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BIBLX0GRAPHY —Among the older writers may be mentioned Strahlenberg (Des nord- and ostliche Theil von Europa and Asia, 173o), Johann Gottlieb Georgi (Description de toutes les nations de rem/sire de la Russie, French tr., St Petersburg, 1977), but especially the various works of Matthias A. Castren (1852—1853) and W. Schott (1858). Modern scientific knowledge of the Finno-Ugrians and their languages was founded by these two authors. Among newer works some of the most important separate publications are: J. R. Aspelin, Antiquitis du nord finno-ougrien (1877-1884); J. Abercromby; Pre- and Proto-historic Finns (1898); and A. Hackmann, Die altere Eisenzeit in Finnland (1905).
The recent literature on the origin, customs, antiquities and languages of these races is voluminous, but is contained chiefly not in separate books but in special learned periodicals. Of these there are several: Journal de la Societe Finno-ougrienne (Helsingfors) (Suomalais- U rilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirje); Finnisch- Ugrische Forschungen (Helsingfors and Leipzig) ; Mitteilungen der archaologischen, historischen and ethnographisch.en Gesellschaft der Kais. Universitat zu Kasan; Keleti Szemle or Revue orientate pour les etudes ouralo-altaiques (Budapest). In all of these will be found numerous valuable articles by such authors as Ahlqvist, Halevy, Heikel, Krohn, Muncacsi, Paasonen, Setala, Smurnow, Thomsen and Vambery.
The titles of grammars and dictionaries will be found under the headings of the different languages. For general linguistic questions may be consulted the works of Castren, Schott and Otto Donner, also such parts of the following as treat of Finno-Ugric languages: Byrne, Principles of the Structure of Languagge,`vol, i. (1892) ; Friedrich Muller, Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft II.; Band ii., Abth. I882; Steinthal and Misleli, Abriss der Sprachwissenschaft (1893). (C. EL.)