightfoot Michaux was focused on his charismatic preaching, his mass annual baptizing, and his colorful radio ministry, including his cross choir. The media often focused on his legal proble…
MICHEAUX, OSCAR (1884?1951). Filmmaker, author. The most prolific independent filmmaker of his time, Micheaux was born in Metropolis, Illinois , and left home to work as a Pullman porter at age 17. He became a homesteader in Gregory County, South Dakota, in 1904, and wrote and self published The Conquest: Story of a Negro Pioneer in 1917, a novel based loosely on his experience. His other novels, …
( c. 1724?93) British astronomer: discovered double stars, estimated stellar distances and predicted existence of black holes. A Cambridge graduate in divinity, Michell was professor of geology there for 2 years before becoming a village rector near Leeds, a post he held for life. His scientific work was mainly in astronomy, where he made several significant contributions. He proposed the existenc…
[mik elsn] (1852?1931) US physicist: devised optical measurement methods of great accuracy; and showed that the hypothetical ether probably did not exist. Born in Strelno (now in Poland), Michelson emigrated with his parents to the USA as a child of 4. At 17 he entered the Annapolis Naval Academy (after an entry appeal in which he saw President Grant) and, following graduation and a tour of duty a…
Hui Li and Balakrishnan Prabhakaran University of Texas at Dallas, TX, USA Definition: A 3D middleware between a 3D application layer and the transport layer provides reliable and efficient multimedia streaming. 3D meshes have been widely used in multimedia applications such as 3D video gaming, virtual reality and animation databases. Due to the large data size of 3D meshes, the end user typical…
(1889?1944) US engineer and inventor: introduced tetra-ethyl lead (TEL) anti-knock and Freon refrigerant. Midgley was the son of one inventor and the nephew of another. He studied engineering at Cornell, finishing with a PhD in 1911. Working with C Kettering for Delco in the First World War, he led a team working on the problem of ?knocking? in petrol engines. (?Knocking? or ?pinking? is the metal…
(1879?1958) Serbian climatologist: developed astronomical theory of climatic change. Milankovich was educated in Vienna, but in 1904 moved to the University of Belgrade, where he spent the rest of his academic career. He is remembered for his work on the cause for long-term changes in the Earth?s climate. Following earlier proposals by and J Croll (1821?90), he recognized that the major influence …
JOHN SIDORIAK Independent Photography and Multimedia Contractor Military photography began in 1855 with the English photographer Roger Fenton, who made over 300 photographs of the Crimean War under trying circumstances. However, the true nature of armed conflict was first exposed by Mathew Brady, an Irish immigrant, who, with others, photographed the American Civil War in the early 1860s. He use…
Born August 27, 1969, in Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico; son of Felipe (a photographer) and Maria Teresa Favela (a seamstress) Millan; married Ilusion, c. 1994; children: Cesar, Calvin. Addresses: Home ?Los Angeles, CA. Office ?Cesar Millan, Inc., 1033 North Hollywood Way, Ste. C, Burbank, CA 91505. Began career as a dog groomer in San Diego, CA, c. 1990, and then worked as a dog trainer there and in L…
MILLER, FLOURNOY (1887?1971). Comedian, actor, writer, composer. Miller was born in Nashville , Tennessee , and attended Fisk University . He wrote songs for the Pekin Theater Company in Chicago , Illinois , and worked the vaudeville stage in comedy teams with Aubrey Lyles and Mantan Moreland. He appeared in the series of all black Westerns in the late 1930s? Harlem on the Prairie , 1938; Two-Gun …
(1931? ) French?Australian immunologist: discovered function of the thymus gland. Educated in Sydney and London, Miller worked from 1966 at the Hall Institute, Melbourne. Until his work in 1961, the function of the thymus gland was not known. The gland is in the chest of mammals, close to the heart, and becomes relatively smaller from infancy to adulthood. To discover the function of such an organ…
B. 1952 Birthplace: Lenox, Massachusetts Awards: Dallas Fashion Award, 1991 ???????? Girl Scouts of America Award, New York, 1994 Nicole Miller?s practical yet fun design philosophy has made her remarkably successful. Some of Miller?s inspirations stem from her childhood. Her father, an engineer, fascinated Miller with his interesting gadgets, while her mother sparked her interest with French fa…
B. 1935 Birthplace: Texas Nolan Miller first became interested in fashion while watching his idols act in Saturday matinees as a boy in Texas. Miller?s fascination with fashion led him to Los Angeles, California, to attend the Choinard Art Institute. While in school, Miller worked in a Beverly Hills flower shop waiting to be ?discovered.? Fortunately for Miller, the flower shop he worked in was pa…
Page Putnam Miller was born on December 12, 1940, in Columbia, South Carolina, of Scots ancestry. Her father was a postal worker, her mother a full-time homemaker who had worked on the Works Progress Administration?s State Guide for South Carolina before getting married. Page enjoyed music, arts, and sports in school and earned an award as a top high school debater. She was also active in the Pres…
(1930?) US chemist: experimented to simulate production of pre-biotic biochemicals from simple gas mixtures. A graduate of California and Chicago, Miller worked at the University of California at San Diego from 1960. His most familiar work was done when he was a research student with in Chicago in 1953. Interested in the possible origin of life on Earth, he devised an experiment using an early pla…
(1868?1953) US physicist: determined e and h accurately for the first time. Millikan was the son of a Congregational minister and small farmer and grew up in the still romantic age of the American midwest. His talent at school was mainly in classics, and he did little physics; but in his second year at Oberlin college he was invited to teach elementary physics and was told ?anyone who can do well …
(1927?2002) [mil stiyn] Argentinian?British molecular biologist: co-discoverer of monoclonal antibodies. Born and educated in Argentina, Milstein was a chemistry student, research student and staff member in Buenos Aires before his first stay in Cambridge from 1958. Back in Buenos Aires in 1961, he returned to Cambridge in 1963 to join on the Medical Research Council staff. There he worked on the…
Definition: Mime (Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a simple standard prefix that is sent before a file is sent on the World Wide Web or as an e-mail attachment. Essentially, a MIME type is a string consisting of two words: the first denotes the general type of the file that is about to be sent, the second denotes its format . A MIME type is specified in a single line, in the format:
Gail Minault was born on March 25, 1939, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, of French and Scots-Irish ancestry. Her parents were both schoolteachers: her mother taught reading and math in primary school, and her father taught French and Latin in secondary school. She attended public schools in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, through ninth grade, then the Northfield School for Girls in East North-field, Massachus…
(CBS, 10/23/1979, 120 mins). A young woman with precognition realizes she is being stalked by a killer a mass murderer she previously had used her psychic powers to identify to the skeptical police. Originally, this was titled ?Are You Alone Tonight?? and Wendy Kaufman was credited as cowriter. Production Company Paramount Network Television. Director Ivan Nagy. Producer Jay Benson. Teleplay Rober…
Dorothy Eugenia Miner was born on November 4, 1904, in New York City to Roy Waldo Miner, a marine biologist at the American Museum of Natural History (curator of marine life) and former Episcopalian minister, and Anna Elizabeth (Carroll) Miner, a former Catholic nun. Miner attended Graham School in New York City and Horace Mann School for Girls. In 1922 she entered Barnard College, majoring in Eng…
(CBS, 3/2/1977, 120 mins). The era of black minstrels as captured in the lives of two brothers, one an extroverted song-and-dance man determined to break tradition and own his own minstrel troupe in a field dominated by black faced whites, the other an introverted and innovative composer struggling to break away from the stereotypes haunting black minstrel artists. Fred Karlin received an Emmy Awa…
The term miracle derives from the Latin miraculum (?wonder?) and may be defined as an extraordinary event, seemingly outside the limits of apparent causality. In Jewish and Christian usage, miracles are wrought by *God?s power and are signs of God?s presence and frequent intervention in human affairs. In the Hebrew Old Testament, the terms gedolot (?great things?), otot-u-mophetim (?signs and wond…
The Gospels record two miracles in which Jesus brought about the catching of surprisingly great amounts of *fish. *Luke describes how Jesus entered a boat to preach to a huge crowd gathered on the shore of the sea of Galilee; he instructed the boat?s owner, Simon (Peter), to put out the nets even though no fish at all had been caught the previous night. So many fish were then hauled up that the ne…
NBC, 10/10/1979, 120 mins). A wealthy widow (Janet Leigh), a restless housewife (Loretta Swit), and a former model (Lee Meriwether) seek to reshape themselves through cosmetic surgery to please the men in their lives. Production Company Christiana Productions. Director Joanna Lee. Executive Producer Joanna Lee. Producer Jerry Adler. Teleplay Charles Dennis, Leah Appet. Photography Ben Colman. Musi…
The New Testament contains several references to the duties which Jesus directed his disciples to undertake. Before his Ascension, Jesus charged the *apostles with bearing witness of him ?unto the uttermost part of the earth? (Acts 1:8); elsewhere, he enjoined them to ?teach all nations? and to baptize (Matthew 28:19); he gave them the power to save and condemn (Mark 16:16), to heal the sick, and …
Awards: Neiman Marcus Award, 1973 ???????? Bath American Printed Fabric Council Tommy Award, 1974 ???????? Gold Metal of Civic Merit Award, Milan, 1979 ???????? Fragrance Foundation Award, 1982 ???????? Arancia Award, given to Tai Missoni, 1986 ???????? Commendatore al Merito Della Repubblica Italiana, Rosita Missoni, 1986 ???????? Fashion Group International Design Award, 1991 ?????…
During a time of great injustice, Arthur W. Mitchell demonstrated courage and ingenuity in using the justice system to address civil rights violations in the United States. A civil rights activist, he was also an educator, politician, and administrator. His career is a testament to the rewards of hard work and determination. Mitchell was born on a farm, in the city of Lafayette, in Chambers County…
(1818?89) US early female astronomer; observed a new comet. Maria Mitchell was born on Nantucket Island, MA, one of 10 children of a school teacher and amateur astronomer. Her education in private elementary schools finished when she was 16. However, Nantucket was an area where it was usual to become familiar with some mathematics, astronomy and navigation. Mitchell assisted her father with his as…
[mit sherleekh] (1794?1863) German chemist and mineralogist: discovered law of isomorphism. Mitscherlich?s youthful enthusiasm was the Persian language, which he studied at Heidelberg and Paris in the hope of visiting Persia as a diplomat. When this appeared impossible he decided to study medicine, with the intention of travelling as a physician. To begin, he studied science in G?ttingen; and was …
Born Lakshmi Niwas Mittal, June 15, 1950, in Sadulpur, Rajasthan, India; son of Mohan (a steel company manager) Mittal; married Usha; children: Aditya (son), Vanisha (daughter). Education: Earned degree from St. Xavier?s College, 1969. Addresses: Home ?London, England. Office ?Mittal Steel Co. Ltd., 7th Fl., Berkeley Square House, Berkeley Square, London W1J 6DA, England. Worked for family steel c…
B. April 22, 1938 Birthplace: Hiroshima, Japan Awards: Japan Fashion Editors Club Award, 1974 ???????? Mainichi Newspaper Fashion Award, 1976, 1984 ???????? Pratt Institute Design Excellence Award, 1979 ???????? Council of Fashion Designers of America Award, 1983 ???????? Neiman Marcus Award, 1984 ???????? Officier de l?Ordre des Arts et Lettres, France, 1989 ???????? Hiroshima Art Pri…
Birthplace: Brooklyn, New York Awards: Council of Fashion Designers of America Award, 1988, 1989 ???????? Fashion Industry Foundation Award, 1990 ???????? Michaelangelo Shoe Award, 1993 ???????? Sundance Film Festival Audience Award for Unzipped , 1995 He refers to his witty film, Unzipped , about one stressful season in the life of a fashion designer (himself, of course), as a ?frockumentar…
With the end of regional styles, jazz ironically has not become a unified whole, but instead has been evolving in many different directions simultaneously. Fusion, the last dominant style, garnered the most headlines during the 1970s, but jazz musicians have since explored virtually every past style from Dixieland to free jazz. Many have chosen a bit of this and a bit of that to create unusual com…
Principal social themes: homelessness/poverty United Artists. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Charlie Chaplin, Paulette Goddard, Henry Bergman, Stanley Sanford, Hank Mann, Chester Conklin, Richard Alexander, Stanley Blystone, Louis Natheaux, Allan Garcia, Lloyd Ingraham, Edward Kimball, Wilfred Lucas, Mira McKinney, Cecil Reynolds, Murdoch McQuarrie, Ed Le Sainte, Fred Malatesta, Juana Sutton, Sam Stei…
[mohho roh vuhchich] (1857?1936) Croatian geophysicist: discovered the boundary between the Earth?s crust and the mantle. A talented young man who spoke eight languages when he was 15 years of age, Mohorovicic was educated at the University of Prague, being appointed professor at the Zagreb Technical School in 1891, and later at Zagreb University. In 1909, while studying a nearby earthquake, Mohor…
[mwas?] (1852?1907) French inorganic chemist: first isolated fluorine; pioneer of high-temperature chemistry. Coming from a poor family, Moissan?s pursuit of education and his enthusiasm for chemistry proved difficult until marriage and a generous father-in-law eased his financial position. After his first successes in chemistry, he held posts in Paris at the university. In the early 1880s he bega…
MOKAE, ZAKES (1935?). Actor. He was born in Johannesburg , South Africa , and attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts. He is one of a few actors to bridge the South African racial divide by working with white writer Athol Fugard. In the 1950s, they organized the radical theater group The Rehearsal Room, and produced work that exposed the injustices going on in the country. Their productions of…
B. 1891 D. 1974 Birthplace: London, England Pursuing his desire to become a painter, Molyneux studied art and initially made a living by sketching for advertisements and magazines. After his sketch of an evening dress won a design contest, he was hired by the contest?s sponsor, Lucile (Lady Duff Gordon). In 1911 he began by working as her sketch artist and was promoted to designer for her Paris op…
(1937-) Domino?s Pizza, Inc. Domino?s Pizza, Inc., known world-wide as a leader in the world of fast-food, was imagined and built by Thomas Stephen Monaghan, who rose from a world of poverty in his youth, to become one of America?s business giants. With tremendous faith in his religion and himself, he built a fortune by offering a popular, tasty, reliable and relatively inexpensive food that was…
(1839?1909) German?British industrial chemist. Son of a prosperous Jewish merchant, Mond studied chemistry . From 1858 he had jobs in chemical industry, and devised a rather unsatisfactory process for recovering sulphur from the offensive ?alkali-waste? of the Leblanc soda-making process. He operated this in Widnes in the 1860s. In 1872, with J T Brunner (1842?1919), he began to use the new Solvay…
[m?zh] (1746?1818) French mathematician: founder of descriptive geometry. Monge was educated the Coll?ge de la Trinit? in Lyon, and later at the military academy at M?zi?res, subsequently becoming professor of mathematics there. He was an active supporter of Napoleon, becoming minister of the navy in 1792, official recorder of Louis XVI?s trial and execution in 1792?3 and accompanying Napoleon to …
Principal social themes: addiction (morphine and gambling) United Artists. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Cameron Mitchell, Paul Richards, Dianne Foster, Jack Albertson, Kathy Garver, Lisa Golm, Barry Kelley, Lewis Charles, Dayton Lummis, Raymond Greenleaf. Written by Crane Wilbur, Anthony Veiller, Brad Harris, Richard Benedict, and Paul Dudley based in part on the book No Man Stands Alone by Barney R…
[monoh] (1910?76) French molecular biologist: devised theories on the control of gene action. A graduate of Paris, Monod taught zoology there from 1934, served in the French Resistance in the Second World War, and joined the Pasteur Institute in 1945, becoming its director in 1971. He worked particularly with F Jacob (1920? ) on the problem of how gene action is switched ?on? and ?off?, especially…
[m?tanyay] (1932?) French virologist: discoverer of HIV, the generally accepted cause of AIDS. Montagnier studied science at Poitiers and science and medicine at Paris, becoming MD in 1960. From 1960?4 he worked in virology as a research Fellow for the Medical Research Council in the UK, initially at Carshalton and then in Glasgow. Returning to France, he headed research groups at Orsay, at the Pa…
Michel de Montaigne was born in the Dordogne region of France into a family recently elevated to the minor nobility. The infant was put out to nurse with a peasant woman and, upon his return to the family chateau, was placed in the care of a tutor. As Montaigne recounts, this German doctor spoke to him in Latin only, according to the dictates of the elder Montaigne, who had strong yet apparently k…
B. 1949 Birthplace: Paris, France Awards: Best Women?s Collection, Paris Opera, 1985 ???????? Best European Designer, Munich, 1987 ???????? Balenciaga Prize?Best Designer, Madrid, 1989 ???????? Prix Medicis, 1989 ???????? Fragrance Foundation Award, 1990 ???????? D? d?Or Award (Golden Thimble) (for Lanvin), 1990, 1991 Claude Montana grew up in a well-to-do family, but he did not want to …
(1740?1810) and ( Jacques-)?tienne de Montgolfier [m?golfyay] (1745?99) French inventors of the hot air balloon. These brothers, who both worked in the family paper-making business, became interested in the possibility of balloon flight about 1782. Their earliest paper models were hydrogen-filled, but the gas soon escaped. Their first large model, which reached 25 m, had an envelope of silk taffet…
Called a black accommodationist and entrepreneur, Isaiah T. Montgomery walked a dangerous tightrope to become a wealthy and influential leader in Mississippi. He helped to found the all-black town of Mound Bayou, making it possible for blacks to own homes and businesses and to become educated in the private schools that were established in the colony. At the same time, his endorsement of legislati…
Henry Lee Moon was an advocate for civil rights and dedicated servant and leader to the African American community. Henry Moon?s career, beginning in 1926 as press agent for Tuskegee Institute through 1974 as editor of the prominent magazine, The Crisis , spanned nearly fifty years. Through his work as a journalist, editor, author, and civil rights advocate, Moon must be counted as one of the majo…
(ABC, 9/26/1972, 90 mins). After several townspeople are savagely murdered, a Louisiana bayou sheriff (David Janssen) searches for a crazed killer and becomes convinced that he?s chasing a modern day werewolf. Based on the 1967 scifi novel by Leslie H. Whitten. Production Company Filmways. Director Daniel Petrie. Executive Producer Edward S Feldman. Producers Everett Chambers, Peter Thomas. Telepl…
Elizabeth Finley Moore was born in York, South Carolina, on January 29, 1894, to David Edward Finley, a congressman, and Elizabeth (Gist) Finley. From 1910 to 1911 she studied at Winthrop College in Rock Hill, South Carolina. In 1914 she obtained an A.B. at the College for Women in Columbia, South Carolina. She married Walter Bedford Moore on July 19, 1916. In 1926 Moore became a charter member of…
MOORE, MELBA (1945?). Singer, actress. This native of New York City studied piano and voice at the High School for Performing Arts, and earned her BA degree in music education from Montclair State College. She first came to prominence on the Broadway stage in 1969 when she replaced actress Diane Keaton in a production of the stage musical Hair. She was the first black actress to replace a white ac…
MOORE, RUDY RAY (1937?). Comedian, producer, singer, actor. Moore began his singing and comedy career while in the U. S. Army and later moved to Los Angeles to test his singing chops. He wrote and recorded a number of R&B songs released on Norton Records, but did not have the money to get them played. While working in a local record store, he was inspired by a tale being told by the neighborhood w…
(1913?82) US biochemist: co-inventor of method for analysing amino acids. Moore spent his career at the Rockefeller Institute, having graduated in chemistry from Vanderbilt University in 1935 and followed this with a PhD from Wisconsin. A central problem in protein chemistry is to determine which amino acids are present in a protein chain, and in what amount. Only when this is known can work begin…
Born Juan Evo Morales Aima, October 26, 1959, in Isavalli, Orinoca, Sud Caranas, Bolivia; son of Dionisto Morales Choque (a herder and farmer) and Maria Mamani. Addresses: Office ?Embassy of Bolivia, 3014 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington DC 20008. Agricultural laborer and llama-herder during his childhood and teen years; played trumpet in a band; served in the Bolivian army; became a coca farmer …
(ABC, 10/20/1978, 120 mins). A romantic comedy, loosely based on the early courtship of Rob Reiner and his wife, Penny Marshall. It?s about a young couple who can?t make up their minds whether they just want to be bosom buddies or uncommitted lovers, and their embattled relationship between 1958 and 1971 when her show business aspirations take her to Hollywood and his struggles to be a novelist ke…
More lived the first English life that has become a field of study in itself. Versions of the man have ranged from William Roper?s saint, to Froude?s fanatic anti-Protestant (in the Dictionary of National Biography ), to R. W. Chambers? hero of conscience, to the ambitious, self-divided man of Richard Marius. Born 7 February 1478 in London, More was one of six children of John More, a prominent la…
MORELAND, MANTAN (1902?1973). Actor, comedian. Moreland was born in Monroe, Louisiana, and worked the vaudeville stage with Tim Moore and Flournoy Miller. He also worked on the Broadway stage in comedy and musical reviews, such as Blackbirds of 1928, Singin? the Blues, Yeah Man , and Shuffle Along . He made his film debut in That?s the Spirit, 1933, and appeared as singing cowboy Herb Jeffries? si…
[mawr gan yee] (1682?1771) Italian anatomist: pioneer of pathology. Graduating in Bologna, Morgagni taught anatomy there and later in Padua. Although active in anatomical research throughout his life, his great work was not published until he was 80. This was a survey of about 700 cases, written in the form of 70 letters to an unknown medical friend. For each case, he describes first the clinical …
(1837-1913) J.P. Morgan & Company J.P. Morgan was a potent force in American business during its era of greatest growth, and a tycoon who almost single-handedly established the practice of investment banking. The son of a banker with international connections, Morgan, through his successful investments and cunning acquisitions, amassed a fortune that was almost unimaginable at the time. ?Essenti…
(1866?1945) US geneticist: established chromosome theory of heredity. Morgan was a product of two prominent American family lines (including his great-grandfather F S Key, who composed the national anthem) and he grew up in rural Kentucky with an interest in natural history. He studied zoology there at the State College and then at Johns Hopkins University. His later career was at Columbia, and th…
B. January 8, 1926 Birthplace: Tokyo, Japan Awards: Neiman Marcus Award, 1975 ???????? Medaille d?Argent, City of Paris, 1978 ???????? Symbol of Man Award, Minnesota Museum, 1978 ???????? Croix de Chevalier des Arts et Lettres, 1984 Avant-garde Japon , Centre Pompidou, Paris, 1986 ???????? Purple Ribbon Decoration, Japan, 1988 ???????? Asahi Prize as Pioneer of Japanese Fashion, 1988 …
(1921-) Sony Corporation As cofounder and chairman of the Sony Corporation, Akio Morita became one of the most influential businessmen in the world. He introduced consumers to innovative products including the hand-held transistor radio, the video cassette recorder (VCR), the Walkman portable audio cassette player, and the Diskman portable compact disk player. At the same time, he helped establi…
Alonzo Graseano Moron was the first black president of Hampton University, influencing the civil rights movement as he worked to upgrade Hampton Institute from a trade school to a college. He proved that a school for African Americans could be successful with a black man in charge. Moron?s influence was significant in many fields. An outstanding scholar, effective administrator, and advocator for …
Born Henry Madison Morris, October 6, 1918, in Dallas, TX; died after a series of strokes, February 25, 2006, in Santee, CA. Creationism theorist and author. For more than 40 years, Henry M. Morris remained one of the most well-respected, noteworthy voices in creationist circles. In fact, Morris revived the creationist movement in 1961 with the publication of The Genesis Flood , a book in which he…
(1791-1872) Magnetic Telegraph Company Samuel F.B. Morse is best known as the inventor of the telegraph and the code used to transmit messages on it. He sent the very first telegraph message?"What hath God wrought?"?on May 24, 1844. His invention revolutionized communications, making it possible to transmit messages across long distances with almost no delay. The telegraph facilitated westward e…
(1791?1872) US artist and inventor. After education at Yale, Morse concentrated on painting portraits, which he studied in Europe before his appointment as professor of literature and design in New York?s City University. Always interested in novelties, he devised an electric telegraph system in 1832 and improved it with technical help from and financial help from Alfred Vail. In 1843 he set up a …
From World War I through the Great Depression, Harlem had among its first black politicians Ferdinand Q. Morton, who seemingly had absolute control over the political machine known as Black Tammany. Although he practiced law for a while, Morton was primarily interested in Democratic politics, as leader of the United Colored Democracy and perhaps more importantly as head of Black Tammany. For the D…
MORTON, JOE (1947?). Actor. Born in New York City, Morton made his Broadway debut in a production of Hair , and received a Tony Award nomination for his performance in Raisin . His big-screen break came with portraying the title role in director John Sayles? The Brother from Another Planet , 1984. He has since stayed busy working in both television and film. Filmography: The Brother from Another P…
(1948-) Restaurateur Peter Morton along with partner Isaac Tigrett founded the Hard Rock Cafe in London, England in 1971, launching what evolved into one of the world?s best known; highest grossing; and most influential restaurant creations. Years later Morton sold his share of the business for several millions but he continues to work as a Hollywood restaurateur and hotelier. Becoming a restaur…
[mohz lee] (1887?1915) British experimental physicist: showed identity of atomic number and nuclear charge of a chemical element. Moseley came from a family of scientists and graduated from Oxford in physics in 1910. At once he joined in Manchester, but in 1913 he returned to Oxford to work. In 1914 he visited Australia, and on the outbreak of the First World War he joined the Royal Engineers and …
Numerous events from the life and deeds of the great leader and lawgiver Moses occur in art from the early Christian period onward, reflecting his extreme significance for both Judaism and Christianity. He features frequently in biblical narrative illustration and, in medieval typological programs, as a precursor of *Christ. Details from his life are recounted primarily in the books of Exodus, Num…
(CBS, 6/21/1975 to 8/2/1975, 6 Parts, 60 mins each, 6 hours). This biblical spectacular, which ran in hour-long segments over a six-week period and then turned up theatrically in a severely edited version not long after its initial TV showing, marked Burt Lancaster?s TV acting debut, as well as that of his son, William (as Young Moses), best known as the writer of the hit movie ?The Bad News Bears…
MOSLEY, ROGER E. (1938?). Actor. He was born in Los Angeles , California , and is perhaps best known as T. C. Calvin on the TV series Magnum P. I. He began his acting career during the blaxploitation era of the early 1970s in such films as Hit Man , 1972; Sweet Jesus Preacher Man , 1973; The Mack , 1973; and The River Niger , 1976. He was cast in the title role as blues singer Huddie Ledbetter in …
Nathan Francis Mossell was one of the first generation of university-trained black physicians in the United States. After earning his degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1882, Mossell practiced in that city for several years before co-founding its Frederick Douglass Memorial Hospital, the first such institution dedicated to meeting the healthcare needs of Philadelphia?s African American …
Frances Mossiker, who wrote her first book at age fifty-five, was born April 9, 1906, in Dallas, Texas to Elihu Sanger, a merchant, and Evelyn (Beekman) Sanger. She attended the Hockaday School in Dallas and studied French and Romance languages at Smith College in Massachusetts. She received a B.A. from Barnard College in 1927 before studying on the graduate level at the Sorbonne in Paris. In 1934…
J. Feng City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong K.T. Lo The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Definition: Motion compensation has been used widely in video compression, because of its abilities to exploit high temporal correlation between successive frames of an image sequence. Video compression plays an important role in modern multimedia applications. Inside digitized video, there …
Jauvane C. de Oliveira National Laboratory for Scientific Computation, Petropolis, RJ, Brazil Definition: Motion estimation explores the temporal redundancy, which is inherent in video sequences, and it represents a basis for lossy video compression. Other than video compression, motion estimation can also be used as the basis for powerful video analysis and video processing. A standard movie, w…
Definition: Motion picture inpainting refers to the detection of damages in video frames and repairing them. Video inpainting, as we have discussed in the article entitled ?Digital Inpainting,? has a different challenge issue compared to image inpainting. Most image inpainting methods require the user to select a target area. This requirement is not possible on video due to the large number of vid…
(1905?96) British physicist: discovered aspects of the electronic structure of disordered materials. Mott?s parents both worked at the Cavendish Laboratory and he studied mathematics at Cambridge. He became a lecturer and Fellow there, working with , and later with in Copenhagen. With H Massey (1908?83) he applied the new quantum mechanics to the scattering of particles in atomic physics, and esta…
(ABC, 3/9/1974, 90 mins). Cast somewhat against type in his first made for TV movie, Kirk Douglas is a milquetoast biology teacher in Nova Scotia who learns during divorce proceedings that he is not the father of his wife?s son and stops at nothing to take vengeance on her in a cat-and-mouse game. ?Cat and Mouse? was the theatrical title of this film as shown in Great Britain. Production Companies…
(1936-) Bugle Boy Industries William Mow rose through amazing adversity, including being forced to resign from a company he owned because he was falsely accused of hiding financial information, to found the highly successful Bugle Boy Industries. Though Mow knew nothing about the clothing business when he began the company, effective advertising and networking, along with a good understanding of…
Definition: MPEG-1 video and audio compression standards were mainly devised for CD-ROM applications at 1.5 Mbps. The MPEG-1 video compression algorithm was optimized for bitrates of 1.1 Mbps since coded video at about 1.1 Mbps and coded stereo audio at 128kbps together match the CD-ROM data rates of approximately 1.4Mbps. SIF was used for optimal performance in MPEG-1. SIF corresponding to NTSC a…
Definition: Following MPEG-1, MPEG-2 video and audio compression standards were developed to meet the need in entertainment TV for transmission media such as satellite, CATV and digital storage media such as DVD. The main effort was to compress CCIR-601 4:2:0 interlaced video with high quality since virtually all TV materials archived for last 50 years have been interlaced signals. Since the resol…
Definition: MPEG-4 AVC or H.264 video compression standard was developed to enhance compression performance over current de facto standard MPEG-2 that was developed about 10 years ago primarily for digital TV systems with interlaced video coding. H.264 is known to achieve a significant improvement in rate-distortion efficiency compared with existing standards, and is designed for broadcast TV over…
Definition: MPEG-4 multimedia compression standard was developed to provide technological foundations to deal with multimedia content in object-based, interactive, and non-linear way. Consequently, MPEG-4 video (Part 2 of the MPEG-4 standards series) had to meet the need with shape coding for arbitrary shaped video representation. Since MPEG-4 is a generic coder, the standard includes many algorit…
(CBS, 2/1/1979 and 2/3/1979, 2 Parts, 120 mins each, 4 hours). A sprawling two part Western saga based on the legend of frontier folk hero Tom Horn, his role in the trackdown of Geronimo in the 1880s with his mentor and pal Al Sieber, the fabled Indian scout, his later days as a Pinkerton detective, and the way he was used by both sides in turn of the century cattle wars, leading to his tragic dea…
(NBC, 3/14/1973, 90 mins). Tony Lo Bianco and Hal Linden play New York cops, one losing an arm in a shoot-out, who buck the system to track a foreign embassy official in their efforts to bust a drug ring in this pilot for a prospective series. Production Company D?Antoni Productions Group. Director William A. Graham. Executive Producer Philip D?Antoni. Producer George Goodman. Teleplay Jerome Coop…
(NBC, 9/19/1979, 120 mins). Cloris Leachman fights the system in a frustrating battle to bring to trial the man who raped her divorced daughter (Season Hubley) and then vows to mete out her own vengeance when the judicial process breaks down. Production Companies NBC Productions, Dan Curtis Productions. Director Dan Curtis. Executive Producer Dan Curtis. Producer Joseph Stern. Teleplay George Rubi…
(NBC, 6/20/1977, 90 mins). A struggling high school football coach, his wife and three growing children take in four more who were being raised by his sister and her husband before dying in a plane crash. This was the pilot for the short lived 1977-78 series with stars Lawrence Pressman and Elinor Donahue. Production Companies Christiana Productions, Paramount Network Television. Director Noel Bla…
MSN began as a online provider like America Online. MSN supplied content with the use of a similar interface to that of Windows Explorer. MSN started up in the Advanced Technology Group, with the help of Nathan Myhrvold. After the Internet began to be used more widely, the service was renamed as ?MSN 2.0.? This new service allowed for web access and supplied content as well. The newer features inc…
[m? ler] (1911?77) German?US physicist: invented the field-ion microscope. A graduate in engineering from Berlin, Mueller worked for industrial laboratories in Berlin and for the Fritz Haber Institute until 1952 when he joined Pennsylvania State University. In 1936 he invented the field-emission microscope, in which a high negative voltage is applied to a fine metal tip held in a vacuum near a pho…
Muffins may have started out as a type of small cake or as an alternative to cornbread. Early muffin recipes tend to result in less sweet muffins with far fewer ingredients than their contemporaries. Muffins became widely used as a breakfast food because they were easy to prepare and cooked in a short amount of time. Because muffins grew stale so quickly, they were not marketed as a baked good unt…
B. 1948 Birthplace: Strasbourg, Alsace, France Thierry Mugler?s early training was in the fine arts; he was a member of the Rhine Opera Ballet from 1965 to 1966, and he attended the Strasbourg School of Fine Arts from 1966 to 1967. At the age of twenty, Mugler moved to Paris to pursue a career in the fashion industry. He worked as an assistant designer for the Gudule boutique in 1968, as a designe…
(1896?1986) US chemical physicist: developed molecular orbital theory and investigated molecular spectroscopy. An organic chemist?s son, Mulliken graduated in chemistry at MIT in 1917, went on to study poison gases and then in 1919 began work in Chicago on a problem in chemical physics (isotope separation). Except for some research visits he was to spend the rest of his long career at Chicago, wor…
(1944? ) US biochemist: devised the polymerase chain reaction for amplification of traces of DNA. Mullis studied chemistry at the Georgia Institute of Technology and then biochemistry at Caltech, and afterwards joined a biotechnology company, Cetus. His fame and the Nobel Prize for chemistry which he shared in 1993 stem from an idea that came to him during a 3-hour night drive in 1983. This concer…
Definition: Multiple resolution approach can be used in image inpainting (see the article on Digital Inpainting). We firefly summarize below the mechanism of multi-resolution image painting. The algorithm is further extended and used in a multiple layer approach to repair Chinese paintings . Let DIB be a damaged image block, Let a be a threshold of variance, Let ? 1 , ? 2 be a threshold of percent…
Definition: Multi-view image display systems provide the viewer with the appropriate monoscopic or stereoscopic view of a scene. Recent advances in multi-view three dimensional (3-D) television may revolutionalize information systems in the near future. Three or more cameras may be used to form a multi-ocular system for the production of several image sequences obtained from slightly different vie…
Definition: The conventional true VoD system uses one dedicated channel for each service request, which offers the client the best QoS and interactive services, while multicast true VoD offers more efficient data transmission. Video-on-Demand (VoD) service allows remote clients to play back any video from a large collection of videos stored at one or more video servers in any mode at any time. VoD…
Definition: Multichannel data ordering schemes are used for color image filtering and enhancements in order to produce better and more efficient results. Probably the most popular family of nonlinear filters is the one based on the concept of robust order-statistics. In univariate (scalar) data analysis, it is sufficient to detect any outliers in the data in terms of their extremeness relative to …
Manolis Wallace, Yannis Avrithis and Stefanos Kollias National Technical University of Athens, Greece Definition: The integration of multimedia archives through a common, unified access point for end users, always considering their particular copyright and access policies, emerges as a necessary step for the preservation of their content and their financial viability. During the last decade, the…
Jiying Zhao and Abdulmotaleb El Saddik School of Information Technology and Engineering University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Definition: Multimedia authentication deals with confirming the genuineness or truth of the structure and/or content of multimedia. Multimedia signal can be easily reproduced and manipulated. Although we cannot perceive the change, what we are seeing or listening to may…
Nalin Sharda Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. Definition: Multimedia authoring involves collating, structuring and presenting information in the form of a digital multimedia, which can incorporate text, audio, and still and moving images. Authoring involves collating, structuring and presenting information in the form of a document created in some medium or media (Csinger, 1995). Tradi…
Definition : Multimedia Conferencing is one of the main building blocks of collaborative multimedia computing today. It has been repeatedly hailed as on the brink of ubiquity and as a panacea for communications in distributed teams. In this article, we use the term ?multimedia conferencing? instead of videoconferencing because the systems discussed in this section integrate multiple media formats …
Definition: MPEG-21 enables the use of multimedia resources across a wide range of networks and devices, and provides multiple adaptation operations such as transcoding, video summarization, replacement, and synthesis. Content adaptation aims to make content universally accessible (Universal Multimedia Access) depending on terminal capabilities, network, usage and natural environment characteristi…
David C. Gibbon AT&T Labs Research, Middletown, NJ, USA Definition : Multimedia content adaptation allows the ever increasing variety of IP enabled devices such as personal digital assistants (PDA), Smartphones, and set-top boxes, to access existing rich media resources available on the Internet. Broadly, it is the process of transforming a logical set of video, images, text, and other media fro…
Marios C Angelides Brunei University, Uxbridge, UK Definition: Personalization of information requires content interpretation and modeling, suitable content retrieval and filtering, and filtered content adaptation to the usage environment. Increasingly, users want to view multimedia content created specifically or at least tailored to cater for their needs and preferences. When people watch vide…
Definition: The COSMOS-7 is a content modeling scheme that uses the MPEG-7 standard to describe high and low level features. Content modeling is the cornerstone for describing multimedia semantics and accessing content based on user criteria, The COSMOS-7 is a content modeling scheme that uses the MPEG-7 standard to describe all sorts of high and low level features. It is also an interface for cre…
Abdulmotaleb El Saddik and Md. Shamim Hossain School of Information Technology and Engineering University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Definition: Content repurposing is the process of converting multimedia content from one format to another, and then representing it to handcraft the device, network and user characteristics. The recent advancements in multimedia technology have enabled content p…
Definition: In designing multimedia systems, a designer combines knowledge of art, science, and technology. Any design entails creating conceptual models of artifacts that fulfill some user needs. To design good multimedia systems a designer must combine knowledge of art, science and technology of creating multimedia (Elin, 2001). The Multimedia Design and Planning Pyramid (MUDPY) is a five-level …
Heather Yu Panasonic Digital Networking Laboratory, New Jersey, USA Definition: Multimedia data encryption attempts to prevent unauthorized disclosure of confidential multimedia information in transit or storage. If we call a multimedia data stream (message) plaintext , the process of transforming the plaintext into unintelligible data stream is referred to as MultiMedia Encryption (MME) where t…
Stefano Cacciaguerra, Marco Roccetti, and Paola Salomoni Department of Computer Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Definition: Multimedia entertainment applications aim at diverting users, engaging them in amazing experiences such as reading a book, listening to music, enjoying videos, and playing a game. To understand modern multimedia entertainment applications a definition of both…
Simone Santini University of California, San Diego, USA Definition: In multimedia file sharing we define two, quite separate, modalities: one, which we might call private file sharing, consists in being able to send multimedia files to a well identified person or to a small group of well identified persons; the other, which we might call public file sharing, consists in publishing multimedia fil…
William Luh and Deepa Kundur Texas A&M University, Texas, USA Definition: A digital fingerprint is a buyer-dependent serial number that is inconspicuously embedded in the multimedia, such that it is used to trace the original legal buyer of the multimedia. The ever-increasing consumption of digital data, such as digital images, video and audio, has lead to a number of security threats on multime…
Abhaya Asthana Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Westford, MA, USA Definition: Multimedia combines five basic types of media into the learning environment: text, video, sound, graphics and animation, thus providing a powerful new tool for education. The world in which we live is changing rapidly and the field of education is experiencing these changes in particular as it applies to Media Services.…
Erich Neuhold and Claundia Nieder?e Fraunhofer Institute IPSI, Darmstadt, Germany Definition: Digital Library is an information system targeted towards a specific community, where content from different sources is collected and managed, content is structured and enriched with metadata, and a set of services is offered that makes the content available to a user community via a communication netwo…
Markus W. Schranz Pressetext GmbH, Austria Schahram Dustdar Technical University of Vienna, Austria Definition: Multimedia news systems deal with architectures to manage complex multimedia news databases, online presentation and distribution services or the integration of several existing services to meta-services using intelligent news retrieval engines. The full integration of digital media …
Definition: The leading presentation platform in multimedia news presentation is news networks providing television services and Internet content distribution. The demand for networked consumer systems and devices is large and growing rapidly. At home, in a car, at work or at play, Internet users want transparent internetworking and permanent connection to services, providing them entertainment, i…
Definition: Multimedia production begins with gathering content elements that fulfills the purpose of higher layer components, followed by integration of these elements to create a meaningful presentation. Multimedia production must come after careful planning and design; as depicted in the Multimedia Design and Planning Pyramid (Figure 1) by showing planning as the lowest level. Production begins…
Definition: Any significant multimedia project involves a core team that includes: producer, writer, and director, who work with other personnel, such as, programmer, photographer, videographer, and voiceover artists. Multimedia project planning is a complex problem (England and Finney, 1999). Any significant multimedia project involves a core team that includes: producer, writer, and director, wh…
Definition: Multimedia proxy caching, which is a small proxy server cache that is located close to a group of clients and is administrated by them, caches some popular streams from different servers with appropriate quality, with the goal to improve scalability and quality of service by reducing network traffic and delivery delay. The high bandwidth requirements and continuous streaming demand of …
Giorgos Stamou and Stefanos Kollias Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical University of Athens, Greece Definition: Multimedia semantics deals with the question how to conceptually index, search and retrieve the digital multimedia content, which means how to extract and represent the semantics of the content of the multimedia raw data in a human and machine-underst…
Simone Santini University of California, San Diego, USA Definition : Multimedia signals are artifacts intended to convey messages and, as such, they are a legitimate object of semiotic analysis . Some care must be taken in semiotic analysis because, if it is legitimate to consider multimedia as a form of text, the peculiar characteristics of this text, and the intertwined reading modalities that…
Deepa Kundur and William Luh Department of Electrical Engineering Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Definition: In multimedia sensor networks the multimodal sensors collect multimedia information including images, video and audio. Sensor networks are comprised of low-cost unattended groups of densely placed sensor ?nodes? that locally observe, communicate (often using wireless mea…
Abhaya Asthana Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, Westford, MA Seon Ho Kim Computer Science Department, University of Denver, Denver, CO Definition: Multimedia servers store and manage multimedia objects and deliver data streams in real-time, in response to requests from users . The creation, storage and delivery of ubiquitous, high performance multimedia services present a formidable challenge t…
Seon Ho Kim University of Denver, Denver, USA Definition: Magnetic disk drives are typically used as multimedia storage systems due to their high data transfer, large storage capacity, and low price. Considering the large size of multimedia files, especially streaming media (SM) such as audio and video that require real-time data retrieval, magnetic disk drives have been the choice of multimedia…
KM. Ho and K.T. Lo The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China J. Feng City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Definition: Streaming is an enabling technology for providing multimedia data delivery between clients in various multimedia applications on the Internet. The Internet has seen miraculous growth since its appearance. Web browsing and file transfer are the dominant serv…
Wayne Robbins Defense R&D Canada (DRDC), Future Forces Synthetic Environments, DRDC Ottawa; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Definition: Multimedia synchronization refers to the coordination of multimedia information along three axes: content, space, and time. Informally, synchronization has long referred to ?being at the right place at the right time?. In many ways, this maxim forms the essence of mult…
Wayne Robbins Defense R&D Canada (DRDC), Future Forces Synthetic Environments, DRDC Ottawa; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Definition: Multimedia systems rely on a wide variety of infrastructural technologies to enable their communication, processing, and interface/display needs. In addition, particular classes of media (e.g., continuous media such as audio and video) often require special computational…
Nigel C. Paver and Moinul H. Khan Intel Corporation, Austin, Texas, USA Definition: Multimedia system-on-a-chip includes all components necessary to run contemporary multimedia applications; these components are a powerful processor, a SIMD coprocessor, SRAM memory, and a variety of interfaces. Mobile multimedia is growing at a startling rate. This is fueling the trend toward rich multimedia and…
Lambros Makris and Michael G. Strintzis Informatics and Telematics Institute, Thessaloniki Greece Definition: Multimedia Web information systems represent a whole new breed of information systems intended to process, store, retrieve, and disseminate information through the Internet using Web protocols. Since its inception the World Wide Web (WWW) has revolutionized the way people interact, learn…
Definition: Multimodal interfaces process two or more combined user input modes, such asspeech, pen, touch, manual gestures, and gaze, in a coordinated manner with multimedia system output. They are a new class of emerging systems that aim to recognize naturally occurring forms of human language and behavior, with the incorporation of one or more recognition-based technologies (e.g., speech, pen, …
Nevenka Dimitrova 1 and Robert Turetsky 1 ? 2 (1) Philips Research, Briarcliff Manor, NY, USA (2) Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Definition: High-level semantic information, which is otherwise very difficult to derive from the audiovisual content, can be extracted automatically using both audiovisual signal processing as well as screenplay processing and analysis. Multimedia content an…
The Gospels contain six slightly divergent accounts of the *miracle when Jesus provided food for a multitude of people from miminal existing resources. The essential outline of the event indicates that several thousand people were miraculously fed with a few loaves of bread and a few fishes, with numerous full baskets left over. (Exact numbers vary in the different versions.) The subject appears i…
DAVID MALIN Anglo-Australian Observatory, RMIT University Multispectral imaging involves making images using more than one spectral component of energy from the same region of an object and at the same scale. It is clearly not a new method of imaging; color film is a three-channel multispectral detector and special infrared-sensitive color films have long been available to achieve the above-ment…
(1792?1871) British geologist: first identified the Silurian, Devonian and Permian periods. Murchison entered the army at 15, served briefly in the Peninsular War and then married and settled near Durham to follow his interest in foxhunting. At 32 he became friendly with and his enthusiasm moved to science and particularly to geology, where he had a flair for stratigraphy. He made a series of ardu…
(CBS, 5/10/1978, 120 mins). A bubble-brained Philadelphia waitress (Didi Conn) witnesses a murder during the Mardi Gras festivities in New Orleans and finds herself stalked by the killer. Production Companies The Jozak Company, Paramount Network Television. Director Ken Annakin. Executive Producer Gerald W. Abrams. Producers Matthew N. Herman, Richard Nader. Teleplay Stanley Ralph Ross. Photograph…
(ABC, 3/20/1977, 120 mins). A troubled young man, bent on avenging the Houston Astro baseball team?s rejection of him, plots a bizarre kidnapping during the final two games of the World Series in Houston and places the lives of five innocent women in jeopardy. The original title for this movie: ?The Woman in Box 359.? Production Company ABC Circle Films. Director Andrew V. McLaglen. Producer Cy Ch…
(CBS, 2/17/1979, 120 mins). An elaborate mystery involving a famous mentalist, his unfaithful wife who is trying literally to scare him to death, the best friend of the family, and the wife?s ham actor lover not only an intriguing who (or whether) dunit but also a literate, adult dramatic puzzle (by Richard Levinson and William Link) with an endless series of twists. Production Company Richard Lev…
(NBC, 1/16/1979, 120 mins). A brash songwriter (a Cher less Sonny Bono) who buys a detective business as a tax shelter finds himself and his photographer?s model bride involved in a puzzling murder when a dead body turns up in their honeymoon suite and a trail that leads them to Nashville. Subsequently titled ?The Country Western Murders.? Production Companies Frankel Productions, Gank Inc. Direct…
(NBC, 10/3/1977, 120 mins). A suspense drama focusing on the mysterious killings of Rodney Harrington and Allison MacKenzie (Ryan O?Neal and Mia Farrow in the original series) as part of a diabolical plot to tear the community apart by a former resident, now powerful and wealthy, who has secretly returned seeking revenge. Dorothy Malone, Ed Nelson, Tim O?Connor, Joyce Jillson and Christopher Conne…
(ABC, 11/21/1975, 120 mins). A road-company ?Airport? with a stellar cast being menaced by a maniac on a transatlantic jet who has murdered once and threatens to kill again. Rock jawed Robert Stack is the stalwart, unflappable pilot; his wife Rosemary and daughter Elizabeth have key roles. Production Company Spelling-Goldberg Productions. Director George McCowan. Executive Producers Aaron Spelling…
The News Corporation (1931-) Rupert Murdoch has been credited with single-handedly creating the concept of a modern media empire. With his chain of newspapers, a television network, holdings in book and magazine publishing, part-ownership of 20th Century-Fox, and expansion into satellite television services around the world, Murdoch has mastery over an enormous array of information providers. Mu…
(CBS, 3/20/1973, 90 mins). A flamboyant, disbarred attorney and his staff of ex cons are hired by a multimillionaire to find an embezzling bookkeeper, uncovering a trail of murder, suicide, blackmail and double dealing in this unsuccessful series pilot. Production Company Don Fedderson Productions. Director Charles S. Dubin. Executive Producer Don Fedderson. Producer Edward S Feldman. Teleplay Edm…
1889 Born in Baltimore, Maryland on January 17 1911 Receives B.A. with honors from Howard University in Washington, D.C. 1913 Receives MA from Harvard University 1914 Travels to Gena University in Germany 1914 Returns to the United States and teaches German at Howard University 1916 Marries co-founder of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Vashti Turley in Washington, D.C. 1918 Moves to Baltimore, Maryland…
MURPHY, EDDIE (1961?). Actor, comedian. Born in Brooklyn , New York , Murphy?s talent to make people laugh began early, and he was a stand up comic by age 15. He landed a prestigious spot on NBC?s Saturday Night Live , seasons 1980?84, and was a powerful mainstay of those years. His feature film debut came in the highly successful 48 Hrs. , 1982, and he quickly became a major box office draw. He w…
Louise Shipman Welles was born on January 2, 1854, to Charles Fisher and Elizabeth (LaPorte) Welles in Athens, Pennsylvania. Her father?s ancestors included Thomas Welles, a colonial governor of Connecticut, and her mother?s ancestors included Bartholomew Laporte, one of the French emigr?s who founded Asylum, Pennsylvania. Louise attended Athens Academy, Moravian Seminary at Bethlehem, Pennsylvani…
MUSE, CLARENCE (1889?1979). Actor, director, playwright. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Clarence Muse was destined for the arts. He studied law at Dickenson University in Pennsylvania, performed with a hotel quartet in Palm Beach, Florida, and toured the South with a stock company for a while. From there, he returned to New York and performed on the vaudeville stage, which led to several plays with …
RICH MUSICAL DOCUMENTATION. The reigns of Akhenaten and Nefertiti spanned only seventeen years from 1352 to 1336 B.C.E. Yet Akhenaten?s artists decorated the palace, tombs, and temples with many scenes of music making. This brief period witnessed a dramatic change in Egyptian religion. Akhenaten abandoned the worship of Amun, the King of the Gods, and substituted the god Aten, the physical disk o…
HATHOR AND IHY. The Egyptians associated the deities Hathor, her son Ihy, Bes, Isis, and Osiris with music. Egyptians honored the goddess Hathor and her son Ihy at her temple in Dendera as the deity of the sistrum and the menat , rattles played primarily by women during worship of the gods. Hathor?s temple in Dendera has a roof supported by columns shaped like sistra. One of the sanctuaries in th…
SACRED AND SECULAR EVIDENCE. The evidence for ancient Egyptian music comes exclusively from surviving religious structures such as temples and tombs, which limits scholarly understanding of this art form to its role within religious life. Relief sculptures and paintings created by artists for the walls of tombs and temples, as well as a few actual instruments found in tombs, are all that is left …
Musical instruments are found in a variety of contexts throughout early Christian and medieval art: in pictorial narratives, as iconographic attributes, and as both positive and negative symbols for human behavior. Numerous references to music and musical instruments can be found in both the Old and New Testaments, and copious episodes involving music, song, and dance are illustrated in art, inclu…
The Egyptians developed a sophisticated writing system as early as 3500 B.C.E. , and likewise developed music from the earliest periods of their history. They did not, however, apparently combine their talents in writing and music to create a system of music notation as did their neighbors. The Egyptians must have been aware that their neighbors in Syria had a system for the transcription of music…
Anyone who makes and performs music is considered a musician. Some play instruments, others sing, and many do both. There are those who manage to climb the ladder of success and become rich and famous?but that is rare, as British folk musician Jacey Bedford explains: ?Only a tiny proportion of people working in the music business are famous, and even with them it can be a here today, gone tomorrow…
The muu-dancers performed in people?s private funerals in the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, a period lasting about 1,500 years. The muu-dancers performed throughout the funeral. Representing the muu-dancers in tomb drawings was a popular choice for tomb owners, more popular than representing the whole funeral ritual as Princess Watetkhethor chose to do. Scholars do not know why this scene was rep…
originally Edward James Muggeridge [ moy brij] (1830?1904) British?US photographer: pioneered use of photography to study animal locomotion. Born Edward James Muggeridge, Muybridge believed the adopted spelling was the Anglo-Saxon form of his name. Muybridge emigrated to California when he was 22 and became a professional photographer. His ?composite? landscapes were impressive, and by about 1870 …
(ABC, 11/7/1973, 90 mins). In this sequel to ?All My Darling Daughters? (1972), all the darling daughters get as anniversary presents the news that their widowed dad is about to get married. This film reunited Robert Young and Ruth Hussey after those golden years at MGM in ?Honolulu,? ?Maisie,? ?Northwest Passage,? and ?H.M. Pulham, Esq.? It was also Raymond Massey?s film swan song after a long sc…
(ABC, 6/1/1975, 120 mins). A drama about a heart attack patient, a busy, highly paid executive, who reflects upon his happy childhood and the way he was brought up in a simpler age. Although playing father and son, Page?156? Robert Preston and Cliff Robertson, sharing star billing, never appear together in this film. Based on the Christopher Award-winning 1970 memoir by Philip Kunhardt Jr., former…
(NBC, 12/5/1978, 120 mins). A young wife journeys to North Vietnam in an effort to find her husband, an American flier reported missing in action, and is joined by a cynical Canadian correspondent on the trail of a human interest story. Original title: ?The Reach of Love.? Production Company Bob Banner Associates. Director Richard Michaels. Executive Producer Bob Banner. Producers Al Ramrus, John …
Principal social theme: addiction (alcohol) Warner Brothers. No MPAA rating. Featuring: James Woods, James Garner, JoBeth Williams, Gary Sinese, George Coe, Fritz Weaver, Norman Max, Rick Warner, Ray Reinhardt, Robert Harper, Jack Garner, Meredith Strange Boston. Written by William Borchert. Cinematography by Neil Roach. Edited by Paul Rubell and John Wright. Music by Laurence Rosenthal. Produced …
(NBC, 1/20/1970, 120 mins). A pregnant white southern girl and a black New York lawyer, both on the run, meet in a boarded-up house in rural Texas and develop a close friendship for their mutual survival. Patty Duke won an Emmy for her acting the first given to a TV movie performance and Richard Levinson and William Link were given Emmys for their original teleplay. In the spring of 1970, ?My Swee…
Given his background, Walter Dean Myers seems an unlikely literary success. He was a troubled child living with foster parents in Harlem. It seemed more probable that he would end up a ?demographic disaster waiting to happen,? according to the Los Angeles Times , than a renowned writer of more than seventy-five critically acclaimed works for children and young adults. Myers is the acclaimed author…
Sandra L. Myres was born on May 17, 1933, in Columbus, Ohio, to George Y. Swickard, a physician, and Lucille (Stockdale) Swickard. She attended Rice University from 1950 to 1951 and in 1953 married Charles E. Myres, a chemist. (She was divorced in 1973.) Myres received a B.A. in 1957 from Texas Technological College (now Texas Tech University) in biology. She received an M.A. in history from Texas…
The wine press of *God?s wrath is mentioned in *Isaiah 63:3 and Rev. 14:19-20. The blood which pours forth was likened by early Christian theologians (e.g., Saint *Augustine) and later medieval authors (e.g., *Rupert of Deutz) to the sacrifice of *Christ. Augustine and others also referenced the episode in Numbers 13:17-24 when spies, sent out by *Moses to Canaan, returned bearing grapes on a pole…
ORIGIN. An important series of myths involved the god Osiris. Osiris played an important role in Egyptian mythology as the god of the underworld and judge of the dead. As a chthonic (?earth?) deity, he also became associated with the fertility of the earth. Osiris first appears in Egyptian texts at the end of the Fifth Dynasty (2500?2350 B.C.E. ), when he is mentioned in both inscriptions in priv…
HORUS THE SKY GOD. Horus, in the form of a falcon, or falcon-headed human, is one of the oldest gods of the Egyptian pantheon. He was the god of the sky, whose right eye was associated with the sun, and whose left eye was the moon. A First-dynasty (3100?2800 B.C.E. ) comb found in a tomb shows the sky as the two wings of a bird, probably Horus. Horus was also associated with the king, and from th…
[nayel] (1904?2000) French physicist: discovered antiferromagnetism. N?el graduated from the ?cole Normale Sup?rieure and worked under P Weiss (1865?1940) at the University of Strasbourg. In 1940 he moved to Grenoble and became the driving force in making it one of the most important scientific centres in France, becoming director of the Centre for Nuclear Studies there in 1956. N?el?s research wa…
The third of eight children, Samuel Milton Nabrit was born in Macon, Georgia on February 21, 1905 to James Madison and Augusta Gertrude (West) Nabrit. His father was a Baptist minister and a graduate of Morehouse. He also taught at the Central City College in Macon. The Nabrit family moved to Augusta, Georgia in 1912 because the father had become the pastor of the Springfield Baptist Church and a …
Born Clarence Ray Nagin Jr., June 11, 1956, in New Orleans, LA; married Seletha Smith, 1982; children: Jeremy, Jarin (son), Tianna. Education: Tuskegee Institute, B.S., 1978; Tulane University, M.B.A., 1994. Addresses: Office ?New Orleans City Hall, 1300 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112. Website ?http://www.cityofno.com. Website ?http://www.reelectmayornagin.com. Worked for General Motors, Detro…
It was the vision of master businessman and visionary real estate developer John E. Nail that the vitality of middle-class African American communities become commonplace across the United States. Less than a decade after the turn of the twentieth century, Nail, along with his partner Henry G. Parker, opened the realty firm Nail & Parker, Inc. Together, Nail & Parker foresaw the transition of Harl…
Born October 15, 1957, in Bhubaneshwar, Orissa, India; daughter of Amrit (a civil servant) and Praveen (a social worker) Nair; married Mitch Epstein (a photographer), 1981 (divorced); married Mahmood Mamdani (a professor), 1991; children: Zohran (son, from second marriage). Education: Attended University of Delhi, 1975?76; Harvard University, B.A., 1979. Addresses: Contact ?Maisha Film Lab, P.O. B…
(ABC, 4/17/1974, 90 mins). An American Indian deputy sheriff is caught in the middle of a community dispute when the tribe tries to save a historic mission from a housing developer. Robert Forster and Arthur Kennedy continued their roles in the short-lived series that followed (1974-75). Strong overtones of ?Billy Jack? (1972) were spotted in both the telefeature and the later series. Production C…
Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina was born on March 5, 1847, at Kauaaia in Honolulu?s Manoa Valley to Theophilus Metcalf, a civil engineer and sugar planter, and the nephew of Chief Justice Metcalf of Massachusetts, and Chiefess Kailikapuolono of Kukaniloko, granddaughter of the legendary Kalani-kupaulakea. Emma attended Sacred Hearts Academy and Punahou School, both in Honolulu, and the Mills? S…
(1861?1930) Norwegian explorer and biologist: pioneer of arctic exploration. Nansen graduated in zoology from the University of Christiania (now Oslo), later being appointed professor of zoology and then of oceanography at Christiania. Nansen is known as a pioneer of Arctic exploration. In 1888 he crossed the Greenland ice sheet for the first time, demonstrating that it covered the entire island. …
(1550?1617) Scottish mathematician: inventor of logarithms. Napier was educated in France and at the University of St Andrews. He came from a landed family and pursued mathematics as a hobby, his other interests being religious controversy and the invention of machines of war. His studies of imaginary roots led him to develop the principle of the logarithm, and he then spent 20 years computing tab…
The Narmer Palette commemorated King Narmer?s victory over ten enemies of Egypt some time during Dynasty 0 (3200?3100 B.C.E. ). Though scholars disagree on the precise details, the narrative would have been clear to viewers contemporary with Narmer. The Narmer Palette also represented a turning point in artists? experiments with carving in relief on stone. It is the earliest known example of the m…
OWEN BUTLER Rochester Institute of Technology Truth has many viewpoints, all of which depend on the individual photographer. From its inception in 1839, photography itself was heralded as the epitome of realistic representation, in large part because of its unique ability to show things in literal, objective, and commonly understood visual terms. The medium?s unsurpassed power of realistic repre…
Thomas Nashe was born in Lowestoft in November 1567, son of William Nashe, a minor clergyman. He attended St. Johns College at Cambridge from 1582 to 1588, taking his B.A. in March 1586. His father, who had been supporting his education, died in 1587, which may explain why Nashe left before taking his M.A. From Cambridge, Nashe went to London, where he quickly became a member of the literary scene…
(1873-1942) Cond? Nast Publications Inc. Legendary magazine publisher Cond? Nast became the preeminent chronicler of society from 1909 until 1942 through such major publications as Vogue, Vanity Fair, and House and Garden. Out of his belief that advertisers would pay premium rates for the most affluent readership, he pioneered the concept of the limited-circulation magazine targeted to an afflue…
Nativity means ?birth? (from Latin: nativus ). Scenes depicting the births of a number of important or holy figures are often found in medieval art (e.g., the birth of Saint *John the Baptist; birth of the Virgin *Mary), but the Nativity of Jesus is among the earliest and most frequently represented subjects in Christian art through the Middle Ages. The event itself, however, is described only bri…
(1903?79) Italian polymer chemist: developed theory and technology of stereospecific polymerization. Natta graduated in chemical engineering at Milan Polytechnic and after short periods at three Italian universities returned to Milan in 1938 as professor of industrial chemistry. From 1938 his work was directed to new polymers, initially synthetic rubbers. In 1953 he began work with the catalysts s…
PETER EASTAWAY Magazine Publisher and Professional Photographer Nature photography includes almost all branches of natural history, except anthropology and archaeology. Photographs that are posed, set up, or manipulated in any way that alters the truth of the presented image goes against the fundamental philosophies of the nature photographer. Therein lies the dilemma. Nature photography embrace…
(1925? ) Israeli particle physicist: developer of particle theory. Ne?eman is unusual in having careers in engineering, physics, politics and military intelligence, usually being active in at least two of these apparently disparate areas concurrently. He graduated in engineering at the Technion (the Israel Institute of Technology) in Haifa in 1945 and then began a military career, becoming deputy …
(1938-1996) Wendy?s International, Inc. Dave Thomas may have been the founder of Wendy?s International, Inc., a fast-food chain named after his daughter, but when the company ran into trouble in the late 1980s, Thomas turned to James Near. Near, a successful Wendy?s franchisee who had known Thomas since their early days as competing restaurateurs in Columbus, Ohio, set about to return the compan…
This table presents financial data about selected titles during the 1927-1931 transition to sound, compiled from published sources. The films are listed in order of general release date because that is when most people first would have seen them. Warner Bros. (WB) and First National (FN) figures are from the William Schaefer ledger in the Schaefer Collection at the University of Southern Californi…
Nellie Neilson was born on April 5, 1873, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to William George Neilson, a metallurgical engineer, and Mary Louise (Cunningham) Neilson. She attended Miss Cooper?s School in Philadelphia and received an A.B. in 1893 and an A.M. in 1894, both from Bryn Mawr College. After a year as a resident fellow at Bryn Mawr and additional graduate study, she spent a year of research …
Born John Byron Nelson, February 4, 1912, in Waxahachie, TX; died of natural causes, September 26, 2006, in Roanoke, TX. Professional golfer. Byron Nelson won 52 professional golf tournaments and dominated the sport during World War II. He won 18 events?including eleven straight?in 1945, before abruptly retiring the following year at age 34. ?Nothing prepared the world for the way he dominated his…
Stanley Nelson, a premier filmmaker, has transformed the filmmaking industry by sharing true experiences. Combining interviews, photographic stills, and real footage, Nelson raises the awareness of the African American experience. As director, producer, and writer at Firelight Media/Half-Nelson Films, Nelson motivates, uplifts and moves audiences across the world. Stanley Nelson was the second of …
(1864?1941) German physical chemist: pioneer of chemical thermodynamics and discoverer of the third law of thermodynamics. Nernst studied physics in four German universities and worked in two more, becoming increasingly concerned with the application of physics to chemical problems. He was appointed to a professorship in Berlin in 1905. His early researches on electrochemistry, and on thermodynami…
(ABC, 12/19/1979, 120 mins). Gourmet Nero Wolfe interrupts his orchid-tending to take on the case of a lady tycoon who wants to know why she?s under investigation by the FBI, only to find himself enmeshed in a puzzling murder-mystery. This pilot (based on Rex Stout?s 1965 ?The Doorbell Rang?) to a prospective Nero Wolfe series went on the shelf after being made in 1977 because of the death of its …
Definition: Networking protocols for audio streaming are used to provide uninterrupted audio transmission over networks, such as the Internet. Unlike elastic traffic such as email or file transfer, which are not severely affected by delays or irregularities in transmission speed, continuous multimedia data such as audio and videoare inelastic. These media have a ?natural? flow and are not very fle…
(NBC, 5/3/1975, 90 mins). The half-breed gunslinger and his former mentor introduced in the theatrical feature of the same title in 1966 and before that in 1964?s ?The Carpetbaggers? join forces to escort a shipment of explosives across the Utah territory, in this pilot for an unrealized Western series, Cliff Potts and Lorne Greene had the roles played earlier by Steve McQueen and Brian Keith (in …
New Jersey Transit was founded in 1979 with the Public Transportation Act. It was the offspring of New Jersey?s Department of Transportation, and given power by the state government to deal with the multitude of transportation problems that had come to light at the time. New Jersey Transit initially acquired and oversaw a number of private bus services. The Consolidated Rail Corporation, also know…
The New Kingdom (1539?1075 B.C.E. ) was the period of Egypt?s greatest geographical extent. At the end of the Middle Kingdom (about 1630 B.C.E. ), a Semitic-speaking ethnic group ruled the eastern delta, closest to the Sinai Desert and the northern portion of Egypt. Whether a conquest or gradual infiltration of peoples, this group called the Hyksos (from the Egyptian term heka-hasut, meaning ?rule…
New Orleans was always one of the most international of all American cities. Founded in 1718 it was ruled by France until 1774, by Spain from 1774 to 1800, and by France again from 1800 to 1803 before finally became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. In addition to a large black population, by the 1800s the city had many citizens of French or Spanish heritage, plus ther…
Throughout jazz history, each new generation comes up with a new way of playing, expanding upon jazz?s legacy with new approaches and ideas. After the free jazz movement of the 1960s and the prominence of fusion in the 1970s, a conservative new movement was born, the Young Lions. Led by trumpeter Wynton Marsalis and fueled by pianist Ellis Marsalis, his father who taught many promising young music…
Because many of the top jazz musicians moved to New York during the second half of the 1920s, the Big Apple became the center of classic jazz. It was also the main home for the top swing bands with many major black orchestras based in Harlem during the Depression years, and the studios employing such future bandleaders as Benny Goodman, the Dorsey brothers, and Artie Shaw. Although swing was accep…
Classic jazz, swing, Dixieland, bebop, cool jazz, and hard bop, despite their differences, have chordal improvisation in common, meaning that the soloists base their choice of notes on the chord structure of the song; the majority of the pieces are thirty-two bars or twelve-bar blues. Once a group gets to the end of a chorus, it begins the next chorus. The format is a bit predictable and comfortab…
Hard bop is sometimes referred to as a reaction to cool jazz, since white musicians dominated cool in Los Angeles, while primarily black musicians initially performed hard bop in New York. The hard bop supporters felt that cool had de-emphasized the blues too much, and they wanted to put more overt feeling and spontaneity back into the music. Hard bop was also a way for New York to again reign as …
Today it seems inevitable that nearly all styles of American music are based in New York City. Certainly by the 1930s, New York?s dominant influence was as the home for the major record labels, the most famous radio stations, the nationally famous theaters and clubs, Broadway shows, and the recording studios. By 1920 the most technically skilled musicians worked in New York where their technique, …
(1837?98) British chemist: devised primitive form of periodic classification of chemical elements. Newlands studied chemistry in London under and later became an analytical chemist, specializing in sugar chemistry. In 1860 he spent a period in Italy as a volunteer in Garibaldi?s army; his mother, Mary Reina, was of Italian descent. In 1864, and during the next 2 years, Newlands showed that if the …
News 12 Long Island is based out of Woodbury, New York. It was the first cable new channel in America and has been considered a model for at least thirty channels, with similar coverage, throughout the country. News 12 Long Island started broadcasting in 1986. It was the very first of the News 12 channels to air 24-hours a day, seven days a week. The channel goes to over 750,000 homes in Nassau an…
(1642?1727) English physicist and mathematician: discovered the binomial theorem, invented calculus and produced theories of mechanics, optics and gravitation. Isaac Newton: his earliest portrait, at age 46, by Sir Godfrey Kneller. Newton was writing the Principia at about this time. Many later portraits exist, although Newton claimed to detest being painted. Newton was born prematurely in th…
[nyeps] (1765?1833) French inventor of photography. Although several individuals made major contributions to black-and-white photography as we now know it, Ni?pce has the best claim to be regarded as the first photographer. From 1792 he attempted with his brother Claude to record the image formed in a camera obscura by chemical means, assisted by Joseph?s son Isidore. By 1816 he had some success, …
NICHOLAS BROTHERS, THE. Fayard (1914?2006), Harold (1921?2000). Dancers. Even as children (age 13 and 7), they were one of the greatest dance teams ever. Their parents were musicians and ran the orchestra at the Standard Theater in Philadelphia. Once they saw what their little boys could do, the proud parents got them a job at the club. Word quickly spread and they were soon performing at the worl…
NICHOLAS, DENISE (1946?). Actress, writer. She received her B. A. degree from the University of Michigan, then studied acting with Paul Mann and dance with Louis Johnson. She is a seasoned actress on stage, film, and television with a long list of cast credits dating back to the 1960s. Her first off Broadway appearance was in the 1966 revue Viet Rock . She was also in the productions of Ceremonies…
One of the most popular and frequently represented *saints in both western medieval and Byzantine art, Nicholas (d. c.342) was the bishop of Myra in Asia Minor. Very few facts are known about his life although many episodes involving his legendary deeds and *miracles are illustrated in frescoes, mosaics, *icons, sculpture, manuscript illustration, stained glass, and minor arts media through the Mi…
Group formed mid-1990s in Hanna, Alberta; members include Daniel Adair (born February 19, 1975, in Toronto, Ontario), drums; Brandon Kroeger, drums (member c. 1995?99): Chad Kroeger (born 1974), vocals, guitar; Mike Kroeger, bass; Ryan Peake, guitar, vocals; Ryan Vikedal, drums (member 1999?2005). Addresses: Management ?Union Entertainment Group, 1323 Newbury Rd., Ste. 104, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320…
(CBS, 4/19/1974, 90 mins). A close knit Greek-American family, jeopardized when its Manhattan bakery goes up in flames, looks desperately for ways to solve the financial dilemma of repossession and property without destroying its heritage. Production Companies Tomorrow Entertainment, Marden Productions Inc. Director Paul Stanley. Executive Producer Bob Markell. Producer Joe Manduke. Teleplay Edwar…
According to the Gospel of *John, Nicodemus was a prominent *Jew (a member of the high court: the Sanhedrin) who acknowledged that Jesus was ?a teacher come from *God.? He paid a secret nighttime visit to Jesus and engaged in lengthy conversation with him He later defended the absent Jesus before the Pharisees (John 7:50-51) and assisted with the *Deposition and *Entombment of Jesus . Apocryphal t…
(1768?1851) British geologist and physicist: inventor of the Nicol prism. Nicol lectured in natural philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. In 1828 he invented the Nicol prism, which utilizes the doubly refracting property of Iceland spar and proved invaluable in the investigation of polarized light. However, this usage was much delayed; his invention did not appear in print until 1831 and then…
[neekol] (1866?1936) French microbiologist: identified the louse as the vector of typhus. Nicolle became director of the Pasteur Institute in Tunis in 1902 and soon began to study the epidemic typhus fever there. The typhus fevers are a group of related diseases, long-known and worldwide, with a mortality of 10?70%; their causal pathogens are the rickettsias, which lie between bacteria and viruses…
(1923-) Weight Watchers International Jean Nidetch was a five-foot-seven, 214-pound over-weight housewife and mother who had tried every diet and appetite suppressant pill she could find. Then she realized that she could not stick to a diet without being able to talk to someone about it, so she invited six overweight friends to her apartment in Queens, New York. This was the informal beginning o…
Nielsen Ratings are gathered by the extensive use of detailed surveys or by the use of Set Meters. With the use of surveys, viewers of varying demographics keep written records or diaries of the television programs they watch throughout the day. The Set Meters are small devices that connect with each television in a number of selected homes. These meters collect the viewing habits of every home an…
(CBS, 11/20/1970, 90 mins). A suspense tale of a wealthy businessman?s frantic flight from the scene of his wife?s shooting and his unexpected relationship with the hardened cab driver he hires to drive him to the Mexican border. Original title: ?The Man in the Back Seat.? Production Company Cinema Center 100. Director Jack Starrett. Executive Producer Nathaniel Lande. Producer Collier Young. Tele…
(NBC, 11/8/1969, 120 mins). This three-part drama anthology spawned the popular Rod Serling TV series (1971-73). In the first, directed by Boris Sagal, a young man who murders his uncle for his promised inheritance becomes possessed by a painting of the family cemetery (Ossie Davis, Roddy McDowall and George Macready star). In the second, instrumental in making an important director out of a young…
(NBC, 3/16/1974, 90 mins). Unorthodox Harvard-educated lawyer, trying to carve out a practice in a small Arizona town with his young bride, defends a pretty socialite accused of murdering her husband in this pilot to the ?Petrocelli? series (1974-76). Barry Newman originated the character in the theatrical feature ?The Lawyer? (1970), and continued the role, along with Susan Howard and Albert Salm…
(ABC, 9/29/1970, 90 mins). In this scifi thriller, James Franciscus plays a man who finds himself stranded in a sleepy Western town with his wife (Lee Grant) and then becomes romantically involved with a beautiful woman who holds the key to the mystery of the strange force that has turned the townspeople into zombies. Based on the 1965 novel by Jerry Sohl. Production Companies Warner Bros Televisi…
DAVID MALIN Anglo-Australian Observatory, RMIT University Taking pictures at night may be considered to be both more limited and more challenging than daytime photography because there is relatively less light available. However, nighttime and twilight photography provides many opportunities for unusual, creative, and scientifically interesting imaging. The technical challenges that the night ph…
Principal social themes: end-of-life issues, suicide/depression Warner Brothers. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Ronald Reagan, Viveca Lindfors, Broderick Crawford, Rosemary DeCamp, Osa Massen, Art Baker, Craig Stevens, Erskine Sanford, Ross Ford, Lillian Yarbo, and Joe Devlin. Written by Kathryn Scola based on the novel Night Unto Night by Philip Wylie. Cinematography by Peverell Marley. Edited by Tho…
(ABC, 11/5/1976, 120 mins). Two college coeds find their vacation drive across the country turning into a nightmare when one is attacked by a small-town sheriff and both are then beaten, degraded and locked into a corrupt prison farm with no way to tell their parents or friends where they are. Production Companies Douglas S. Cramer Productions, ABC Circle Films. Director John Llewellyn Moxey. Exec…
As of 1999, Nike was the number-one shoe company in the world, and it accounted for 40 percent of the athletic shoe market in the United States. The company originated as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS), a company formed by William J. Bowerman and Phil Knight in 1964 to distribute Japanese-made Tiger Shoes in the United States. Bowerman coached track and field at the University of Oregon from 1949 to 197…
Niki Taylor was born as Nicole Taylor to Barbara and Ken Taylor. She grew up in Pembroke Pines, Florida where her father worked as a Florida Highway Patrol officer and her mother worked as a photographer. After attending Cooper City High School, Niki studied special effects, singing, and dancing. Niki has an older sister named Joelle. Her younger sister, who also had a successful modeling career, …
Born Merta Birgit Svensson, May 17, 1918, in V?stra Karup, Sweden; died December 25, 2005, in V?stra Karup, Sweden. Opera singer. Swedish soprano Birgit Nilsson was beloved by opera fans for her legendary performances in works by nineteenth-century German composer Richard Wagner. Nilsson would be indelibly associated with Wagnerian music for much of her four-decade career, but she was masterful in…
Principal social theme: environmental issues MGM. R rating. Featuring: Nigel Davenport, Jean Wallace, Nigel Rathbone, Lynne Frederick, John Hamill, Patrick Holt, Wendy Richard, Christopher Loft-house, George Coulouris, Tex Fuller, Anthony May, Geoffrey Hooper, Mervyn Patrick, Ross Allan, Joan Ward, Karen Terry, Bruce Miners, Margaret Chapman, Brian Crabtree, Christopher Neame, Surgit Soon, John Bu…
(CBS, 3/24/1979, 120 mins). A drama about a young, marginally retarded girl and boy who meet, plan to marry, and convince the world that they are entitled to a life of their own despite the attempts by the girl?s parents to separate them. Production Company Tisch-Avnet Productions. Director Richard Pearce. Producers Jon Avnet, Steve Tisch. Teleplay Edwin Francis Kaplan. Photography David Myers. Mu…
(ABC, 9/19/1972, 90 mins). When an adopted boy?s parents are killed and the authorities threaten to keep the boy?s ailing but loving grandfather from gaining custody, the pair run away together. John Badham, the film?s original director, left when the project was suspended because of Herschel Bernardi?s illness, and was replaced by Delbert Mann. Kay Medford also replaced Nancy Walker. Production C…
Principal social themes: racism/civil rights, hate groups, disabilities 20th Century Fox. No MPAA rating. Featuring: Richard Widmark, Sidney Poitier, Stephen McNally, Linda Darnell, Ruby Dee, Ossie Davis, Mildred Joanne Smith, Harry Bellayer, Stanley Ridges, Dots Johnson, Rudolph Anders, Ian Wolfe, Amanda Randolph, Will Wright, Ruth Warren, Fred Graham. Written by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and Lesser S…
Noah appears in Genesis 6:8-9, introduced as a ?just man? who found favor with *God. God instructed him in the construction of an ark (or boat) within which Noah, his family, and groups of *animals sought refuge during the great and destructive *Deluge caused by God. When the storms and flooding subsided, these chosen survivors emerged from the ark, assured both by God that the land was habitable …
[noh bel] (1833?96) Swedish chemist: inventor of dynamite. Nobel?s father was an inventive engineer who travelled widely. The family moved to Russia in 1842 (where Nobel?s father was supervising the manufacture of a submarine mine he had devised) and Alfred was educated there by tutors; his studies included chemistry and five modern languages. He went in 1850 to study chemistry in Paris, and then …
Linda Nochlin was born on January 30, 1931, in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of a businessman father and a homemaker mother. She attended Brooklyn Ethical Culture School and Midwood High School. Among her early influences were her maternal grandfather, who was interested in art and literature; her mother?s brother, who was interested in art; and the general atmosphere of Brooklyn, with its cult…
[noe ter] (1882?1935) German mathematician of distinction. The daughter of Max Noether, professor of mathematics at Erlangen, Emmy Noether was a member of a talented family; her three brothers were scientists and her mother a musician. She was allowed to attend lectures in mathematics and foreign languages (she planned to become a teacher) as a non-matriculated auditor at the University of Erlange…
Nordstrom Department Stores (1871-1964) In 1901 John Nordstrom and his partner Carl Wallin founded a modest shoe store in the Pacific Northwest boom town of Seattle, Washington. From this tiny seed would come the Nordstrom department store empire, which by the 1990s encompassed a chain of upscale stores stretching all the way to Boca Raton, Florida. Successive generations of John Nordstrom?s des…
B. April 20, 1900 D. October 25, 1972 Birthplace: Noblesville, Indiana Awards: Neiman Marcus Award, Dallas, Texas, 1942 ???????? Coty American Fashion Critics Award, 1943, 1951, 1956, 1958, 1966 ???????? Parsons Medal for Distinguished Achievement, 1956 ???????? Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts, Pratt Institute, 1962 ???????? Sunday Times International Fashion Award, London, 1966 ???????? Ci…
NORMAN FILM MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Richard Edward Norman founded this company in 1912 with his brother Kenneth Bruce Norman. They were two white producers from Middle burg, Florida, who made and distributed several ?all black cast? films during the silent years of cinema. Norman began by traveling through the Midwest, filming local events and writing scenarios as he went along. He cast local towns…
NORMAN, MAIDIE (1912?1998). Actress. She was born in Lima , Ohio . At the urging of one of her teachers, her father enrolled her in drama school and by the time she was 10, Norman was acting in Shakespearean plays. By the age of 12, she had committed her life to the stage. After receiving four scholarship offers in her senior year in high school, she decided to attend Bennett College , where she s…
(1891?1987) US biochemist: obtained a range of crystalline enzymes. Educated at Columbia University, New York, Northrop worked throughout his career at the Rockefeller Institute in the same city, starting in 1916. In 1926 J B Sumner (1877?1955) had for the first time crystallized an enzyme (a biochemical catalyst) and showed it to be a protein. (Remarkably, he was a skilled bench chemist, despite …
Mary Beth Norton was born on March 25, 1943, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, of English and Irish ancestry. Her father?s ancestors immigrated to the United States from England in the seventeenth century; her mother?s parents were immigrants from Northern Ireland. Norton?s father was a college professor; her mother was a high school teacher and then later a college professor. She attended public schools in…
Now That?s What I Call Music is a compilation that debuted in 1983 with almost thirty UK hit singles available on either cassette or a double vinyl LP. Although other similar compilations were released, the spreading of music tracks over two discs rather than one made for better sound quality which helped to make the Now! compilation so successful. A much larger amount of hits could also be includ…
(NBC, 6/5/1977, 90 mins). Lee Van Cleef?s TV-movie debut was in this pilot for a prospective series called ?Scanlon,? the name of a street-wise U.S. marshal assigned here to protect a former syndicate hit man who is testifying against his ex-boss. Production Companies Mark Carliner Productions, Viacom. Director Jack Starrett. Executive Producer Mark Carliner. Producers Edward Anhalt, Rift Fournier…
(NBC, 1/16/1978, 120 mins). A disgruntled husband devises a winning blackjack system as part of an elaborate scheme to leave his overbearing, unfaithful wife and start a new life, despite the fact that she has hired an inept, down-at-the-heels private detective to keep an eye on him. Based on Charles Einstein?s 1976 book ?The Blackjack Hijack.? Production Company MTM Entertainment. Director Richar…
Born Dirk Werner Nowitzki, June 19, 1978, in Wurzburg, Germany; son of Joerg and Helen Nowitzki. Addresses: Office ?c/o Dallas Mavericks, American Airlines Center, 2500 Victory Ave., Dallas, TX 75219. Began playing basketball at the age of 13; began working with coach Holger Geschwindner at the age of 15; began playing for local team, DJK Wurzburg X-Rays, a second division team in German Bundeslin…
Definition: The blending of collaborative computing together with modeling and simulation (M&S) technologies continues to gain popularity amongst the wide range of distributed work teams that routinely utilize M&S in the course of their work. With examples ranging from the traditional scientific and engineering communities to business process and management domains, this context of collaborative c…
DAVID MALIN Anglo-Australian Observatory, RMIT University Among the first ways of studying extraterrestrial cosmic rays was to fly blocks or sheets of photographic emulsions at high altitudes in balloons or aircraft. The highly penetrating cosmic rays interact with the atomic nuclei of the emulsions producing protons, electrons, and mesons. In the emulsion they leave latent image tracks that can…
Richard Bruce Nugent was part of the Harlem Renaissance. While he did not produce a vast body of work, he is connected to others in this period through his experimentation, candor, freedom, collaboration, creativity, and attitude. Given his longevity, he was able to serve as a resource for information on the Harlem Renaissance in the latter years of his life. Nugent was as at home in the African A…
NUNN, BILL (1953?). Actor. He was born in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , and graduated from Morehouse College in Atlanta , Georgia . He first came to prominence in the role of Radio Raheem, the silent, boombox-toting thug in director Spike Lee?s Do the Right Thing , 1989. Nunn has appeared in many of Lee?s later films, including Mo? Better Blues , 1990, and He Got Game , 1998. He was trained on the A…
NUTTY PROFESSOR, THE . 1996. (PG-13) 95 min. Comedy. This film is a remake of the 1963 version starring Jerry Lewis, with lots of new and original plot twists. Professor Sherman Klump is an overweight, good hearted college professor who is very unhappy with his size. When he meets and falls in love with a beautiful new teacher, his low self esteem tells him she would never be interested in a clums…
Born March 4, 1954, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; naturalized U.S. citizen; married Bo Welch (a production designer and art director), 1992; children: two sons. Addresses: Agent ?International Creative Management, 8942 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills, CA 90211. Actress in films, including: Nothing Personal , 1980; Double Negative , 1980; After Hours , 1985; Heartburn , 1986; Beetlejuice , 1988; Betsy…
(CBS, 4/2/1971, 120 mins). Narcotics agents break up a dope smuggling ring in the standard, efficient, Jack Web produced manner. David Janssen went on to play O?Hara in the 1971-72 series, upholding law and order valiantly. Production Companies Mark VII Ltd., Universal Television. Director Jack Webb. Executive Producers Jack Webb, James E. Moser. Producer Leonard B. Kaufman. Teleplay James E. Mose…
Born John Jordan O?Neil, Jr., November 13, 1911, in Carrabelle, FL; died October 6, 2006, in Kansas City, MO. Professional baseball player, coach, and scout. While Buck O?Neil was a star player in the Negro Leagues, it was his work as the spokesman-historian of the league that gave him prominence. He spent the majority of his professional career playing with the Kansas City Monarchs, playing with …
Born August 4, 1961, in Hawaii; son of Barack Obama, Sr. and Ann Dunham; married Michelle Robinson, 1992; children: Malia, Sasha. Education: Attended Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA; Columbia University, B.A., 1983; Harvard Law School, J.D., 1991. Addresses: Office ?713 Hart Senate Office Building, Washington, DC, 20510. Website ?http://www.barackobama.com, http://www.obama.senate.gov. Worked …
Barack Obama appeared on the national political ? scene in 2004 and brought with him a renewed sense of unity and focus regarding the needs of all Americans and in particular African Americans. Steeped in a complex racial history, Obama embraces all those aspects of mixed race origins which influence who he is, while being fully aware of the blessings and challenges that come with his heritage. He…
Definition: Object-based coding techniques have the ability to describe a scene in a structural way and to convey depth information that can be computed directly from the images. Object based coding has long attracted considerable attention as a promising alternative to block-based encoding, achieving excellent performance and producing fewer annoying effects. Furthermore, important image areas su…
Definition: Occlusion regions mark disparity discontinuity jumps, which can be used to improve stereo image encoding and transmission, segmentation, motion analysis, and object identification processes which must preserve object boundaries. In early stereo image research, the segmentation into visible and occlusion regions is treated as a secondary process, postponed until matching is completed an…
Born Lorena Ochoa, November 15, 1981, in Guadalajara, Mexico. Addresses: Contact ?c/o Monica Morr?n, Mar Caspio 2130?24, Country Club CP, 44637, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Began golfing as a youth; won 12 of 20 events at the University of Arizona; joined PGA Tour in 2003; won nine LPGA tournaments, 2003?2006; founded nonprofit Ochoa Foundation, 2004. Awards: NCAA Player of the Year, 2001; NCAA …
n?e Ogilvie (1864?1939) British geologist: one of the first professional women geologists. Maria Ogilvie, the eldest daughter of the Rev Alexander Ogilvie, a prominent educationalist, attended the Ladies College, Edinburgh until she was 18. Her first interest was music and she became a student at the Royal Academy of Music in London, with success. She was then a student at University College, Lond…
The Ohio State Buckeyes football team plays at the Ohio Stadium. The Ohio Stadium is also known by the name ?the Horseshoe.? The Ohio State Buckeyes won the college football national championship at the 2003 Fiesta Bowl. This victory was Ohio State?s seventh national championship. It also won in 1942, 1954, 1957, 1967, 1968, and 1970. Ohio State also holds a total of 14 national titles. Several co…
(1789?1854) German physicist: discovered relationship between current and voltage in a conductor. Ohm was educated at the University of Erlangen. He held rather minor academic posts in Cologne, Berlin and Nuremberg before being appointed professor of physics at Munich in 1849. Ohm formulated the law for which he is now best known early in his career, in 1827, but received little recognition for 20…
Award: National Retail Federation?s Retailer of the Year, 1999 Oilily originated in Alkmaar, Netherlands, in 1963 and was founded by Marieke and Willem Olsthoorn after the arrival of their twins. The Olsthoorns wanted exciting clothing that contained vivid colors and interesting prints and textures for their children, but they found very few options on the market. Following this design concept, Ma…
(1758?1840) German astronomer: discovered Pallas and Vesta, and presented the Olbers paradox. Olbers, a physician and amateur astronomer, discovered two asteroids, Pallas and Vesta, and rediscovered the asteroid Ceres (discovered by , but lost again). He suggested that the asteroids originated in a small planet in the same orbit which had exploded. He also found five comets, one of which is named…
(1858?1936) British seismologist and geologist: first observed P and S waves and discovered the Earth?s core. Oldham was educated at the Royal School of Mines, in 1879 joining the Geological Survey of India (of which his father was director). Upon retirement in 1903 he became director of the Indian Museum in Calcutta. Following the violent Assam earthquake of 1897, Oldham was able clearly to disti…
B. 1961 Birthplace: Corpus Christi, Texas Awards: Council of Fashion Designers of America Perry Ellis Award, 1991 ???????? Crystal Apple Award, AIDS Project Los Angeles Fund-raiser, 1996 As a child, Todd Oldham had the opportunity to express his creativity through sewing and painting. Oldham?s desire for sewing clothing came from his grandmother, Mildred Jasper, who taught Oldham how to sew at t…
Born in 1953, in Connecticut; daughter of a painter; married first husband, 1974 (divorced); married Curtis Sanders (a textile company executive), July, 2000; children: Brita (from first marriage). Education: Earned degree from Montserrat College of Art, 1974. Addresses: Home ?Hamilton, MA, and New York, NY. Office ?c/o Liz Claiborne, Inc., 1441 Broadway, New York, NY 10018-1805. Began career as a…
(NBC, 12/2/1976 to 1/13/1977, 7 Parts, 9 hours). Sprawling saga of two soldiers one compassionate, one ruthless from 1918 through World War II was adapted from Anton Myrer?s sweeping 1968 best seller for a nine-hour (later six hour) serialization that juggled wartime action with assorted romantic interludes. Veteran Glenn Ford was the stabilizing influence for his four younger costars, with all th…
(NBC, 9/17/1971, 120 mins). A San Francisco police commissioner is dragged into a charity auction theft and a mysterious murder by his kooky wife. Rock Hudson made his TV acting debut in this pilot to his hit ?McMillan and Wife? series (1971-77). Susan Saint James and John Schuck were the other holdovers from the pilot. Production Company Universal Television. Director Leonard B Stern. Executive P…
(CBS, 9/26/1978, 120 mins). The true story of baseball star Ron LeFlore (based on his autobiography, ?Breakout?) from his days as a street-corner punk with no future to his days behind bars on a petty robbery conviction and his ultimate once-in-a-lifetime chance with the Detroit Tigers, where he became an outstanding baseball player. Production Companies Roger Gimbel Productions, EMI Television. D…
(NBC, 5/5/1975, 120 mins). A hospital drama involving a neurosurgeon/chief of services who faces numerous crises including saving a fellow doctor?s life after an incompetent physician makes an erroneous diagnosis. This was the pilot for George Peppard?s short-lived ?Doctors Hospital? series (1975-76) that had Zohra Lambert, Victor Campos and Albert Paulsen continuing their roles as surgeons at Low…
Stef ano Ferretti, Marco Roccetti, and Paola Salomoni University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Definition: Online gaming refers to playing the game over the network using a personal computer, a game console, a PDA, or a smart phone. Computer games, whether played on a classic personal computer, on a game console, on a PDA or even on a smart phone, are among the most commercially successful applicat…
Definition: In a drive to provide premium video services using a pay per view or a subscription service, there is a parallel attempt to deliver on demand multimedia content from the web directly to a regular television set, over broadband Internet connections. Ubiquitous presence of broadband home connections and improvements in compression and transmission technology has led to the marriage of th…
Ben Falchuk Telcordia Technologies, Inc., Piscataway, USA Vinod Jayaraman NTT Multimedia Labs, Palo Alto, USA Definition: Online multimedia e-commerce refers to a secure transfer of multimedia data over the Internet. This article outlines some of the main concepts and use-cases associated with online multimedia e-commerce. By online multimedia e-commerce, we mean to imply a transfer of multimed…
[oh?t] (1900?92) Dutch astronomer: detected the rotation of the Galaxy and proposed theory for origin of comets. Oort worked mainly in Leiden, as director of the Observatory from 1945?70. In 1927 he proved, by extensive observation of the proper motion of stars, that our Galaxy is rotating, with the nearer stars to the centre having higher angular velocities than more distant ones (recalling that …
Definition: As opposed to the traditional supervised learning approach, online approaches using unsupervised learning techniques have been explored for online face recognition. Generic person identification is important for novel applications such as video news library and continuous lifelog video. Face recognition technology has seen significant advances, and the FERET evaluation program has crea…
(ABC, 9/4/1977, 120 mins). This pilot movie (complete with laugh track) for the subsequent one season-plus series with much of the same cast during the first season and a complete overhaul during the initial weeks of the second is the TV remake of the 1959 Cary Grant-Tony Curtis comedy about a World War II submarine painted shocking pink and numbering among its crew five nurses rescued from battle…
CHRISTYE P. SISSON Rochester Institute of Technology Ophthalmic photography is a specific branch of scientific and medical photography that deals exclusively with the eye and its related parts. Ophthalmic photography is a highly specialized but growing photographic field that depends as much on knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the eye as it does on photographic techniques and technologies.…
[op enhiymer] (1904?67) US theoretical physicist: contributed to quantum mechanics and the development of the atomic bomb. ? The Second World War initiated projects of great importance both to the outcome of the war and to improvement of everyday life afterwards. Innovations directly attributable to the pressures of the war effort include radar, which was begun before 1939 in England and Germany w…
Definition: XML descriptions need to be optimized to speed up the matching and retrieval processes for video content. The search of audiovisual information becomes today a peremptory necessity for a number of applications (for example: movie production) that require frequent accesses to audiovisual content. The search of information requires audiovisual content descriptions, and preferably content…
MICHAEL R. PERES Rochester Institute of Technology Attempts to photograph ghosts began as early as 1861, with a Boston photographer named William Mumler. He claimed that while he was taking a picture of himself in a chair, an unexpected second image appeared in the photograph. For a while this amazing phenomenon was accepted; suspicions arose when it was discovered that the images he produced we…
Angustias de la Guerra Ord was born in San Diego, California, on June 11, 1815, to Jose de la Guerra y Noriega and Maria Antonia Carrillo, who was of noble blood. The family moved to Santa Barbara immediately after Angustias?s birth, and her father became commander of the Presidio. Angustias married Manuel Jimeno Casarin in 1833 and moved to Monterey, where her husband served as secretary of state…
(1828?1901) British economic entomologist. Eleanor Ormerod was born at Sedbury Park, her father?s large estate in Gloucestershire, which provided the insects that prompted her interest in entomology and in the infestation of crops. Apart from an elementary education from her mother, a botanical artist, she was self-taught. One brother became an anatomist and surgeon and from him she gained experie…
(CBS, 12/22/1979, 180 mins). In this three-hour dramatization of a little publicized episode in American history, dedicated social worker Jill Eikenberry organizes a train trip for a group of slum orphans in 1894, taking them from New York City to the Midwest in search of new families and new lives. This fictionalized account covers the first of hundreds of orphan trains sponsored by what was to e…
(1927-) DreamWorks SKG Records Legendary record company executive, Mo Ostin as the longtime head of Warner Bros. Records, has established a revered status in an industry known for its cutthroat competition and concern for the bottom line. Ostin has approached music making from the principle that the artist is primary, and he has created a supportive environment that has caused a host of the most…
[ost vahlt] (1853?1932) German physical chemist: pioneer of modern physical chemistry. Modern physical chemistry was largely created by three men; and Ostwald. His parents were German but they had settled in Latvia, then under Russian domination. He had a happy childhood, with some hobbies of a fairly chemical kind: painting (he ground his own colours), photography (he made his own wet plates) and…
(1811-1861) Otis Elevator Co. Elisha Graves Otis designed and built the first hoisting device that proved safe enough to carry people. A self-trained mechanic and constant tinker, he founded the company that still bears his name in 1853. His invention of the elevator has been called one of the most important breakthroughs of the nineteenth century, for it made possible the development of the sky…
(1832?91) German engineer: effectively devised the four-stroke internal combustion engine. Although he lacked conventional engineering experience, Otto became fascinated by the gas engine devised by J Lenoir (1822?1900); this was a double-acting low-compression engine and the first internal combustion engine to be made on any scale. Otto and two friends began to make similar engines; and then in 1…
(ABC, 11/28/1973, 90 mins). In this film, one man (Robert Culp) decides to wage war against a gang of teenage punks besieging an affluent community. Based on a true incident, this story originally was titled ?One Angry Man.? Production Company ABC Circle Films. Director Richard T. Heffron. Producer Michael C. Green. Teleplay James E. Moser. Photography John M. Stephens. Music Jimmie Haskell. Edito…
(CBS, 12/2/1978, 120 mins). A lady advertising executive finds herself in a small-town jail after being terrorized on a drive from Los Angeles to New York by two hitchhikers who steal her car and leave her unconscious by the roadside. She becomes a fugitive after killing her jailer during a rape attempt and breaking out with one of the hitchhikers who could prove her innocence. This is the same st…
Sound opened new possibilities for bringing previously unheard voices and languages to Hollywood. The precursor was definitely radio, which was broadcasting regional songs (for example, mountain and western music on shows like The Grand Ole Opry ) and ethnic humor (in exaggerated Jewish, Mexican, Italian, and Irish accents) to widely scattered homes where such entertainment had never before been h…
(Also known as a dentigerous cyst) This is the most commonly occuring type of ovarian cyst and can form when ovulation is missed. When ovulation doesn?t occur, the follicle does not rupture which means an egg is not released. Because the egg is not released, it grows and becomes a cyst. This type of cyst can also form when a mature follicle collapses on itself. Usually formed during ovulation, a c…
(NBC, 9/25/1978, 120 mins). A flashback story, filmed in French Polynesia, in which Angie Dickinson spends two hours bobbing around in the ocean after having fallen overboard from lawyer husband Cliff Robertson?s 40 foot sailboat, recalling her life with him and the fling she had ashore with a French playboy. Adapted by Hank Searls from his 1977 novel. Production Company Factor-Newland Productions…
Definition: The overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC) aims at reducing the blocking effects by performing a weighted average of overlapped block segments during motion prediction. In normal motion compensation, the current block is composed of 1) the predicted block from the previous frame (referenced by the motion vectors); and 2) the residual data transmitted in the bit stream for the curr…
Ancient Egyptian architecture falls into three categories: buildings for the living, buildings for the dead, and buildings for religious rites, i.e. temples, chapels, and shrines. The surviving architectural examples of Egypt?s ancient past are from the latter two categories and are some of the most recognizable structures in the world. The Great Pyramid of Giza, for example, is one of the seven w…
Ancient Egyptian architecture falls into three categories: buildings for the living, buildings for the dead, and buildings for religious rites, i.e. temples, chapels, and shrines. The surviving architectural examples of Egypt?s ancient past are from the latter two categories and are some of the most recognizable structures in the world. The Great Pyramid of Giza, for example, is one of the seven w…
Dance, at its most basic, is rhythmic body movement, often performed to music. In modern society dance can be an art form, recreation, or religious expression. Professional dancers entertain through ballet, modern dance, tap, and a variety of other art forms, while non-professionals dance at celebrations such as weddings or for fun at discos and clubs. In ancient Egypt, however, dance mostly serve…
In ancient Egypt cloth was one of the major commodities, along with bread and beer, used in place of money in barter transactions. Cloth making was a labor-intensive activity before the invention of mechanical spinning machines and looms, so it was not uncommon for the average person to have only one or two sets of clothing to last them through the years. Thus the amount of clothing a person owned…
Ancient Egyptian authors produced literature for a 2,500-year period, making it one of the longest continuous literary traditions in world history. Ancient Egyptian literature began as hieroglyphic autobiographical accounts on the tomb walls of kings and nobles, and developed on papyrus, wooden tablets, and limestone chips over the centuries into several recognizable genres, including poetry, hist…
h2>IRRETRIEVABLE LOSS. Music is sound organized in time. All humans naturally make music, and most societies throughout history organized sound in a way that we would call music. To judge by the popularity of scenes of music making in Egyptian tombs, temples, and a few houses, the Egyptians loved music. Yet of all Egyptian arts, music is the most difficult to reconstruct. Neither the sounds of me…
CATEGORIES. Philosophy was originally a Greek category of knowledge. It sought the answers to questions concerning the nature of knowledge itself (meta-physics), the core of goodness (ethics), and the essence of beauty (aesthetics). Greek philosophers also raised questions about politics and methods of persuasion (rhetoric). Only some of these questions have relevance to Egyptian categories of th…
DEFINITION. The ancient Egyptians had no word for religion. For them, religion was not a separate category of thought requiring an approach different from that used when discussing philosophy, science, or any other topic. Therefore, the first step in any study of Egyptian religion is to decide what religion is and then examine the Egyptian record for data relating to this definition. Attempts to …
The primary question in a discussion of ancient Egyptian theater is whether or not it existed at all. Theater in modern American culture is primarily a mode of entertainment, though it can examine political, religious, or social topics. Actors perform theater on a stage, speaking dialogue. If ancient Egyptian culture had included a similar sort of drama, they would have had words for ?actor,? ?the…
The ancient Egyptians had no word that was an equivalent for ?visual art,? though they clearly created many objects that modern people recognize as art. In the modern world, art is the product of an individual?s creative expression. But this view of art is bound to modern, Western culture. An ancient Egyptian artist would not have understood the value of individual originality. For the Egyptian ar…
MICHAEL R. PERES Rochester Institute of Technology Many professional photographers start out as generalists; however, as their careers evolve, they are often recognized for a specific type of work. Photography as a field has become increasingly dependent on technology in the digital age where imaging equipment, software, and related products are necessary to make and deliver pictures as well as …
(1946-) Livent Inc. Michael Ovitz became one of the most powerful persons in Hollywood during the 1980s and early 1990s. As founder and president of the Creative Artists Agency (CAA), he made important deals with talent agencies, entertainment conglomerates, actors, writers, and directors. He became known as a ?super agent? for his use and promotion of the talent "package"?a combination of scree…
(ABC, 9/12/1971, 120 mins). A successful, recently divorced lawyer defends a hippie accused of murdering a wealthy housewife in this pilot to the hit TV series (1971-74). Arthur Hill continued in the title role, as did Joan Darling (later to become a respected producer and director) in the part of his secretary. Lee Majors signed on as his associate and David Soul became one of his legmen. Subsequ…
Born Alvis Edgar Owens Jr., August 12, 1929, in Sherman, TX; died of a heart attack, March 25, 2006, in Bakersfield, CA. Singer. Country music pioneer Buck Owens may be best remembered for his years as the affable host of Hee Haw , the longrunning television series, but the singer, songwriter, and guitarist was a respected figure for several generations of music fans, including some of Nashville?s…
Born June 11, 1960, in Cleveland, OH; son of Mustafa (a cardiothoracic surgeon) and Suna Atabay (a physician and director of a pharmaceutical company) Oz; married Lisa Lemole (an actress and film and television producer); children: Daphne, Arabella, Zoe, Oliver. Education: Harvard University, B.A., 1982; University of Pennsylvania, M.D., M.B.A., 1986. Addresses: Home ?Cliffside Park, NJ. Office ?N…
B. 1955 Birthplace: Istanbul, Turkey Awards: Woman Magazine, Designer Award, 1986 ???????? British Fashion Council, Designer of the Year Award, London, 1988, 1992 ???????? British Glamour Award, 1989 Rifat Ozbek is inspired by adornment. He is an observer of culture and subculture, from Tibetan to American Indian, and his interest in decoration is evident in his ornamental clothing. Born in Is…